僵貉形成的原因及其防治措施

僵貉,是指仔貉从分窝断乳后至育成期不能育成商品貉。其特点是生长缓慢、个体小、瘦骨嶙峋、被毛蓬乱,到育成期体重只能达2.5￣3.5千克,到出栏时只能取残次皮,商品价值极低。1形成原因饲料搭配不合理,营养不全价,是形成僵貉的主要原因。饲养者图节省,只喂玉米面或搭配极少其他饲料,由于饲料严重缺乏营养,不能满足貉生长的需要,造成貉发育停滞,形成僵貉。母貉奶水不足是造成僵貉另一主要原因。究其原因,一是遗传因素,先天奶水不足;二是饲喂母貉的饲料质量差,使母貉不能产生足够的奶水;三是母貉在哺乳期生病,奶水不足。由于母貉奶水不足,仔貉…     

长期饲喂发酵全价饲料对猪生长、粪便臭味物质、血清抗氧化及免疫性能指标的影响

本试验旨在研究长期饲喂发酵全价饲料对生长猪生长性能、粪便臭味物质、血清抗氧化及免疫性能相关指标的影响。试验以地衣芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌为混合发酵菌剂制备发酵全价饲料。选择90头22 kg左右的约荣二元杂交猪,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪,分别饲喂无抗饲料(对照组),含抗生素的饲料(抗生素组)和发酵全价饲料(发酵组)。饲喂2个月后,测定各试验组猪的生长性能、粪便pH、挥发性臭味物质的含量及血清抗氧化指标、免疫球蛋白水平。结果显示:①全价饲料经发酵后,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)极显著提高(P<0.01),还原力和羟自由基清除力均有升高趋势(P>0.05)。②饲喂两个月发酵全价饲料对各组猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)、料重比(F/G)影响均不显著(P>0.05)。③各组猪的粪便pH及对甲酚、吲哚、粪臭素、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但发酵组的异戊酸含量显著低于抗生素组(P<0.05)。④各组猪的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,T-AOC及丙二醛(MDA)含量差异均不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,发酵组血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)水平有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),补体蛋白4(C4)含量显著升高(P<0.05),这两项指标与抗生素组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合试验结果,长期饲喂发酵全价饲料对猪生长,粪便pH,粪便主要臭味物质含量及血清抗氧化指标、IgG、IgM水平没有显著影响,没有延续短期饲喂的优势。     

饲喂全价颗粒饲料对北川白山羊生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲喂全价颗粒饲料对北川白山羊生产性能、血液生化指标和养殖效益的影响.随机选择体格、体重相近的3月龄北川白山羊公羔20只,随机分成试验组和对照组,每组10只,试验组饲喂全价颗粒饲料,对照组按照传统精粗料饲喂,记录体重变化和饲料消耗,并进行血液生化指标测定分析.结果显示:试验组的30 d体重、60 d体重和平...     

浅析狐貉不孕症的病因及对策

近年来,狐.貉养殖已成为各地农民增收的一个好项目,可养殖户时常为狐.貉不发情,不受孕而烦恼,下面就狐。貉不孕症的病因及防治对策阐述如下:1不孕的原因1.1饲养管理存在问题饲养管理不当是形成其不孕的主要因素,据粗略统计,因饲养管理不当造成的不孕约占母狐。貉不孕总数的50%以上。⑴饲喂量不足:饲料的足量全价供应是保证狐、貉正常繁殖的物质基础。饲料饲喂不足就会使母狐、貉瘦弱,生殖机能下降。例如,一般成年母狐、貉每只每天需200g全价饲料才能保证供其正常体况和生殖机能,若每天给饲不足这个数量,母狐、貉会消瘦,繁殖力明显下降。⑵营…     

不同形态及不同粗纤维水平日粮对1～50日龄鸵鸟生长性能的影响

比较不同形态及不同粗纤维水平日粮对1～50日龄鸵鸟生产性能的影响,为鸵鸟雏鸟的全价颗粒饲粮配制提供试验论证及合理的粗纤维水平数据。选取1日龄健康的鸵鸟160只,随机分为4个处理(1个对照组,3个试验组),每处理4个重复,每重复10只雏鸟,对照组日粮形态为精料(粗纤维为5%)+苜蓿青草,3个试验组的日粮形态为全价颗粒饲料(其粗纤维水平分别为4%、5%、6%)。饲喂精料+苜蓿青草形态日粮的雏鸟体增重和饲料效率显著高于饲喂全价颗粒饲料的各处理(P0.05),并且没有雏鸟死亡;3个不同粗纤维水平的颗粒料的采食量和体增重的差异都不显著(P0.05),其中粗纤维水平为5%的颗粒饲料饲喂的效果相对较好,但该组的死亡率最高,为15.0%。以精料+苜蓿青草形态的日粮饲喂1～50日龄鸵鸟的效果好于饲喂全价颗粒饲料的效果;全价颗粒饲料粗纤维水平过低会引起鸵鸟雏鸟的粪干便秘并造成死亡,本试验表明,1～50日龄鸵鸟饲料中的粗纤维水平不宜低于6%。     

颗粒饲料中药物及粗料品质对家兔饲养效果的影响

将粗饲料粉碎后与精料混合制成全价颗粒饲料饲喂家兔,可大大减少饲料浪费,明显降低饲养成本.由于颗粒饲料便于饲喂,含水量低,可减缓饲喂过程中的饲料变质,并且可减少家兔采食过程中对其鼻腔的异物性刺激,故被广泛地采用.     

全价发酵饲料在保育猪上的应用研究

本研究选取遗传背景相同、胎次、日龄及体重尽量一致、体况良好的乳仔猪32头（公母各半）,随机平均分入2个处理组的各4个重复中,饲喂全价颗粒饲料或全价发酵饲料。结果发现,与饲料全价颗粒料的保育猪相比,饲喂全价发酵饲料的保育猪具有良好的健康和皮毛状况,其平均日采食量提高15.03%、平均日增重提高19.08%、料肉比则降低3.61%,腹泻状况显著性改善。说明全价饲料经过发酵后饲喂仔猪,能起到改善仔猪肠道健康、减少腹泻以及促进其生长的功效。因此,使用全价发酵饲料饲喂动物的养殖方式值得推广。     

颗粒饲料灭菌方式对SPF级SD离乳大鼠生长状况的影响

目的:通过饲养实验研究颗粒饲料的不同灭菌方式对SPF级SD离乳大鼠生长状况的影响。方法:在SPF级屏障系统内选取30只22日龄左右的健康SD离乳大鼠,随机分成三组。将同等成分的颗粒饲料经不同方式灭菌后分别饲喂三组大鼠,其中第一组饲喂高温高压灭菌饲料;第二组饲喂高温高压灭菌饲料同时补充足量复合B族维生素;第三组饲喂60Co辐照灭菌饲料。结果:饲喂60Co辐照灭菌饲料的大鼠组日增重明显高于饲喂高温高压灭菌饲料的大鼠组,第二组大鼠虽在饲以高温高压灭菌饲料同时补充足量复合B族维生素,但并不能消除两种灭菌方式对SD离乳大鼠生长状况影响的差异。     

全价颗粒饲料喂蛋鸭的效益

应浙江永康县养鸭专业户的要求、今年七月,我们从建德县饲料公司引进了蛋鸭全价颗粒饲料。为了探讨全价颗粒饲料饲喂蛋鸭的生产效应和经济效益,我们用全价颗粒饲料与粉料进行了饲喂效益试比,现将情况报告如下:一、试比方法选择2个饲养管理技术水平和产蛋鸭素质相近的专业户进行试比观测,分为对照组和试比组。试比前两组蛋鸭均饲喂蛋鸡四号粉料另加添加料,两组产蛋率均稳定在82%至85%之间。对照组的饲料不变,试比组改     

颗粒饲料灭菌方式对SPF级SD离乳大鼠生长状况的影响

目的：通过饲养实验研究颗粒饲料的不同灭菌方式对SPF级SD离乳大鼠生长状况的影响。方法：在SPF级屏障系统内选取30只22日龄左右的健康SD离乳大鼠，随机分成三组。将同等成分的颗粒饲料经不同方式灭菌后分别饲喂三组大鼠，其中第一组饲喂高温高压灭菌饲料；第二组饲喂高温高压灭菌饲料同时补充足量复合B族维生素；第三组饲喂^60Co辐照灭菌饲料。结果：饲喂^60Co辐照灭菌饲料的大鼠组日增重明显高于饲喂高温高压灭菌饲料的大鼠组，第二组大鼠虽在饲以高温高压灭菌饲料同时补充足量复合B族维生素，但并不能消除两种灭菌方式对SD离乳大鼠生长状况影响的差异。     

家养林麝饲喂颗粒饲料的试验研究

为了保障麝在春、夏、秋季节采食不酸败,冬季不冻结的精饲料问题,需开发麝适口性强而质优的颗粒饲料。选择在同等养殖条件下体况正常的雄性林麝28头(3-10岁),随机分为试验组(投喂颗粒饲料)与对照组(投食原有饲料)两组,通过对比试验结果表明:林麝对颗粒饲料一般在13 d内就能适应,且随颗粒饲料品种的适口性好坏而有所变化。试验期内,试验组与对照组的林麝体重、产香麝平均产香量和麝产香发生率的差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组麝发病、死亡率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。     

Problems with feeding concentrated milk by-products to veal calves

In Switzerland between 35,000 and 50,000 farm calves per year are fed rations containing concentrated whey. If the ration is balanced, whey has no adverse effects on health and growth rates of calves. Feeding whey to farm animals makes ecological and economical sense and constitutes a sound management for the disposal of milk by-products. The described case consisted of 53 calves of which 7 (13.2%) died within the feedlot-period. Based on clinical and management findings, salt-intoxication was diagnosed because of deprivation of free access to water. When large amounts of hypertonic feed containing low quality whey are fed to calves, their health is adversely affected. Therefore, article 16 of the Swiss Animal Protection Regulation should be changed.     

环模模孔参数对颗粒饲料加工质量及肉鸡生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究环模模孔参数对颗粒饲料加工质量及肉鸡生长性能的影响。通过固定模孔直径(3mm)改变模孔长径比(6∶1、8∶1、10∶1)以及固定模孔长径比(10∶1)改变模孔直径(3.0、3.5、4.0mm),生产5种不同直径及硬度的肉鸡颗粒饲料。选取864只体重相近的21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分成6组,每个组8个重复,每个重复18只。Ⅰ~Ⅴ组分别饲喂模孔直径和长径比分别为3.0mm和6∶1、3.0mm和8∶1、3.0mm和10∶1、3.5mm和10∶1、4.0mm和10∶1的颗粒饲料;Ⅵ组分2阶段饲喂,22~35日龄饲喂模孔直径和长径比为3.0 mm和10∶1颗粒饲料,36~42日龄饲喂模孔直径和长径比为4.0mm和10∶1颗粒饲料。试验期21d。结果表明:1)模孔直径相同时,颗粒硬度随着模孔长径比的增加而极显著提高(P0.01);模孔长径比相同时,颗粒硬度随着模孔直径的增加而极显著提高(P0.01)。各组颗粒耐久性指数(PDI)无显著差异(P0.05),且都高于95%。2)模孔直径相同时,随着颗粒硬度的增加,肉鸡终末体重、平均日增重均逐渐降低,料重比逐渐升高。Ⅰ组的终末体重和平均日增重显著或极显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅰ组料重比显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.05)。3)模孔长径比相同时,各组终末体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均无显著差异(P0.05);随着颗粒直径的增加料重比逐渐降低,且Ⅲ组料重比显著高于Ⅴ组(P0.05)。综上所述,模孔长径比和直径的增大均会显著提高颗粒硬度。在一定范围内,提高颗粒硬度会使肉鸡终末体重和平均日增重降低,料重比升高,而增大颗粒直径则会使料重比降低。     

