灭幼脲毒理学研究——Ⅶ.灭幼脲对东方粘虫末龄幼虫保幼激素滴度的影响

以蜡螟生测法测定了72时龄以内的东方粘虫(Mythimna separata Walkcr)末龄幼虫的保幼激素动态及灭幼脲对其影响,发现在48时龄。保幼激素滴度下降到极低水平时,灭幼脲可使保幼激素滴度堆持在一个高于正常幼虫的水平。不同时龄滴加保幼激素类似物ZR-512,发现幼虫可因施药期不同而对ZR-512产生不同效应,其转换期也是在幼虫发育到48时龄的时候,由此讨论了由于灭幼脲对保幼激素滴度在转换期间不下降到规定阈值,可能干扰了激素序列的调控,导致蜕皮、变态异常的毒理学机制。     

Soldier determination in ants: new role for juvenile hormone

Topical application of juvenile hormone analog induces soldier development in the ant Pheidole bicarinata. Soldier induction takes place if the juvenile hormone analog is present during a period of sensitivity that occurs during the last larval instar. Control of worker dimorphism seems to be accomplished through control of timing of metamorphosis. The smallest size at which metamorphosis can be initiated is shifted upwardfrom 1.2 to 1.7 millimeters by exposure to the juvenile hormone analog during the sensitive period.     

Lethal effects of synthetic juvenile hormone on larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Emergence of adult mosquitoes is blocked after the addition of 1 part of crude synthetic juvenile hormone to 100,000 parts water. Development is arrested at stages ranging from pupae to fully formed pharate adults incapable of escaping from the pupal exuvium. Fourth-stage larvae just prior to metamorphosis are most sensitive: 40 percent were killed after being exposed for 1 dayto 1 part juvenile hormone in 2 million parts water. The active material also inhibits the hatching of mosquito eggs.     

Juvenile hormone is required to couple imaginal disc formation with nutrition in insects

In starved larvae of the tobacco hornworm moth Manduca sexta, larval and imaginal tissues stop growing, the former because they lack nutrient-dependent signals but the latter because of suppression by juvenile hormone. Without juvenile hormone, imaginal discs form and grow despite severe starvation. This hormone inhibits the intrinsic signaling needed for disc morphogenesis and does so independently of ecdysteroid action. Starvation and juvenile hormone treatments allowed the separation of intrinsic and nutrient-dependent aspects of disc growth and showed that both aspects must occur during the early phases of disc morphogenesis to ensure normal growth leading to typical-sized adults.     

Juvenile hormone induction of biting behavior in culex mosquitoes

Juvenile hormone deprivation caused by surgical removal of corpora allata shortly after adult emergence blocked the initiation of biting behavior in Culex. pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus. Reimplantation of corpora allata or injection of a synthetic juvenile hormone (JH-I) corrected the juvenile hormone deficiency and restored biting behavior. Ovariectomy experiments demonstrated that this behavioral effect of juvenile hormone was independent of ovarian involvement.     

化学放射法测定蜜蜂保幼激素酯酶活性

蜜蜂保幼激素(JH)是由蜜蜂咽侧体(CA)合成和分泌的一种氧化物。保幼激素酯酶是对蜜蜂体内呈游离态或结合态的保幼激素进行专化性降解的特异性酯酶。采用放射化学法(RC)测定了西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L．)不同日龄工蜂体内保幼激素酯酶(JHE)的活性。结果表明,工蜂体内保幼激素酯酶活性随着日龄的增大而下降。     

Feedback control of juvenile hormone synthesis in cockroaches: possible role for ecdysterone

Inactive female corpora allata implanted into adult males become active and continue to synthesize juvenile hormone at high rates. However, when an ovary is implanted together with the corpora allata, rates of juvenile hormone synthesis decline as the oocytes complete maturation. Injections of ecdysterone mimic the effect of an implanted ovary.     

Partial metamorphosis in Anomia simplex

Many larvae of the common bivalve, Anomia simplex, when grown under laboratory conditions, exhibited a partial metamorphosis. They attained a considerably larger size than that at which larvae normally set. The partial metamorphosis was also characterized by the disappearance of velum, but the retention of a functional foot. Moreover, these organisms were not able to attach to the substratum, and their shells showed a distinct demarcation line between larval and adult portions     

