vMDV感染雏鸡的Se-GSH-PX活性和LPO含量

以马立克氏病强毒（ｖＭＤＶ）人工感染１日龄ＡＡ肉用雏鸡,于感染后７,１４,２８,４２和５６日龄分别检测雏鸡中枢、外周淋巴器官及主要内脏器官的含硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Ｓｅ－ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）活性和脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量的变化。结果表明,ｖＭＤＶ感染雏鸡各器官Ｓｅ－ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ活性在检测各时期多显著低于健康对照雏鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而各器官ＬＰＯ含量则多显著高于健康对照雏鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,提示马立克氏病（ＭＤ）及其肿瘤的发生和发展与Ｓｅ－ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ抗氧化活性降低和ＬＰＯ及其降解物对雏鸡的广泛病理损伤有关。     

半胱胺对小鹅血浆中β-END和某些激素的影响

选用２４只二月龄的杂交鹅（川白×太湖）,随机分成对照组（１２只）和试验组（１２只）。试验组于日粮中一次性添加半胱胺（１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ＢＷ）。处理后第三天从翅静脉采取血样。用ＲＩＡ双抗法测定其中的β－ＥＮＤ、ＩＧＦ－Ｉ和各种激素的含量。结果表明：试验组的ＳＳ含量较对照组低１９．６４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、而ＧＨ、ＩＧＦ－Ｉ和β－ＥＮＤ含量较对照组分别高５０．００％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、６２．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和４４．５５（Ｐ＜０．０５）;与对照组相比较,试验组的ＴＳＨ低３２．３２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｔ４下降１４．７２％（Ｐ＞０．０５）,而Ｔ３升高２６．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。以上结果提示：半胱胺可能是通过降低鹅血液中ＳＳ含量,使β－ＥＮＤ、ＩＧＦ－Ｉ、ＧＨ和Ｔ３水平升高,从而促进了鹅的快速生长。     

牛超排技术的研究

用４组药物组合：（１）ＰＭＳＧ＋ＰＧＦ２ａ；（２）ＰＭＳＧ＋ＰＧＦ２ａ＋激光照射；（３）ＦＳＨ＋ＰＧＦ２ａ；（４）ＦＳＨ＋Ｃｔｏｐｒｏｓｔｅｎｏｌ，超排处理３２２头次供体牛。共采卵１６６３枚（头均５．８１±４．６８），可用胚胎９８０枚（头均３．４３±３．９４，占５８．９％）。（３）、（４）两组胚胎可用率及可用胚胎数高于（１）、（２）组（ｐ＜０．０５）；黄牛胚胎可用率高于奶牛（ｐ＜０．０１）；育成牛胚胎可用率高于经产牛（ｐ＜０．０１）；供体牛前两次超排效果更好（ｐ＜０．０５）。     

黄芪多糖和香菇多糖对雏鸡Se-GSHPx活性的影响——用SPA-CoA检测16株鱼类致病菌

注射黄芪多糖雏鸡２８日龄后，中枢、外周淋巴器官和主要实持性器官含硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Ｓｅ－ＧＳＨＰｘ）活性比健康对照雏鸡显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），１日龄雏鸡注射香菇多糖后Ｓｅ－ＧＳＨＰｘ活性呈现间断性跳跃式升高（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），两者比较香菇多糖应用初期生物效应优于黄芪多糖，而黄芪多糖应用后期生物效应则优于香菇多糖     

饲粮 ｎ-６／ｎ-３多不饱和脂肪酸比例对鹅肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

本文旨在探讨饲粮 ｎ-６／ｎ-３多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）比例对扬州鹅肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。试验选取 １６０只健康、体重接近的 ２１日龄扬州鹅,随机分成 ４组,分别饲喂 ｎ-６／ｎ-３ＰＵＦＡ比例为 １２∶１、９∶１、６∶１及 ３∶１的饲粮,于 ７０日龄时取胸肌和腿肌,进行脂肪酸组成的测定。结果表明：１）在胸肌中,亚油酸的含量 ９∶１组显著高于 ３∶１组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而与其他各组之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;α－亚麻酸的含量 ３∶１组显著高于 ６∶１和 ９∶１组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,极显著高于１２∶１组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。２）在腿肌中,亚油酸的含量 １２∶１和 ６∶１组均显著高于 ３∶１组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而与９∶１组无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;α－亚麻酸的含量 ３∶１组显著高于 ６∶１组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,极显著高于１２∶１和 ９∶１组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。综上所述,鹅肌肉中 ｎ-６／ｎ-３ＰＵＦＡ比例随饲粮中该比例的下降而下降,并以 ３∶１组最低,但除 １２∶１组的腿肌 ｎ-６／ｎ-３ＰＵＦＡ比例较高外,其他各组比例均在世界卫生组织推荐的适于人体健康的（６∶１）～（１０∶１）的比例范围内。     

