2008年山东省胶东地区鸡场疑似大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

试验对2008年春季山东省胶东地区疑似大肠杆菌病例进行病原分离鉴定及耐药性检测,共分离到大肠杆菌40株,鉴定出血清型35株,以O78、O5 、O24、O111四个血清型为主,约占定型菌株的80%.其中O78血清型占定型菌株的43% ,为优势血清型.细菌的耐药性检测结果显示,分离菌株呈现出不同程度的耐药性,对阿米卡星的高敏株为78%,头孢噻肟钠为70%,大观霉素、庆大霉素、硫酸安普霉素、硫酸粘菌素敏感菌株为60%～64%,乳酸环丙沙星、氟苯尼考,敏感菌株比例为50%～55%;硫酸新霉素、诺氟沙星、达氟沙星、盐酸沙拉沙星、恩诺沙星、盐酸多西环素的高敏菌株比例低于43%;林可霉素、金霉素、泰妙菌素、泰乐菌素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林对所分离的菌株几乎无抑制作用.结果表明,山东省胶东地区鸡致病性大肠杆菌血清型复杂,耐药性广泛.     

保定市鸡源致病性大肠杆菌的流行病学及药敏试验

从保定市不同鸡场疑似大肠杆菌病的病鸡中,分离到致病性大肠杆菌54株,对此54株大肠杆菌进行血清型鉴定,除了6株未能定型外,其余分离株的O血清型共有8个,分别为O1、O2、O5、O18、O78、O26、O76和O88,其中O78、O26、O1为主要血清型,分别占鉴定菌株的39.6%、27.1%和16.7%。用20种临床常用的抗菌药物对分离菌株进行药物敏感性试验,结果表明,分离菌株呈现出不同程度的耐药性,其中氨苄青霉素和四环素的耐药率最高,其次为阿莫西林。大多数为多重联合耐药;而阿米卡星、头孢噻呋和头孢噻吩的敏感率较高,其中以头孢噻呋(94.5%)最敏感。     

大连普兰店地区鸡大肠杆菌优势血清型筛选

本试验从普兰店地区部分养鸡场采集具有典型临诊特征的鸡大肠杆菌病的病、死鸡病料,进行细菌分离培养和鉴定,分离到17株鸡大肠杆菌。对此17株大肠杆菌进行血清型鉴定,鉴定出血清型15株,分别属于O18、O15、O8、O78、O35,其中O35血清型共6株,占定型菌株的40%;O18血清型共5株,占定型菌株的33.3%。结果表明O35型和O18型鸡大肠杆菌为普兰店地区优势流行血清型。1病料采集鸡大肠杆菌病主要临诊表现有脐炎型、急性败血型、气囊炎型、全眼球炎型、卵黄性腹膜炎型。败血症型在临床上主要表现为纤维     

锦州地区鸡源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定

为了摸清锦州地区鸡源大肠杆菌的血清型,为防治工作提供依据,选取锦州市5个县区13个鸡场78只临床诊断为大肠杆菌病的病鸡,通过细菌分离培养、生化试验、致病性试验、血清学试验进行鉴定。结果显示:共分离到55株大肠杆菌,分离率达70.51%;其中有41株为致病性菌株,占分离菌总数的74.55%;致病性大肠杆菌血清型有11种,未定型2种,其中优势血清型为O78、O1、O23、O2。     

鸡源大肠杆菌的血清型分布与耐药性监测

对180株鸡源大肠杆菌分离菌株进行O血清型鉴定,鉴定出171个分离菌株的O血清型40种,占分离菌株的95%,其中O76血清型的菌株最多,有40株,占定型菌株的23.9%,为优势血清型菌株。采用微量稀释法药敏试验监测了180株鸡源大肠杆菌分离菌株对20种抗菌药物的耐药性,结果表明,除头孢曲松、头孢氨噻肟、头孢噻呋、阿米卡星、氟苯尼考外,分离菌株对其余15种抗生素均呈现出不同程度的耐药性,其中,172株大肠杆菌分离菌株对两种或多种抗生素有耐药性,对萘啶酸的耐药率最高93.3%,其次是四环素88.9%、氨苄青霉素72.8%、阿莫西林71.7%、罗比沙星64.4%、沙拉沙星62.8%。大多数分离株对氟喹诺酮类药物有很高的耐药率52.9%～93.3%,并表现出多重耐药性,124株分离株表现为对2种以上氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性。     

