《中国人工林及其育林体系》

值得我高兴的,也是值得为我国林业科技事业、森林培育事业庆贺的是,盛炜彤先生的专著《中国人工林及其育林体系》于2014年7月由中国林业出版社出版,与读者见面了。盛先生是我最好、最亲近的朋友,是自1956年就一起在中国林科院经营研究室,共同为林业科技发展、为营林育林事业发展付出了毕生精力。他从事的是直接为森林培育生产实践服务的应用基础理论和应用科学技术研究。他是我国在新中国成立后人工林培育科学技术领域的重要开拓者。他在“七五”及“八五”期间曾担任人工林培育国家科技攻关课题负责人。他对我国森林立地分类、人工林培育及人工林长期生产力保持等方面有深入系统的研究和丰富的实践经验。这本书是他花了3年多的时间,在系统地综合总结了国内外人工林科研与实践成果的基础上写成的,是我国有关人工林科学的一部重要著作,可以说,是森林培育科学具有时代意义的著作。     

太行山石灰岩山地油松人工林育林目标的确定

根据太行山中南地段油松人工林生长预测、投入产出分析、生态功能分析,提出了该区域油松人工林适宜培育以防护林为主的多育林目标,即以培育油松人工用材林、油松人工水源涵养林、油松人工水土保持林为育林目标,以发挥油松人工林三大效益为目的。     

百万亩采育林经营技术报告

汪清林业局从1959年起在复层异龄针阔混交林内,实行“以育林为主,采育结合”的择伐技术,经过30年的坚持努力,培育出采育林逾百万亩。采育林结构,在组成上是针阔混交的,在时间序列上是多世代的,在空间分布上是复层的。林内植被繁茂,抗疫性强,卫生状况良好,是具有原生地带性森林植物特点的新的森林类型。采育林的生长量为6.24立方米/公顷,比其他天然中龄林高出3.285立方米,比皆伐后营造的人工林高出2.19立方米。现有百万亩采育林每年可比天然林多积累森林蓄积224 822立方米;比人工林多积累森林蓄积15万立方米。采育林的经营技术和生产工艺,是全局广大职工30年生产和科研实践的经验总结。适用于以云、冷杉为主要树种的复层异龄针阔混交林和阔叶红松林分。     

育林人企盼完善活立木交易市场

编辑同志:近年来,我国速生丰产林(即人工商品林)发展迅速。目前我国人工林保存面积已经达到0.53亿公顷,林木蓄积量为15.05亿立方米。人工林面积在全世界排行首位。这是我国由以木材生产为主向以生态建设为主的林业定位的历史性转变的必然结果。在这一转变过程中,仅由国家承担起推进生态这项主要职责还是远远不够的,还需要调动起林木生产单位、企业,特别是广大林农的植树护林的积极性。其中最重要,也是最急需的,就是在全国各地,尤其是重点林区建立起活立木交易市场,使正在生长中的林木也如同采伐后的木材一样成为商品进入“流通”领域。林木生产者不必再为辛苦经营了几年、十几年、甚至更长时间的树木砍伐权、所有权而担忧和顾虑。     

采育林经营的思考

1 一份珍贵的“未来的遗产”[1]汪清林业局自1959年起,经过30多年的生产和科研实践,在复层异龄针阔混交林中,实行“以育为主,采育结合”的择伐技术,培育出百万亩采育林。采育林,是长白山阔叶红松林和以云冷杉为主的暗针叶林。实施择伐之后,仍趋于平衡(顶极)状态的林分。它集森林的生态功能(维持生物多样性和发挥防护效能)和生产功能(森林生长和木材生产)于一体,与将两者分隔盼传统林业相区别,符合生态林业发展的时代要求。     

分子生物学技术在桉树育林中的应用

随着分子生物学的快速发展,分子生物学技术在桉树育林中的应用日益广泛,主要表现:天然群体遗传多样性分析;育种群体的遗传多样性分析;天然林采伐策略的制定;种植材料的遗传多样性分析;无性系指纹、商业注册与鉴定;杂种鉴定;标记辅助选择;标记辅助选配杂交亲本;种子园基因流的监测;病原菌的早期检测与预报;转基因品种的培育。分子生物学技术也将大大推动我国的桉树育林研究。     