断奶仔猪赖氨酸需求参数的研究

试验选取体重约８千克的杜×大×长三元杂交断奶仔猪（公母各半）７２头，随机分为６组，每组２个重复，每个重复６头猪，分别喂以含赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ）水平为０．８５，０．９５，１．０５，１．１０，１．１５，１．２０％的饲粮。通过测定饲粮Ｌｙｓ水平对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清氮浓度的影响，探讨断奶仔猪Ｌｙｓ的需求参数。结果表明，随着饲粮中Ｌｙｓ水平的提高，仔猪的平均日增重增加，饲料转化率显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０５），并且在１．１５％的Ｌｙｓ组生产性能达到最佳，进一步提高Ｌｙｓ水平，生产性能反而下降。各组采食量差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。当饲粮Ｌｙｓ水平由０．８５％升至１．１５％，血清氮浓度无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但１．２％组极显著地高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０１），反映该组猪对蛋白质利用较差，这与该组猪生产性能差相符。以上结论提示，８～１９千克断奶仔猪Ｌｙｓ需求参数为饲粮的１．１５％，按ＡＥＣ（１９８９）有关饲料Ｌｙｓ可消化率数据，折算其相应真可消化和表观可消化Ｌｙｓ为１．０３２％和０．９６７％。     

饲粮能量、蛋白质水平及赖氨酸/能量比对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

采用三因素二次回归正交组合设计 ,每组两个重复 ,公母各半 ,研究了能量（ＤＥ :３．０～３．８Ｍｃａｌ／ｋｇ） ,粗蛋白质水平（ＣＰ：１５ %～２５ %）与赖氨酸／能量比（Ｌｙｓ：ＤＥ） :０．６～１．２ｇ．Ｌｙｓ／ＭＪ．ＤＥ对２８日龄断奶仔猪（长白×汉梅）的日增重（ＡＤＧ）、饲料转化率（Ｆ／Ｇ）、日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）、血浆尿素氮（ＰＵＮ）及血浆游离赖氨酸的影响 ,试验期４２天。试验结果表明 :能量、蛋白质水平及赖氨酸／能量比对仔猪生产性能均有影响（Ｐ＜０．０１） ,其中以赖氨酸／能量比的作用最重要。仔猪２８～６０…     

香菇多糖和黄芪多糖对vAMV感染雏鸡Se—GSHPX活性的影响

３日龄ＡＡ肉用雏鸡禽成髓细胞性白血病强毒（ｖＡＭＶ）感染并注射香菇多糖后,均可降低禽成髓细胞性白血病（ＡＭＢ）的发病率和死亡率,显著增强中枢、外周淋巴器官和主要实质器官的含硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Ｓｅ－ＧＳＨＰＸ）活性（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。香菇多糖的生物效应１７日龄后显著增强（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,黄芪多糖的生物效应则全程均见显著增强（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

口服半胱胺引起绵羊外周血液GH,IGF—1和SS激素的变化

试验羊装置临时性颈静脉血管插管，采集血样，测定血液ＧＨ、ＩＧＦ－１和ＳＳ。结果，６日内外周血液中血浆ＧＨ浓度升高５６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＩＧＦ－１浓度升高４５．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＳ浓度降低２２．７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本试验证明半胱胺制成颗粒饲料，经口服可通过瘤胃进入小肠吸收，抑制体内ＳＳ水平，使外周血液中ＧＨ、ＩＧＦ－１水平相应升高，同时胰岛素、Ｔ３、Ｔ４浓度也升高。结果提示半胱胺颗粒料经口服可促进反刍动物的生长。     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响

本研究选用１８头２８±１日龄断奶的杂交仔猪（平均体重约５．５ｋｇ），研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：（１）低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮使仔猪血浆挥发性盐基氨含量、血浆尿素氨含量和腹泻指数降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。（２）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．３％）的仔猪，其平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）、平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）和料肉比（Ｐ／Ｇ）与采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但前者的增重成本比后者降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）３１％。（３）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．４％）的仔猪的生产性能优于采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪，前者的ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ分别提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）６１％和３２％，Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本分别下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）２４％和３７％。（４）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪，其ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ低于（Ｐ＜０．０１）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪。前者的Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本趋于高于后者，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果表明，低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪生产性能。复合蛋白型?     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein