杂交稻对褐稻虱和白背飞虱的抗性研究

本研究对我国南方稻区的38个杂交稻组合进行了对褐稻虱和白背飞虱的抗性测定,结果有9个组合兼抗褐稻虱和白背飞虱,仅抗其中1种飞虱的各占6个。采用经过改进的生存率及蜜露测定法,研究了杂交稻组合对两种飞虱的抗性机制,证明:杂交稻多数组合对白背飞虱的抗性机制以耐害性为主,其中部分组合兼有一定程度的抗生性;而对褐稻虱的抗性机制,多数组合表现以抗生性为主。对白背飞虱在某些地区推广杂交稻后上升为主要害虫的原因也作了探讨。     

Development and characterisation of transgenic rice expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis genes

BACKGROUND: Transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) were first commercialised in 1996. The risk that pests have the potential to evolve resistance to Bt toxins is one of the most serious challenges to this technology. Gene stacking, pyramiding two Bt genes into one variety, is considered to be an effective insect resistance management (IRM) strategy. In this study, insect‐resistant rice expressing two Bt genes was developed by sexual crossing, and then characterised. RESULTS: Homozygous rice lines of two pyramided Bt genes were obtained in the F₃ generation. Quantification of Bt toxin showed that protein concentrations of Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac and Cry2A in the two‐gene lines were comparable with their single‐gene parents, while the expression of cry1C gene decreased after gene stacking. Four two‐gene lines showed higher activity to striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) than parental lines in the laboratory bioassay. All pyramided lines and their hybrids exhibited excellent efficacy against stemborers and leaffolders in field evaluation, while most pyramided lines had no significant differences from original variety in yield under spraying of insecticide. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the two‐gene lines have commercial potential and could serve as a valuable IRM strategy. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of the resistance of Coffea canephora to Oligonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the preimaginal conditioning effect on resistance using a biological life table

Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important mite pests found in coffee plants. One way to reduce intensive pest attacks is management via resistant plants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resistance of 14 C. canephora genotypes to O. ilicis by antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms and to determine the preimaginal conditioning effect on resistant genotypes using O. ilicis reared on C. canephora. Resistance by antixenosis was not found; however, nine genotypes showed resistance to O. ilicis via an antibiosis mechanism. Two of these resistant genotypes showed a more persistent resistance than the O. ilicis reared on C. canephora, which indicated that a previous host can affect the selection of a genotype by O. ilicis. The study may provide a model to evaluate the preimaginal conditioning effect on plant resistance, which can be useful for plant breeders.     

Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to insects, mediated by an earthworm-produced organic soil amendment

BACKGROUND: Vermicompost is an organic soil amendment produced by earthworm digestion of organic waste. Studies show that plants grown in soil amended with vermicompost grow faster, are more productive and are less susceptible to a number of arthropod pests. In light of these studies, the present study was designed to determine the type of insect resistance (antixenosis or antibiosis) present in plants grown in vermicompost‐amended potting soil. Additionally, the potential role of microarthropods, entomopathogenic organisms and non‐pathogenic microbial flora found in vermicompost on insect resistance induction was investigated. RESULTS: Findings show that vermicompost from two different sources (Raleigh, North Carolina, and Portland, Oregon) were both effective in causing Arabidopsis plants to be resistant to the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). However, while the Raleigh (Ral) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as both non‐preference (antixenosis) and milder (lower weight and slower development) toxic effect (antibiosis) resistance, Oregon (OSC) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as acute antibiosis, resulting in lower weights and higher mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Vermicompost causes plants to have non‐preference (antixenosis) and toxic (antibiosis) effects on insects. This resistance affects insect development and survival on plants grown in vermicompost‐amended soil. Microarthropods and entomopathogens do not appear to have a role in the resistance, but it is likely that resistance is due to interactions between the microbial communities in vermicompost with plant roots, as is evident from vermicompost sterilization assays conducted in this study. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

转cry1Ab/1Ac基因水稻对野生褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus取食、体重及器官重量的影响