青岛地区肉鸡致病性大肠杆菌血清型鉴定及药敏试验

本试验对采自青岛地区多个肉鸡场的疑似大肠杆菌病的病、死鸡内脏器官进行病原的分离鉴定,并对大肠杆菌分离株进行培养特性、血清型及耐药性的检测.共分离到25株大肠杆菌,鉴定出15株血清型,其中以O1、O22 、O157、O24血清型为主,占定型菌株的60%.其中O22血清型占定型菌株的12%,为优势血清型.细菌的耐药性检测结果显示,分离菌株呈现出不同程度的耐药性,25株大肠杆菌对庆大霉素、阿米卡星高敏比例分别为88%和56%,卡那霉素、硫酸安普霉素次之,敏感菌株比例在20%~48%之间,乳酸环丙沙星等抑菌作用低,敏感菌株比例低于10%.而氟哌酸等对所分离的菌株几乎无抑制作用.     

泰安地区鸡源致病性大肠杆菌流行病学调查与耐药性分析

正本调查对鸡场采集的疑似鸡大肠杆菌病例的相关病料进行大肠杆菌的分离鉴定,共分离鉴定出14株鸡源大肠杆菌,以微量平板凝集试验鉴定分离菌株的O抗原血清型,分别属于O78、O2和O1等3个血清型,其中O78(6/14)、O2(6/14)为主要流行血清型,占分离菌株总数的85.71%。选取了20种常用治疗肠杆菌病的抗生素对14株鸡源大肠杆菌分离株进行药敏试验,对14株大肠杆菌     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌部分生物学特性研究

对从天津地区分离到的71株鸡大肠杆菌的部分生物学特性包括致病性、血清型、耐药特性和免疫原性等进行了研究。结果表明其中60株为致病性菌株，占分离菌株的84.5%;60个致病性菌株共定型出45个菌株，分属O1、O2、O5、O6、O20、O45、O53、O74、O75、O78、O88、O89、O92、O107、O111、O145等16个血清型，其中O78、O88、O2、O45、O53和O145为优势血清型，占定型菌株的73.4%；试验菌株具有广泛的耐药性，60个致病性菌株均为多重耐药。免疫原性测定试验结果表明，O2、O78、O88血清菌株均可对相同血清型菌株提供很好的保护，但3个血清型菌株之间缺乏有效的保护。     

鸡源致病性大肠杆菌血清型鉴定及耐药性分析

为了了解山东、河北和河南等省部分地区养殖场鸡源致病性大肠杆菌的血清型及耐药性,试验采用细菌分离和生化鉴定方法对鸡大肠杆菌进行分离和鉴定,通过动物试验确定分离大肠杆菌的致病性,应用血清学方法和药敏试验对致病性大肠杆菌的血清型及耐药性进行研究。结果表明:分离鉴定的119株大肠杆菌中致病性菌株有110株,其中92株致病性菌株能够定型,分别属于15个血清型,有5株出现交叉凝集,O14、O35、O1、O2、O78、O88为优势血清型;分离鉴定的致病性大肠杆菌对环丙沙星、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮等最敏感,对林可霉素、头孢克肟、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素的耐药率达60%以上。说明分离的致病性大肠杆菌血清型存在复杂性,对大部分临床常用药物产生了不同程度的耐药。     

鸡大肠杆菌病病原的分离鉴定

从山西太谷县的不同鸡群中采集鸡大肠杆菌病典型病料,经细菌学检验,分离出49株鸡大肠杆菌。动物试验结果表明:全部菌株对动物均具有很强的致病作用,多数菌株可使动物死亡。O因子血清鉴定发现15个血清型,分别为O78,O143,O15,O2,O18,O11,O8,O54,O119,O26,O14,O9,O1,O49,O5,其中O78型分离率为35/49,占总数的71。14%。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein