外来广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆潜在分布区的预测

豚草是传入我国的恶性外来入侵杂草,广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communaLeSage)是新近发现、专食豚草的潜在有效天敌。为预测广聚萤叶甲的潜在分布范围,利用CLIMEX软件对该叶甲与豚草及其近缘植物三裂叶豚草、向日葵等潜在寄主植物的适生区进行了分析和预测;采用由生态气候指数(EI)衍生的生物-气候风险指数(BCRI),分别分析了该叶甲与这3种植物同域分布的范围。广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆的潜在分布区向北可以分布到沈阳,向南可能分布到海南;而华东、华南和西南东部地区是其适宜的分布区域。广聚萤叶甲与豚草在我国北部的共同适宜边际区到达山东济南,与三裂叶豚草和向日葵的北部边际区达到辽宁沈阳,而该叶甲与这3种植物的共同适宜区主要分布在华东、华南和西南东部等地。我国北方种植的向日葵受广聚萤叶甲取食危害的风险很低。     

利用天敌昆虫治理豚草的研究进展

豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.起源于北美洲,一年生草本植物,靠种子繁殖。豚草在入侵地逃离了天敌等生物因子的制约,种群得以快速发展,并暴发成灾,对人类健康、农牧业生产、生态环境等均造成严重的影响。从20世纪60年代开始,许多国家从原产地寻找天敌,开始豚草生物防治。我国从20世纪80年代,先后从国外引进了5种植食性昆虫,对其生物学、生态学特性及其应用等开展了研究,最终确认豚草条纹叶甲和豚草卷蛾是2种具有应用前景的天敌昆虫。这两种天敌昆虫在野外释放后,仅有豚草卷蛾能在野外成功建立种群,一定程度上延缓了豚草种群的蔓延。随后,2001年,在南京市郊的豚草上发现一种来自北美的广聚萤叶甲,经过寄主专一性测定后,发现其具有严格的寄主专一性。同时,这种叶甲气候适应能力、繁殖力和对豚草控制潜力均较强。在中国,广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾生态位互补的生物防治技术已被提出,并在南方各省市大面积推广应用,取了非常理想的控制效果。然而,广聚萤叶甲尚未能在北方建立种群,这给北方豚草的生物防治带来了许多困难。因此,通过野外创造有利于广聚萤叶甲成虫越冬的人工保护生境,或通过人工冷驯化和筛选获取高产耐寒种群,将有助于这些问题的解决。     

韶关发现专取食豚草的昆虫——广聚萤叶甲

2009年8月底在广东韶关发现专门取食豚草的昆虫——广聚萤叶甲。调查结果发现,其中一棵被轻度取食的豚草上聚集卵块129块、幼虫121头、蛹20头、成虫10头。说明广聚萤叶甲群集性强;在豚草繁殖生长完成前,迅速完成产卵、孵化、发育、成熟的生活周期。目前发现广聚萤叶甲对豚草具有专一性。     

低温冷藏对豚草天敌广聚萤叶甲存活和生殖力的影响

广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communa LeSage)是豚草的一种重要天敌.至2005年12月的调查表明,在我国江苏、湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、浙江等省均已发现这种叶甲在豚草上发生[1].     

广聚萤叶甲成虫的形态特征

广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communa LeSage)是我国近几年来发现的一种重要的豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linn.)天敌。鉴于该叶甲在豚草生物防治上的重要性,本文在前人研究的基础上,对其成虫的形态特征进行了详细描述,并介绍了区别雌雄虫的重要外部特征。认为雄虫生殖节端部有倒"V"形的黑斑,而雌虫无"V"形黑斑。这对于进一步深入开展该叶甲的生物学、生态学及其应用研究具有重要意义。     

利用光谱特征评价广聚萤叶甲对豚草的控制效果

为建立快速有效的豚草生物防治效果评价技术体系,采用基于成像光谱遥感技术的多波段光谱辐射仪,研究豚草被广聚萤叶甲取食后冠层光谱反射率的变化规律,并利用冠层光谱特征值评价广聚萤叶甲对豚草的控制效果.广聚萤叶甲的取食会引起豚草的冠层光谱发生变化,在绿光区560nm和近红外区710～810nm处,随着被取食程度的加重,豚草冠层光谱反射率逐渐降低;在黄光区660nm处,随着被取食程度的加重,豚草冠层光谱反射率逐渐升高.豚草被广聚萤叶甲取食后,归一化植被指数、比值植被指数、差值植被指数、再归一化植被指数均显著低于未被取食的对照组.在可见光绿光区560nm处和近红外区710nm和760nm处豚草冠层光谱反射率与其被取食程度均达到显著负相关,故可以将可见光绿光区560nm、近红外区710nm和760nm这3个波段作为监测的敏感波段.     

外来广聚萤叶甲对非靶标植物的选择行为

为评估外来广聚萤叶甲作为入侵豚草的潜在生物防治作用物对非靶标植物的潜在风险,分别观察了成虫产卵和初孵幼虫取食的选择行为,首次在杂草天敌寄主专一性测定中采用生存分析（失败时间分析）法,比较了在三裂叶豚草、苍耳、食用农家向日葵三道黑品种、油用向日葵辽丰F51品种、多花向日葵和菊芋等菊科向日葵族非靶标植物上的产卵识别期和初孵幼虫取食前期的差异。研究结果表明,在三裂叶豚草和苍耳上产卵的概率与豚草没有显著差异,但在几种向日葵属植物上产卵的概率显著低于豚草;初孵幼虫对农家向日葵的取食选择概率与豚草没有显著差异,在其他供试植物上的取食前期均显著延长（P〈0.05）。对应用广聚萤叶甲防治外来入侵豚草对非靶标植物的潜在风险进行了讨论。     

外来广聚萤叶甲在我国的扩散及生活史特征

外来广聚萤叶甲目前已在我国华东的江苏、江西、安徽、浙江等省以及华中的湖北、湖南等省扩散蔓延；在野外其主要寄主是豚草，偶见取食苍耳。广聚萤叶甲在24、27、30℃恒温条件下完成一代分别为29．8、26．0和22．2d；野外完成1代需21～29d。在室外罩笼观察的4个世代中，前3个世代（6—8月）的各虫态历期及其存活率近似，产卵量接近；但9月初开始的第4个世代各虫态历期延长、存活率明显降低，产卵量（108．8粒）低于此前世代的一半。广聚萤叶甲的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11．5℃和373．5日度；在南京推测广聚萤叶甲1年可发生5代。     

豚草在南京地区分布的调查初报

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)是一种广泛传播的世界性害草,它在我国的传播、分布、危害和防除,已越来越受到有关部门的关注。在南京地区,豚草的危害性不容忽视。张文钦等(1984)将豚草花粉浸出液与南京地区常见的13种吸入性过敏原浸出液对608例哮喘病人做致喘活性的阳性试验,结果表明,豚草仅次于粉螨,位居第二。在植物过敏源中阳性反应率最高,比法国梧桐高近5倍,比雪松高近3倍,认为豚草花粉是南京地区花粉类过敏源中最重要的一种。目前,豚草防除的方法很多,其中,生物防除是一种安全、有效的方法。但是,由于豚     

广聚萤叶甲幼虫取食植物对产卵选择行为的影响

产卵选择性是衡量植食性昆虫寄主专一性的主要性状之一。为揭示广聚萤叶甲幼虫取食的植物是否影响其成虫产卵植物选择性,于室外网室中采用重复观测设计开展试验,研究幼虫期取食靶标豚草或非靶标苍耳对成虫在这2种植物上的产卵选择性。在非选择性试验中,广聚萤叶甲幼虫取食豚草和苍耳后的产卵数量没有显著差异;但成虫在2种植物上的产卵数量存在显著差异,如幼虫分别在豚草和苍耳上取食,其成虫在豚草上分别产18.94和21.90粒卵,而在苍耳上分别产24.39和25.12粒卵。对卵粒大小(用体积表示)的分析表明,产卵植物之间及其与幼虫取食植物互作对卵粒大小均无显著影响,但幼虫取食不同植物的成虫所产卵粒大小存在显著差异,幼虫取食豚草的成虫产卵粒显著大于取食苍耳的产卵粒。卵孵化率为60%~70%,在各处理之间没有显著差异。在选择性试验中,对产卵选择频次的分析未发现幼虫取食不同植物以及成虫产卵测试植物等处理影响产卵选择偏好。本研究结果说明,广聚萤叶甲雌成虫产卵数量决策行为受幼虫取食植物的影响不大。     

Comparative biology of Mallada desjardinsi (navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), predators of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphis gossypii (glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania

The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera.     

Base-catalysed hydrolysis of (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos

The rates at which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed in aqueous solutions in the pH range 8.7–11.5, and in the temperature range 30–50°C, have been measured. The overall activation parameters have been calculated, and equations to allow calculation of the rates in any basic conditions are given. The complicated routes by which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed to simple molecules have been deduced. The rates for the individual steps in each route have been either measured experimentally, or have been calculated through analogue simulation of all the reactions, by matching the calculated to the observed ultraviolet spectral changes during hydrolysis. It is proposed that (Z)-2-carboxyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate is not observed as a hydrolysis product of (Z)-mevinphos because it decomposes by an extremely fast intramolecular reaction. The reasons for the greater lability of (E)-mevinphos are also discussed.     

检疫性害虫南亚果实蝇生物学及控制技术

南亚果实蝇[Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)tau(Walker)]是黄瓜、南瓜、丝瓜、冬瓜和苦瓜等多种果蔬作物上的一种重要检疫性害虫。近年来在我国多个省市发生危害,发生程度呈加重和扩大蔓延的趋势,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。本文概述了南亚果实蝇的发生危害规律、生物学特性,提出了加强植物检疫、农业防治、诱集灭虫、雄性不育技术和保护天敌等防治措施。     

胡瓜新小绥螨对B型烟粉虱的控制能力

为明确胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius的控害潜能,在（26±1）℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期16L：8D条件下,研究了各螨态胡瓜新小绥螨对不同发育阶段烟粉虱的捕食作用。结果表明,胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨期较短,不取食烟粉虱,其他不同螨态的胡瓜新小绥螨可捕食除4龄若虫和成虫以外的其他各虫态的烟粉虱,捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型;胡瓜新小绥螨雌成螨对烟粉虱卵的日捕食量最大（8.5粒/雌）,对烟粉虱3龄若虫的日捕食量最小（2.1头/雌）;雌成螨对烟粉虱卵具有较高的瞬间攻击率（0.038）和寻找效应（0.025）。研究表明,胡瓜新小绥螨对烟粉虱卵及低龄若虫的捕食能力较强,是烟粉虱发生初期的有效天敌。     

首次发现我国柑橘小实蝇沃尔巴克氏体的共生

沃尔巴氏体(Wolbachia)是广泛分布于节肢动物体内的一类共生细菌,它们可以调控宿主的生殖活动.本研究利用沃尔巴克氏体wsp基因的一对通用引物(81F,691R),成功地从我国柑橘小实蝇雄成虫的总DNA中扩增到一段400bp左右的wsp基因片段,通过wsp基因的特异性扩增首次证实了沃尔巴克氏体在我国柑橘小实蝇雄虫体内的共生.     

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Pheromone traps were placed in the market place in Banja Luka, and in greenhouses and open field tomato crops, on 13 September 2010 to determine the presence of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Banja Luka region. Based on examination of traps, the presence of T. absoluta was confirmed for the first time in the Republic of Srpska. Only mines of Liriomyza species were found by examining leaves under a stereomicroscope. In 2011, pheromone traps were placed in greenhouses at several locations (Banja Luka, Prijedor, Novi Grad, Kozarska Dubica, Ljubinje and Trebinje) at the beginning of June, and in open fields in Bijeljina and Trebinje at the beginning of September. Examination of the traps was carried out at intervals of 15 days. A sample of 100 leaves, taken from 20 randomly selected plants, was examined in order to evaluate the intensity of the attack. The first adults were caught in greenhouses in Ljubinje and Trebinje on 18 June 2011; in open field crops in Bijeljina on 9 September 2011 and in Banja Luka on 5 October 2011. Adults were not captured in Prijedor, Novi Grad or Kozarska Dubica, and no mined leaves were observed. The intensity of attack was evaluated on the basis of active infestation (percentage of leaves with active mines compared with all mined leaves). The strongest intensity of active infestation was recorded in the open field crops in Trebinje, where 19% of leaves with active mines were found.