饲料制粒对吉戎兔生长性能的影响

试验对颗粒饲料和粉状饲料饲喂吉戎兔效果生长性能的影响进行了初步探讨。试验选取胎次相同,初始体重无显著差异(P>0.05),60~66日龄健康吉戎幼兔100只,公母各半,随机分为2组,试验组饲喂颗粒饲料,对照组饲喂粉状饲料。试验期为30 d。试验结束测定2组平均日增重、平均日采食量以及料重比;测定日粮中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维表观消化率。结果表明:颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组日增重差异显著(P<0.05),颗粒饲料组比粉状饲料组提高了9.57%;颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组料重比差异显著(P<0.05),颗粒饲料组比粉状饲料组降低了13.13%;颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组的粗蛋白、粗脂肪消化率差异显著(P<0.05),分别提高了9.01%、5.00%,粗纤维消化率的差异极显著(P<0.01),提高了31.87%。     

Reproduction of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) after feeding or food deprivation in winter

The wild raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Canidae, Carnivora) goes through autumn fattening followed by winter sleep. Farmed raccoon dogs also exhibit autumn fattening but not winter sleep, as a result of daily feeding and lack of nests. We studied the effects of food deprivation and winter sleep or active winter feeding on the physiology and reproduction of farm-born raccoon dogs. Eighty-six animals were put on a 2-month fast in November-December. The fast caused no deleterious effects on the health of the raccoon dogs. In the spring the food-deprived animals had slightly more cubs per mated female than the fed animals. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of cubs obtained and the mean body mass of the females at the beginning of the mating season. The highest mean number of cubs was obtained by the females that weighed 5-7 kg. The results indicate that the raccoon dog is finely adapted to a long period of food deprivation in the winter. Furthermore, winter sleep and food deprivation could be introduced to farm conditions by providing the raccoon dogs with nestboxes and withholding food for a period of 6-8 weeks in mid-winter.     

用代乳粉替代全乳饲喂荷斯坦母犊牛的试验

选择出生日期5～8 d,5 d初乳期后的荷斯坦母犊牛20头,按照体重相近的原则随机分为两组,每组10头,记为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂代乳粉,对照组饲喂全乳,其精料、粗料两组均相同,哺乳期45 d,断奶。1月龄和2月龄两组牛平均日增重,第一个月分别为513 g、611 g;第二个月分别为823 g、812 g。试验组生长发育正常,第二个月试验组比对照组饲料转化率稍有提高,表明代乳粉可用来代替全乳饲养犊牛。     

Liquid diets accelerate the growth of early-weaned pigs and the effects are maintained to market weight

Piglets (n = 240, 11.0+/-0.1 d old, 3.93+/-0.05 kg) were allotted to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to examine the effects of diet physical form and nursery environment during the first 14 d after weaning on growth to market weight. During the treatment period, pigs were housed (10 pigs/ pen) in either a conventional hot nursery (30 degrees C) or a segregated-temperature nursery (cool ambient temp. of 24 degrees C, with enclosed hot-box hovers at 32 degrees C). Pigs in each environment were fed nutritionally identical diets in either liquid or dry-pellet form for 14 d. Subsequently, all pigs were fed identical dry diets and were housed in common grower-finisher facilities (penned by sex, five pigs/pen). At the end of the treatment period (d 14), pigs fed the liquid diet were 21% heavier than pigs fed the dry pellet diet (9.22 vs 7.60 kg; P < 0.001). Similarly, gain, feed intake, and gain/feed of liquid-fed pigs were 44%, 18%, and 22% greater, respectively, than observed for pigs fed the dry pellet diet. No main effect of environment was observed (P > 0.10); however, an interaction with diet physical form occurred during the early-nursery period (P < 0.01). Pigs fed the liquid diet showed better performance in the conventional nursery, whereas pigs fed the dry pellet diet were favored in the segregated-temperature nursery. No major differences in growth performance or in ultrasound carcass measurements were detected during the growing-finishing period; however, the advantage in body weight of liquid-fed pigs gained during the first 2 wk postweaning was maintained to the end of the trial (113.9 vs 110.6 kg; P < 0.05). Pigs that were fed the early-nursery diet in liquid form reached market weight (110 kg) 3.7 d sooner than the dry-fed controls (P < 0.01). Estimates of lean gain (calculated from live ultrasound data) were unaffected, suggesting that composition of growth was not altered. Collectively, these results show that liquid feeding during early life can markedly accelerate piglet growth performance and that the growth advantage is maintained to market weight, with no evidence of compensatory gain in the dry-fed control pigs.     

Effect of Different Ratios of Food to Water of Dry Powder Feed on Growth Performance，Nutrient Digestibility and Nitrogen Metabolism of Growing Wusuli Raccoon Dogs

This experiment was aimed to explore the effect of different ratios of food to water of dry powder feed on growth performance,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of growing Wusuli raccoon dogs.Thirty 11-week-old healthy Wusuli raccoon dogs with average body weight of （3.47±0.20） kg were randomly assigned into 3 groups.The Wusuli raccoon dogs were fed experimental diets with dry powder feed of ratio of food to water of 1∶2.5 （group Ⅰ）,1∶3.5（group Ⅱ）,1∶4.5 （group Ⅲ）,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 7 days and the trial period lasted for 67 days.The results showed that the average daily feed intake of each week from 11,12 to 13 weeks in groupⅠ was significantly less than that in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ （P＜0.05）,the average daily feed intake of each week from 14,15 to 20 weeks was no significant difference among all groups （P＞0.05）.The total intake in group Ⅰ was significantly less than that in group Ⅱ （P＜0.05）.The average daily gain of each week from 15 to 17 weeks in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ （P＜0.05）,while the average daily gain,total weight and the rate of feed intake to body gain in other week-old were no significant differences among all groups （P＞0.05）.The protein digestibility,fat digestibility and dry matter digestibility were no significant differences among all groups （P＞0.05）.The amount of urine in group Ⅲ was extremely significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ （P＜0.01）.The nitrogen intake,fecal nitrogen,urine nitrogen,nitrogen deposition,net protein utilization and biological value of protein were no significant differences among all groups （P＞0.05）.In conclusion,the appropriate ratios of food to water of dry powder feed of growing Wusuli raccoon dogs was 1∶3.5 to 1∶4.5.     

Free availability of high‐energy foods led to energy over‐ingestion and protein under‐ingestion in choice‐fed broilers

The objective of this study was to compare energy and protein content of the diet selected by choice‐fed broilers with that of broilers fed a balanced diet. One hundred and eighty 1‐day‐old male broilers were randomly assigned in groups of 10 to one of three experimental treatments (n = 6). Control broilers were fed a standard balanced diet, whereas choice‐fed broilers were fed three foods which were more concentrated (Choice C+ treatment) or less concentrated (Choice C– treatment) in protein, carbohydrate or fat. We evaluated food intake behavior, nutrient intake, and performance parameters of broilers from 2 to 7 weeks of age. Choice C+ broilers showed enhanced preference for the high‐fat food, which led to higher energy intake and lower protein intake than those of control broilers at 2 to 4 weeks of age. Body weight, weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were negatively affected by diet selection of Choice C+ broilers. Choice C– broilers selected a balanced diet, and showed performance parameters similar to those of control broilers. Our results supported the hypothesis that free availability of high‐energy foods bias ingestive behavior of choice‐fed broilers toward selecting a diet with higher energy and lower protein than needed for normal growth.     

Growth, carcass composition and selected hormone concentrations of restricted-and ad libitum-fed pigs

Two barrows and two gilts were selected from each of five different crossbred litters and allotted to either ad libitum- or restricted-fed treatments. Pigs fed at a level of 81% ad libitum intake grew slower (P less than .05), had less tenth-rib backfat (P less than .05), more percent muscle (P less than .05), an increased growth hormone (GH) secretion in response to glucose challenge at 50 kg (P less than .05) and decreased insulin secretion in response to glucose challenge at 50 and 100 kg (P less than .05) than ad libitum fed pigs. Hormone secretion response was also significantly affected by weight, with growth hormone decreasing and insulin increasing as pigs grew from 50 to 100 kg. No sex effects of sex X treatment interactions were found for hormone response (P greater than .10). There were no differences between treatments in feed efficiency, total feed intake on test, loin eye area, dressing percentage, or carcass length (P greater than .10). Carcass composition of barrows and gilts was affected differently by restricted nutrient intake.