藤壶金星幼虫附着变态机制

藤壶属节肢动物门(Arthropoda)甲壳亚门(Crustacea)蔓足下纲(Cirripedia)围胸总目(Thoracica), 具备特殊的形态结构、生活史和种群生态特征,是最主要的海洋污损生物。其幼虫阶段通常经历6期无节幼体和1期不摄食的金星幼虫,从浮游的金星幼虫附着变态成固着的稚体是藤壶生活史中的一个关键环节。外界化学和生物因子中成体提取物、水溶性信息素、足迹、神经递质、激素、生物膜等均影响藤壶金星幼虫的附着变态;内在因子即金星幼虫的生理状态(能量储量和年龄)决定了其对外界因子的反应程度。概括了近年来藤壶附着变态生理机制和分子机制研究的进展,可为深入了解藤壶金星幼虫附着变态机制提供参考,也为开发新型、高效、环保的防污剂提供理论指导。     

马铃薯甲虫LdATPaseE调控幼虫蜕皮的分子机制

[目的]研究LdATPaseE通过类胰岛素信号通路影响保幼激素和蜕皮激素通路,调节马铃薯甲虫幼虫化蛹的分子机制.[方法]LdATPaseE cDNA序列通过马铃薯甲虫转录组数据分析和RT-PCR克隆获得;qPCR检测其在马铃薯甲虫各发育阶段,以及四龄幼虫不同组织的相对表达量;采用喂食幼虫dsRNA的方法,分析该基因在马...     

中华虎头蟹幼体发育的初步观察

对中华虎头蟹Orithyiasinica幼体发育过程进行观察。结果表明：幼体发育分为4个主要时期,包括3期潘状幼体和1期大眼幼体。当海水盐度为28,水温为（25．1±0．8）℃时,Ⅰ期潘状幼体历时4～5d发育至Ⅱ期潘状幼体,Ⅱ期溢状幼体历时4～5d发育至Ⅲ期潘状幼体,Ⅲ期潘状幼体历时5—6d发育至大眼幼体,大眼幼体经过5～6d发育至Ⅰ期仔蟹,幼体自然孵化完成全部发育过程共需18—22d。幼体大小、第1和第2颚足外肢羽状刚毛数目、尾叉棘刺数目、腹部肢芽大小是区分各时期潘状幼体的主要形态特征。     

Juvenile hormone mimics: effect on cirriped crustacean metamorphosis

A synthetic juvenile hormone mimic has been shown to cause premature metamorphosis of the cyprid larva of an acorn barnacle in concentrations as low as 10 parts per billion in filtered seawater. The effect of a juvenile hormone mimic on a crustacean has not previously been demonstrated.     

Dual origin of tissue-specific progenitor cells in Drosophila tracheal remodeling

During Drosophila metamorphosis, most larval cells die. Pupal and adult tissues form from imaginal cells, tissue-specific progenitors allocated in embryogenesis that remain quiescent during embryonic and larval life. Clonal analysis and fate mapping of single, identified cells show that tracheal system remodeling at metamorphosis involves a classical imaginal cell population and a population of differentiated, functional larval tracheal cells that reenter the cell cycle and regain developmental potency. In late larvae, both populations are activated and proliferate, spread over and replace old branches, and diversify into various stalk and coiled tracheolar cells under control of fibroblast growth factor signaling. Thus, Drosophila pupal/adult tissue progenitors can arise both by early allocation of multipotent cells and late return of differentiated cells to a multipotent state, even within a single tissue.     

一种软苔虫(Alcyonidium sp.)胚胎及幼虫发育的初步观察

我们在鲍鱼养殖笼内采集到一种软苔虫(Alcyonidium sp.),通过室内低温培养的方法,对其胚胎和幼虫进行了研究,观察了它的精卵的形态、受精卵的发育、浮游幼虫的形态及其趋光和趋地性变化、幼虫的附着和变态。     

ggr-Aminobutyric Acid, a Neurotransmitter, Induces Planktonic Abalone Larvae to Settle and Begin Metamorphosis

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (a simple amino acid and potent neurotransmitter in human brain and other tissues of higher animals) and certain of its congeners rapidly and synchronously induce planktonic larvae of the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, to settle and commence behavioral and developmental metamorphosis. These naturally occurring inducers of algal origin apparently are responsible, in part, for the substrate-specific recruitment, induction of settling, and the onset of metamorphosis of abalone and other planktonic larvae upon specific algae which provide naturally favorable habitats for the young of these species in coastal waters. These observations provide a convenient experimental model for further analysis of the basic molecular mechanisms by which environmental and endogenous factors control the recruitment and development of planktonic larvae. Halogenated organic pesticides significantly interfere with larval settling, as quantified in a new bioassay based upon these findings.     

培育密度及饵料种类对大竹蛏幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响

在水温为22.0~24.8℃、盐度为31~33、pH为8.10~8.50的条件下,研究了培育密度及饵料种类对大竹蛏Solen grandis幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响。结果表明：不同培育密度（5、10、20、40、80个/mL）下,幼虫的生长速度、存活率随着密度的增大而降低;40、80个/mL试验组幼虫不能发育至匍匐幼虫,即不能完成变态;5、10、20个/mL试验组幼虫的变态率随着密度的增大而减小,各阶段幼虫的发育时间随着培育密度的增大而延长。不同的饵料种类及投喂方式,即单独投喂（小球藻、塔胞藻、新月菱形藻、金藻、海洋红酵母）与混合投喂（金藻＋塔胞藻＋新月菱形藻）对幼虫的生长速度、存活率、变态率及幼虫各阶段发育时间的影响也不同,前期单独投喂金藻效果较好,以后混合投喂效果比较理想。研究结果表明,在大竹蛏苗种生产过程中,培育密度为10个/mL左右较为合理,且混合投喂比单独投喂效果更好。     

Involvement of juvenile hormone in the regulation of pheromone release activities in a moth

Juvenile hormone has been implicated in the mediation of several reproduction-related events in adult insects, but had previously been found to play no role in the regulation of sex pheromone production and release behavior ("calling") in moths. In females of the true armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta, juvenile hormone is shown to be essential to the initiation of both calling behavior and pheromone production. Females without corpora allata, the source of juvenile hormone, do not call and do not produce pheromone, but injection of juvenile hormone into allatectomized females restored these activities. The armyworm's control system has likely evolved in response to the adults' migratory behavior which may necessitate that mating be restricted to the period following migration.     

半滑舌鳎的育苗效果及生物学特征的观察

在水温为21．0～23．7℃,盐度为33．5的条件下,用约7．8×10^5粒受精卵孵出仔鱼约55万尾,孵化率达70％左右,再经过79d的培育,培育出幼鱼2．287×10^5尾,成活率达到41．5％．初孵仔鱼平均全长（3．16±0．22）mm;初孵仔鱼至孵化后3日龄为前期仔鱼,冠状幼鳍形成,大部分仔鱼已开口,逐渐建立外源性摄食关系;4日龄仔鱼进入后期仔鱼阶段,冠状幼鳍继续增高,出现鳍条;5日龄,冠状幼鳍加长;13日龄,仔鱼明显集群,变态开始,进入稚鱼期;22日龄左右,大部分稚鱼右眼已经完全转到左侧,变态基本完成．在35日龄,有的个体发育进入幼鱼期,鳞片完全长齐,体色开始加深．育苗过程中,白化率低于0．5％．全长（LT）与日龄（D）的关系式为LT=6．480e0.033d,体重（W）与日龄的关系式为彬=0．747e 0.117D,全长与体重的回归方程为W形=0．0022LT 32.76。     

等边浅蛤人工育苗试验初报

2006年6月～2007年1月,对等边浅蛤的人工繁殖、胚胎发育和幼虫培育、变态附着及稚贝培育进行了研究。结果表明：等边浅蛤胚胎繁殖盛期是每年的7~8月,在盐度20～25,水温24～29℃,pH8.0的条件下,受精卵经过15h发育成D形幼虫。盐度20～25,水温24～29℃时,胚胎的孵化率和D形率最高。温度和盐度对幼虫的生长发育影响明显,浮游幼虫生长最适温度为24～29℃,最适盐度为20～25,34℃试验组,幼虫几乎不能存活,19℃组存活率最高,但生长速度慢于24℃组。幼虫在盐度15～25时存活率最高,但盐度20～25时生长速度最快,在盐度35时,幼虫几乎不能存活。研究发现金藻和角毛藻是等边浅蛤浮游幼虫生长的适宜饵料。     

Transition state analogs as ligands for affinity purification of juvenile hormone esterase

Insect juvenile hormones are metabolized in numerous species of caterpillars by low abundance, highly specific esterases. Because of their role in regulating and possibly disrupting juvenile hormone titer and thus insect metamorphosis, they are of interest to developmental biologists as well as scientists interested in selective insect control. However, the enzymes have defied attempts to purify and characterize them. Juvenile hormone esterase activity can be inhibited by a variety of 3-substituted 1,1,1-trifluoropropanone sulfides. These apparent transition state analogs were used as ligands and eluting agents to purify juvenile hormone esterase from four insect species from 500-fold to over 1000-fold in high yield. After elution from the affinity column, the enzymes were radiolabeled with paraoxon and analyzed by electrophoresis, and the results demonstrate a high degree of purity. Transition state analogs may be useful for the affinity purification of other enzymes.