为评价转Bt基因水稻对野生啮齿类动物的影响,以野生褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus为试验对象,分别饲喂转cry1Ab/1Ac基因水稻华恢1号(HH1)及其亲本非转基因水稻明恢63(MH63),通过取食选择试验及110 d连续饲喂试验,测定转基因水稻对褐家鼠取食量、体重及器官的影响。结果显示,野生褐家鼠雌鼠日平均取食MH63和HH1分别为5.52 g和5.37 g,雄鼠日平均取食分别为7.00 g和6.52 g,在选择取食MH63和HH1稻谷上无显著差异;在连续饲喂试验的不同时期,褐家鼠体重及每日取食稻谷量在对照组与试验组间均无显著差异;饲喂试验结束后解剖观察,褐家鼠脾脏、肾脏、肾上腺,雌性卵巢和子宫以及雄性睾丸、附睾和储精囊的绝对重量及相对重量在对照组与试验组间均无显著差异。研究表明,与MH63相比,转cry1Ab/1Ac基因水稻对野生褐家鼠的取食、体重以及主要器官均无显著性影响。     

Pyramiding Ty‐2 and Ty‐3 genes for resistance to monopartite and bipartite tomato leaf curl viruses of India

Breeding resistance to whitefly‐transmitted begomoviruses is an important goal of tomato breeding programmes worldwide. So far, resistance to begomoviruses in tomato has been achieved using wild species, and at least five resistance genes (Ty genes) have been studied. The present study was undertaken to combine Ty‐2 and Ty‐3 and to determine the effect of pyramiding on infection of tomato by three diverse begomovirus species. The diagnostic ability of the markers linked to Ty genes was assessed and marker‐assisted selection was used to develop pyramided tomato lines from the crosses between Ty stocks. Five stable pyramided tomato lines that differ in fruit morphology and yield potential were developed. The horticultural performance of pyramided lines in field trials showed that the yield and horticultural traits are well maintained in the plants. The response of these lines was assessed using agroinoculation and field tests in a disease hotspot. The pyramided lines and Ty‐3‐carrying lines exhibited a high level of resistance to the monopartite and two bipartite begomoviruses tested. The pyramided tomato lines developed in this study could be important genetic resources for sustainable tomato production in areas affected by tomato leaf curl virus disease. The combined results of disease resistance tests also showed that Ty‐3 is critical for achieving broad‐spectrum resistance. The limitations of relying on a single gene and the importance of pyramiding are discussed in the light of available evidence on frequent recombination in begomoviruses.     

沉默转录因子OsERF7提高水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性

为了解植物中特有的转录因子乙烯响应因子(ethylene responsive factor,ERF)在植物诱导抗虫反应中的作用,通过克隆1个水稻ERF转录因子基因OsERF7,并结合分子生物学、反向遗传学及生物测定,探究其在水稻防御褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera为害过程中的作用。结果显示,机械损伤处理与褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害均能在中后期诱导OsERF7的表达。沉默OsERF7能显著降低水稻上褐飞虱及白背飞虱卵的孵化率,并延长褐飞虱卵的发育历期;与野生型水稻相比,褐飞虱和白背飞虱在沉默突变体品系R1和R30上的卵孵化率分别只有野生型水稻上的62.5%～68.3%和68.0%～76.0%,褐飞虱卵的发育历期则延长0.37～0.45 d。沉默OsERF7不影响褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的水稻防御相关信号分子—茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、乙烯(ET)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的含量。表明转录因子OsERF7作用于防御相关信号途径的下游,并且负调控水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性。     

野生稻转育后代对褐飞虱抗性的研究

对１０７份栽培稻／野生稻高世代品系及８６个药用野生稻栽培稻回交Ｆ１再生苗进行了苗期抗褐飞虱鉴定,对６４个品系进行了孕穗期抗性鉴定,并初步了野生稻转育后代的苗期拒虫性及孕穗期抗生性等。结果表明,野生稻抗虫基因已导入某些杂交品系Ｂ５,Ｂ２,Ｂ３,Ｂ６,Ｂ１０,Ｂ１１,Ｂ１２,Ｂ１３,Ｂ１４,Ｂ１５,Ｂ７,Ｂ８在苗期表现高抗,在孕穗期表现中抗,抗性水平比对照抗性品种ＩＲ３６高;Ｂ２Ｆ３－５２,Ｂ２Ｆ３－     

转Cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻对稻田底栖动物群落的生态安全性

为探究转Bt基因抗虫水稻对稻田水生生物的安全性,以转Cry1Ab/Ac基因抗虫水稻华恢1号(HH1)为材料,其非转基因水稻亲本明恢63(MH63)为对照,以底栖动物群落为指示生物,运用群落学方法研究了湖南湘潭转Bt水稻对稻田底栖动物群落的影响。结果显示,2012年在HH1与MH63稻田中,分别采集到底栖动物37种和38种,二者共有物种31种,群落物种相似度为0.8267,优势种相似度为0.8235;2013年在HH1与MH63稻田中分别采集到底栖动物40种和41种,二者共有物种33种,群落物种相似度为0.8148,优势种相似度为0.9231;2012与2013年在HH1与MH63稻田生境中,物种丰富度、个体数量、群落多样性指数、均匀性指数与优势集中性指数的时间动态趋势一致,且均无显著差异。研究表明,连续2年稻田种植转Cry1Ab/Ac基因抗虫水稻HH1,在群落水平上对湖南湘潭地区稻田底栖动物无显著影响。     

Rodents in the Tropics: Their Effects and Control

Abstract

Twenty four varieties of cowpea were evaluated for field resistance to Aphis craccivora Koch under natural infestation at Ile‐lfe, Nigeria. The varieties EW/1, TVu 1037, TVu 2896, TVu 2994 and TVu 3000 showed the lowest field infestation. This may be explained by antixenosis with respect to varietal selection or feeding and antibiosis. Screenhouse studies showed that the mechanism of resistance in TVu 1037, TVu 2896 and TVu 3000 includes antibiosis, manifested as high mortality of nymphs, reduced lifespan and low fecundity of adults.     

Effects of herbicides on rice resistance and on multiplication and feeding of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (StÅl) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Two-way effects of herbicide on rice resistance and multiplication and feeding of the rice brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) were studied. Four of 11 herbicides tested, butachlor, metolachlor, oxadiazon and bentazone, had significantly stimulating effects on multiplication and feeding of BPH. Multiplication times (N ₁/N ₀) of BPH on the rice treated with the four herbicides were 674, 367, 322 and 311, respectively, while that of N. lugens on the untreated plants was 159. The results of measurements of honeydew production by BPH indicated that the feeding rates of the brown planthoppers increased when the insects fed on the plants treated with bentazone, quinclorac, oxadiazon and quinclorac. Survival rates of N. lugens first to third-instars rose on the rice plants treated with butachlor, bentazone, but that of the fourth and fifth instars were not affected. Furthermore, all of those herbicides tested led to a decline of rice resistance, i.e. the injury scales of the treated plants were larger than that of the control under the same pest stress. Based on their effects on rice resistance and on BPH, the herbicides tested can be divided into two categories, one affecting rice resistance and BPH multiplication, the other affecting rice resistance only.     

转cry1Ab+cry1C双价抗虫水稻对二化螟的抗性评价

为明确转cry1Ab+cry1C双价抗虫水稻对二化螟的抗性及其杀虫蛋白的时空表达,本研究采用离体水稻组织生测法系统评价了cry1Ab、cry1C、正交cry1Ab+cry1C和反交cry1C+cry1Ab 4种抗虫水稻品系对二化螟的杀虫效果,并用ELISA方法测定了Cry1Ab、Cry1C蛋白在各个抗虫水稻品系中的表达情况。结果显示,二化螟在不同生育期的4种转基因抗虫水稻上取食的叶面积显著低于非转基因对照亲本明恢63。4个转基因抗虫水稻品系在生长前期（苗期、分蘖和拔节期）对二化螟表现极高的杀虫效果,生长后期（孕穗期和成熟期）杀虫效果有所下降。两双价抗虫水稻杀虫效果最好,其次为转cry1Ab和cry1C水稻。Bt蛋白表达水平随着抗虫水稻生育期的变化而变化,且差异显著;Cry1Ab的蛋白表达量在水稻整个生长期均显著高于Cry1C。Cry1Ab蛋白在单价抗虫水稻叶片和茎杆中均表现出随生育期先升高后下降的趋势,但在双价抗虫水稻中表现出随生育期逐渐下降的趋势。Cry1C蛋白在单、双价抗虫水稻的叶片组织中均表现出逐渐升高的趋势。与单价抗虫水稻相比,双价抗虫水稻中的Cry1Ab、Cry1C的蛋白表达水平并没有表现出显著的降低。因此,双价抗虫水稻不仅能高效防治害虫,还能延缓害虫抗性,在生产上表现出良好的应用前景。该研究结果可望为转Bt基因抗虫作物的环境安全评价提供科学数据和理论依据。     

西南地区小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因多样性调查

为调查西南地区小麦条锈病抗性、抗病基因位点及其组合多样性,于2013—2014年对以西南地区为主的140份小麦品种(系)进行了成株期、苗期抗病性鉴定和抗病基因标记扫描。成株期鉴定结果显示,2013年贵阳、赫章试验点和2014年贵阳、绵阳试验点都表现为抗病的品种(系)共有50份,其中表现为全生育期抗性的有37份,表现为成株期抗性的有13份;5个抗病基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18、Yr26的分子标记检测结果显示,西南地区小麦Yr26的使用频率最高,为41.4%,Yr9次之为37.9%,Yr10、Yr15、Yr18使用频率较低;抗条锈病基因的组合分析显示,共出现16份基因聚合品种、7种组合类型,其中组合Yr9+Yr26出现频率较高,为5%。表明西南地区的小麦品种(系)以利用全生育期抗性为主,且抗条锈病基因利用较为单一,应发掘和利用新抗条锈病基因及重视多基因的聚合。     

抗性品种与天敌对褐稻虱种群的协同调节作用

褐稻虱(Nilaparvuta lugens)是我国水稻的主要害虫。以往的粳稻品种,感褐稻虱;近几年来一系列抗褐稻虱品种如秀水620、秀水664已经育成,1990年已种植150万亩。种植抗性品种可少用或不用杀虫剂,能大量保存天敌,抗性品种与天敌的协同作用,对控制褐稻虱种群,改善防治策略,具有现实意义。该文报道了田间和实验室观察调查多种天敌的数量和捕食或寄生效果,估计了在不同抗感品种上褐稻虱种群趋势指数1值,并分析了粳稻抗性品种与蜘蛛类抑制褐稻虱的协同作用。     

Effects of triazophos on biochemical substances of transgenic Bt rice and its nontarget pest Nilaparvata lugens Stål under elevated CO2

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is a serious rice pest throughout Asia. Recent outbreaks of N. lugens populations were mainly associated with the overuse of pesticides and resistance to insecticides. Warmer global temperatures that are associated with anthropogenic climate change are likely to have marked ecological effects on terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations on the biochemical, physiological and nutrient quality of transgenic Bt rice that has been treated with pesticides and on the control efficacy of the pesticides are not understood. The present study investigated changes in soluble sugar content, free amino acid levels, oxalic acid levels, flavonoids levels, and triazophos residues in transgenic Bt rice (TT51) and the control efficacy of triazophos for N. lugens following triazophos foliar spray under conditions of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂). Our findings showed that the soluble sugar content of TT51 treated with triazophos under eCO₂ was significantly higher than that under ambient CO₂ (aCO₂) and also higher than that of the non-transgenic parent (MH63) under aCO₂. However, the results for free amino acid levels were the opposite of those for soluble sugar levels. The oxalic acid and flavonoid contents of rice plants significantly decreased with increases in triazophos concentration, CO₂ concentration, and days after treatment (DAT). The oxalic acid and flavonoid contents of TT51 treated with triazophos under eCO₂ were significantly lower than those under aCO₂ and also lower than those of MH63 under aCO₂. The residue concentration of triazophos varied with CO₂ concentration, rice variety, and DAT. The residues in TT51 treated with 80 ppm of trizaopos under eCO₂ were significantly lower than those under aCO₂ and those in MH63 under aCO₂. The survival rate of nymphs N. lugens in TT51 under eCO₂ was significantly higher than that under aCO₂ and that in MH63 under aCO₂ at 1 DAT or 15 DAT after the release of 2nd instars nymphs. These findings indicated that (1) for TT51, triazophos reduced the resistance of rice plants to N. lugens with an elevated CO₂ concentration, as N. lugens consumed more phloem sap on TT51 plants; (2) triazophos dissipation in TT51 under eCO₂ was significantly faster than that under aCO₂ and that in MH63 under aCO₂; (3) the control efficacy of triazophos for N. lugens significantly decreased under eCO₂. The present findings provide important information for integrated pest management among transgenic varieties.     

F2 screening for resistance to pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis maize in Louisiana and Mississippi populations of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

BACKGROUND: In the mid‐southern region of the United States, sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), is a major target pest of transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. Novel transgenic maize technologies containing two or more pyramided Bt genes for controlling lepidopteran pests have recently become commercially available. Insect resistance management (IRM) is an important issue in the sustainable use of Bt crop technologies. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of resistance alleles in field populations of D. saccharalis to the new pyramided Bt maize technologies. RESULTS: A total of 382 F₂ family lines derived from 735 feral larvae/pupae of D. saccharalis collected from six locations in Louisiana and Mississippi during 2008 and 2009 were screened for resistance to three new Bt maize technologies: MON 89034, Genuity? VT Triple Pro? and SmartStax?. None of the 382 F₂ isoline families survived on the Bt maize leaf tissue for ≥ 12 days in the F₂ screen. The joint frequency for two‐ or three‐gene resistance models with 95% probability in these populations was estimated to be < 0.0063 to MON 89034 and < 0.003 to VT Triple Pro? and SmartStax?. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the resistance allele frequency in D. saccharalis to the three pyramided Bt maize technologies is low in the mid‐southern region of the United States, which should meet the rare resistance assumption of the currently used IRM strategy for Bt maize. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

褐飞虱与白背飞虱为害诱导水稻防御反应的比较

为探究2种稻飞虱——褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)诱导的水稻防御反应差异,于室内测定了水稻在分别受褐飞虱或白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,其茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯、H_2O_2以及挥发物含量的变化。结果表明,尽管褐飞虱和白背飞虱产卵雌成虫的为害均可以诱导水稻茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯和H_2O_2等防御相关信号分子以及一些水稻挥发物含量的增加,但是二者的诱导作用存在差异。水稻在受白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,茉莉酸的含量在3 h时就显著升高,12 h时含量达到最高;而受褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,6 h时茉莉酸含量才显著升高,72 h时含量达最高;并且在2种稻飞虱为害的3～48 h内,白背飞虱为害诱导的茉莉酸含量始终显著高于褐飞虱为害诱导的。水稻受白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害24 h后诱导的水杨酸含量、为害48 h后诱导的乙烯含量、为害72 h后诱导的H_2O_2含量及为害24 h后诱导的挥发物释放量分别是褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的1.28、1.45、4.10和1.77倍。表明水稻能识别褐飞虱和白背飞虱的为害,从而做出针对害虫种类特异性的防御反应;并且水稻对白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害所做出的防御反应比对褐飞虱的更强烈。     

水稻瘤矮病毒介导的转cry1Ab水稻对褐飞虱种群的影响

在人工气候室条件下,以抗虫转cry1Ab水稻（MF86）及其亲本对照非转基因水稻闽恢3301（MH3301）为材料,利用年龄-龄期两性生命表,研究水稻瘤矮病毒介导的转cry1Ab水稻对非靶标害虫褐飞虱种群的影响。研究结果表明,感病水稻对取食MH3301的褐飞虱种群寿命影响不显著,促进了其生殖力;而显著缩短了取食MF86的褐飞虱寿命,降低了其生殖力。水稻在不感病的情况下,取食MF86较取食MH3301的褐飞虱种群可显著延长寿命和提高生殖力;而水稻在感病的情况下,取食MF86较取食MH3301的褐飞虱种群生殖力显著降低。感病的MF86较未感病MF86显著降低褐飞虱的内禀增长率、周限增长率,显著缩短世代平均周期;而感病的MH3301较未感病MH3301对褐飞虱生命表动态参数的影响基本均不显著。由此可见,水稻瘤矮病毒介导的转cry1Ab水稻（MF86）对褐飞虱种群增殖具有显著的负面影响。     

水稻品种抗稻瘟病分析及基因聚合抗性改良

为了解水稻品种抗瘟性及基因聚合改良的情况,通过喷雾和离体划伤接种法对黑龙江省20个水稻品种和16个外源抗瘟基因的抗性频率及6个主要水稻品种含有的抗瘟基因型进行了分析。结果表明,20个水稻品种抗性频率介于10.89%~68.32%之间,垦稻12抗性最低,龙粳40抗性最高;16个抗瘟基因抗性频率介于0~50.50%之间,Pi-sh、Pi-19和Pi-k~m基因抗性最低,Pi-z~t抗性最高;在联合抗病性方式下,龙粳40龙粳31和龙粳40龙稻14组合抗性改良效果略好;20个水稻品种的抗性相似系数介于0.24~0.75之间,在0.40水平上将其划分为5个类群;6个水稻品种共检测到抗瘟基因11个,Pi-1基因出现频率最高;在基因聚合方式下,龙粳39聚合后抗性最高,龙稻13聚合后抗性升幅最大。综合分析,供试水稻品种及单基因系品种抗性表现较差,基因聚合方式对水稻品种的抗性改良效果明显优于联合抗病性方式。     

嘉兴粳稻抗褐稻虱育种籼稻抗源的选择和利用

用嘉兴田间采集的褐稻虱对籼型扰虫品种BG367-4进行苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,均表现为高抗(HR)。用作粳稻抗褐稻虱育种的抗性授体亲本,抗性传递力强,并表现为显性遗传,是籼粳杂交培育粳型抗虫品种的理想抗源。