Seismic trapped modes in the oroville and san andreas fault zones

Three-component borehole seismic profiling of the recently active Oroville, California, normal fault and microearthquake event recording with a near-fault three-component borehole seismometer on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, have shown numerous instances of pronounced dispersive wave trains following the shear wave arrivals. These wave trains are interpreted as fault zone-trapped seismic modes. Parkfield earthquakes exciting trapped modes have been located as deep as 10 kilometers, as shallow as 4 kilometers, and extend 12 kilometers along the fault on either side of the recording station. Selected Oroville and Parkfield wave forms are modeled as the fundamental and first higher trapped SH modes of a narrow low-velocity layer at the fault. Modeling results suggest that the Oroville fault zone is 18 meters wide at depth and has a shear wave velocity of 1 kilometer per second, whereas at Parkfield, the fault gouge is 100 to 150 meters wide and has a shear wave velocity of 1.1 to 1.8 kilometers per second. These low-velocity layers are probably the rupture planes on which earthquakes occur.     

Fine structure of the landers fault zone: segmentation and the rupture process

Observations and modeling of 3- to 6-hertz seismic shear waves trapped within the fault zone of the 1992 Landers earthquake series allow the fine structure and continuity of the zone to be evaluated. The fault, to a depth of at least 12 kilometers, is marked by a zone 100 to 200 meters wide where shear velocity is reduced by 30 to 50 percent. This zone forms a seismic waveguide that extends along the southern 30 kilometers of the Landers rupture surface and ends at the fault bend about 18 kilometers north of the main shock epicenter. Another fault plane waveguide, disconnected from the first, exists along the northern rupture surface. These observations, in conjunction with surface slip, detailed seismicity patterns, and the progression of rupture along the fault, suggest that several simple rupture planes were involved in the Landers earthquake and that the inferred rupture front hesitated or slowed at the location where the rupture jumped from one to the next plane. Reduction in rupture velocity can tentatively be attributed to fault plane complexity, and variations in moment release can be attributed to variations in available energy.     

Mechanism diversity of the loma prieta aftershocks and the mechanics of mainshock-aftershock interaction

The diverse aftershock sequence of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake is inconsistent with conventional models of mainshock-aftershock interaction because the aftershocks do not accommodate mainshock-induced stress changes. Instead, the sense of slip of the aftershocks is consistent with failure in response to a nearly uniaxial stress field in which the maximum principal stress acts almost normal to the mainshock fault plane. This orientation implies that (i) stress drop in the mainshock was nearly complete, (ii) mainshock-induced decreases of fault strength helped were important in controlling the occurrence of after-shocks, and (iii) mainshock rupture was limited to those sections of the fault with preexisting shear stress available to drive fault slip.     

Seismic amplitude measurements suggest foreshocks have different focal mechanisms than aftershocks

The ratio of the amplitudes of P and S waves from the foreshocks and aftershocks to three recent California earthquakes show a characteristic change at the time of the main events. As this ratio is extremely sensitive to small changes in the orientation of the fault plane, a small systematic change in stress or fault configuration in the source region may be inferred. These results suggest an approach to the recognition of foreshocks based on simple measurements of the amplitudes of seismic waves.     

The aftershock signature of supershear earthquakes

Recent studies show that earthquake faults may rupture at speeds exceeding the shear wave velocity of rocks. This supershear rupture produces in the ground a seismic shock wave similar to the sonic boom produced by a supersonic airplane. This shock wave may increase the destruction caused by the earthquake. We report that supershear earthquakes are characterized by a specific pattern of aftershocks: The fault plane itself is remarkably quiet whereas aftershocks cluster off the fault, on secondary structures that are activated by the supershear rupture. The post-earthquake quiescence of the fault shows that friction is relatively uniform over supershear segments, whereas the activation of off-fault structures is explained by the shock wave radiation, which produces high stresses over a wide zone surrounding the fault.     

The chi-Chi earthquake sequence: active, out-of-sequence thrust faulting in taiwan

We combined precise focal depths and fault plane solutions of more than 40 events from the 20 September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake sequence with a synthesis of subsurface geology to show that the dominant structure for generating earthquakes in central Taiwan is a moderately dipping (20 degrees to 30 degrees ) thrust fault away from the deformation front. A second, subparallel seismic zone lies about 15 kilometers below the main thrust. These seismic zones differ from previous models, indicating that both the basal decollement and relic normal faults are aseismic.     

Microearthquakes in the ahuachapan geothermal field, el salvador, central america

Microearthquakes occur on a steeply dipping plane interpreted here as the fault that allows hot water to circulate to the surface in the geothermal region. These small earthquakes are common in many geothermal areas and may occur because of the physical or chemical effects of fluids and fluid pressure.     

Surface Displacement of the 17 May 1993 Eureka Valley, California, Earthquake Observed by SAR Interferometry

Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry shows that the magnitude 6.1 Eureka Valley earthquake of 17 May 1993 produced an elongated subsidence basin oriented north-northwest, parallel to the trend defined by the aftershock distribution, whereas the source mechanism of the earthquake implies a north-northeast-striking normal fault. The +/-3-millimeter accuracy of the radar-observed displacement map over short spatial scales allowed identification of the main surface rupture associated with the event. These observations suggest that the rupture began at depth and propagated diagonally upward and southward on a west-dipping, north-northeast fault plane, reactivating the largest escarpment in the Saline Range.     

Mantle fault zone beneath Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii

Relocations and focal mechanism analyses of deep earthquakes (>/=13 kilometers) at Kilauea volcano demonstrate that seismicity is focused on an active fault zone at 30-kilometer depth, with seaward slip on a low-angle plane, and other smaller, distinct fault zones. The earthquakes we have analyzed predominantly reflect tectonic faulting in the brittle lithosphere rather than magma movement associated with volcanic activity. The tectonic earthquakes may be induced on preexisting faults by stresses of magmatic origin, although background stresses from volcano loading and lithospheric flexure may also contribute.     

Repeating deep earthquakes: evidence for fault reactivation at great depth

We have identified three groups of deep earthquakes showing nearly identical waveforms in the Tonga slab. Relocation with a cross-correlation method shows that each cluster is composed of 10 to 30 earthquakes along a plane 10 to 30 kilometers in length. Some of the earthquakes are colocated, demonstrating repeated rupture of the same fault, and one pair of events shows identical rupture complexity, suggesting that the temporal and spatial rupture pattern was repeated. Recurrence intervals show an inverse time distribution, indicating a strong temporal control over fault reactivation. Runaway thermal shear instabilities may explain temporally clustered earthquakes with similar waveforms located along slip zones weakened by shear heating. Earthquake doublets that occur within a few hours are consistent with events recurring before the thermal energy of the initial rupture can diffuse away.     

Fault zone connectivity: slip rates on faults in the san francisco bay area, california

The slip rate of a fault segment is related to the length of the fault zone of which it is part. In turn, the slip rate of a fault zone is related to its connectivity with adjoining or contiguous fault zones. The observed variation in slip rate on fault segments in the San Francisco Bay area in California is consistent with connectivity between the Hayward, Calaveras, and San Andreas fault zones. Slip rates on the southern Hayward fault taper northward from a maximum of more than 10 millimeters per year and are sensitive to the active length of the Maacama fault.     

状态时滞系统基于观测器的故障诊断及可诊断性

研究含有状态时滞的线性系统的故障诊断方法及故障的可诊断性问题。提出一种新颖的基于降维观测器的故障诊断方法,并给出故障可诊断性的判据。首先通过引入一种特殊的线性变换,将时滞系统转换成无时滞系统。然后将故障诊断问题转化为状态观测问题,并证明了故障可诊断性的充分条件。最后通过构造一种新的不利用残差体现故障的故障诊断器,实现了故障的实时诊断。仿真实例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于自我调节学习的柴油机故障诊断研究

针对柴油机故障原因和故障征兆之间非线性、多变量和模糊的关系,结合柴油机故障实际运行情况和大量专业人员经验知识,提出了一种基于自我调节学习的柴油机故障诊断方法,建立基于灰靶理论的故障诊断模型,利用实时反馈的更新自我调节柴油机故障统计数据和专业人员经验知识构造柴油机故障征兆标准模式,通过对故障征兆和诸故障原因靶心距排序,诊断出柴油机故障的原因并及时维修,反馈更新后再实时自我调节学习故障征兆标准模式。应用结果证明了其实用性和有效性,为同类故障诊断提供了一个新的思路。     

Changes in state of stress on the southern san andreas fault resulting from the california earthquake sequence of april to june 1992

The April to June 1992 Landers earthquake sequence in southern California modified the state of stress along nearby segments of the San Andreas fault, causing a 50-kilometer segment of the fault to move significantly closer to failure where it passes through a compressional bend near San Gorgonio Pass. The decrease in compressive normal stress may also have reduced fluid pressures along that fault segment. As pressures are reequilibrated by diffusion, that fault segment should move closer to failure with time. That fault segment and another to the southeast probably have not ruptured in a great earthquake in about 300 years.     

直线与平面关系的分析与应用

本文全面分析了直线与平面之间的内在联系，揭示了平面内包含有平面的同名直线和其它确定的直线这一事实，并用于解决包合直线作平面及直线与平面、平面与平面相交时，交点和交线的作图问题。就其应用，文中对读图时可能遇到的极易混淆的一般平面和垂直面的判别原则作了详细阐述，以及其它一些读图窍门，对于读懂组合体视图很有帮助。     

基于本体故障树的关键机组诊断决策研究

为了满足石化企业连续性工作设备或机组在发生故障后对故障原因进行快速定位的要求，将本体先进的知识表示方法引入到成熟的故障树研究中，提出了基于本体的故障树构建方法，并通过对生成的故障树进行定量分析，计算出故障判明效时比，以其从大到小的顺序为依据找到故障诊断最优路径，实现了本体和故障树的优势结合.该方法在知识共享和重用的基础上，实现对故障的快速诊断定位，从而提高了故障诊断效率，减少了企业的生产维护成本.     

基于小波包和Elman神经网络的异步电机转子断条 故障诊断方法

提出了一种基于小波包分析（WPA）和Elman神经网络的异步电机转子断条故障诊断方法.针对异步电机转子断条故障时定子电流出现的边频分量进行小波包分析,提取动态条件下各频带能量作为故障特征向量,削弱了负载变化及噪声对诊断准确性的影响.采用Elman神经网络对故障进行识别,并对Elman网络进行改进,在关联层增加了自反馈增益因子,提高了网络性能.以频带能量作为Elman神经网络识别故障的特征向量,建立从特征向量到电机转子断条故障之间的映射.试验结果表明：基于小波包分析提取的故障特征明显,由WPA和Elman神经网络构成的诊断系统,能有效地识别出转子断条故障,故障诊断准确率高.     

Earthquake potential along the northern hayward fault, california

The Hayward fault slips in large earthquakes and by aseismic creep observed along its surface trace. Dislocation models of the surface deformation adjacent to the Hayward fault measured with the global positioning system and interferometric synthetic aperture radar favor creep at approximately 7 millimeters per year to the bottom of the seismogenic zone along a approximately 20-kilometer-long northern fault segment. Microearthquakes with the same waveform repeatedly occur at 4- to 10-kilometer depths and indicate deep creep at 5 to 7 millimeters per year. The difference between current creep rates and the long-term slip rate of approximately 10 millimeters per year can be reconciled in a mechanical model of a freely slipping northern Hayward fault adjacent to the locked 1868 earthquake rupture, which broke the southern 40 to 50 kilometers of the fault. The potential for a major independent earthquake of the northern Hayward fault might be less than previously thought.     

馈线自动化系统故障判断与隔离方法的研究

从分析配电网的结构和故障区域的特点人手，提出了基于功率方向和亲子表示法的馈线有向描述模型。在此模型基础上，结合故障信息矩阵建立了一种新颖的配电网故障判断隔离算法，并就故障信息不完整和开关拒动两种特殊情况，其算法采取了完善措施。这种算法可以准确地判断和隔离故障区域。     

Fault interactions and large complex earthquakes in the Los Angeles area

Faults in complex tectonic environments interact in various ways, including triggered rupture of one fault by another, that may increase seismic hazard in the surrounding region. We model static and dynamic fault interactions between the strike-slip and thrust fault systems in southern California. We find that rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga thrust fault system is unlikely to trigger rupture of the San Andreas or San Jacinto strike-slip faults. However, a large northern San Jacinto fault earthquake could trigger a cascading rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga system, potentially causing a moment magnitude 7.5 to 7.8 earthquake on the edge of the Los Angeles metropolitan region.