杉木人工林的育林干扰对长期立地生产力的影响

系统研究并综合分析了炼山、整地、幼林抚育、间伐及采伐等育林干扰对杉木人工林长期立地生产力的影响,研究了每一种干扰在生态系统生物量和养分迁移中的作用,并分别板页岩、花岗岩两类不同岩性发育的红黄壤进行有机质和养分损耗的估算.板页岩发育的黄红壤人工林生态系统有机质和养分主要损失于炼山及皆伐作业,而花岗岩发育的黄红壤人工林生态系统有机质和养分主要损失于炼山烧失,水土流失和皆伐作业.母岩为板页岩的19a生杉木林,从造林到皆伐共损耗养分2 371.96kg*hm-2,损耗有机质34.06t*hm-2;母岩为花岗岩的27a生杉木林,共损耗养分3 276.09kg*hm-2,损耗有机质35.07t*hm-2.按传统的营林作业,干扰严重,如不进行养分补充,杉木人工林地力难于维护.     

封滩育林拯救了额济纳绿洲

额济纳绿洲分布在巴丹吉林沙漠北侧，沿黑河水域成片状分布。在额济纳绿洲生长着胡杨林３１万亩，胡杨沙枣林４万亩，柽柳灌木林１０３万亩。胡杨是我国珍稀一类保护野生植物，仅分布在新疆、内蒙古等少数地区。它是浅根系树种，要求地下水位在３米以上。胡杨有旺盛的根蘖...     

富宁县发挥村级组织在护林育林中的作用

云南省富宁县充分认识到村级组织是最基层的组织,他们与大森林长年累月生活在一起,对森林如何管护十分清楚。为了保护、培育和合理利用森林资源,加快国土绿化,发挥森林蓄水保土、调节气候、改善环境和提供林产品的作用。该县发挥基层组织的护林、育林作用,收到良好的效果,加深了村民的护林意识。《森林法》第五条“普遍护林”的方针,明文规定了村级组织是最基层的行政组织,抛开最基层组织,就谈不上全民护林了。因此,中共富宁县委、县政府在认真贯彻落实《森林法》时,就明确了村级组织在护林育林中的工作职责。并把护林、育林职责落实到个人…     

油松近自然育林差别化经营关键技术

为精准提升我国北方主要树种油松的森林质量,选取了中村林场4种油松(Pinus tabuliformis)典型林分开展近自然差别化经营,并建设示范林。经营模式包括:目标树全林经营、目标树经营、油松低效纯林转化培育混交林、交通沿线培育景观林。通过探索油松林经营技术路线并付诸实践,显著提升森林资源的质量,取得了良好的经营效果,以期为本区域乃至全省油松森林可持续经营提供可参考、可复制的技术示范。     

关于我国人工林长期生产力的保持

为了保持我国人工林的长期生产力和提高森林质量,达到可持续经营的目的。作者在以往研究工作的基础上,广泛收集了国内外有关成果与资料,概括论述了我国人工林森林生产力的现状、不能保持生产力的原因与机理以及长期保持人工林生产力的技术对策。按第八次清查的全国森林资源数据,每公顷蓄积量为89.79 m3,其中天然林为104.6 m3,人工林为52.76 m3,人工林森林生产力明显低于天然林;我国优势树种人工林每公顷蓄积量也不高,如杉木为69.8 m3,马尾松为56.2 m3,落叶松为58.6 m3,这些数据比日本2002年3月公布的人工林相似树种的数据低很多,如日本针叶树蓄积量为227.97 m3· hm-2,柳杉为295.83 m3 ·hm-2,落叶松为189.88 m3 ·hm-2。关于年生长量,按全国第七次资源清查的中龄林与近熟林的数据做统计：杉木人工林5.2~4.2 m3 ·hm-2,马尾松为3.2~1.8 m3· hm-2,柏木为3.4~3.2 m3 ·hm-2;但按作者掌握的我国重点或示范性、试验性小面积人工林生长量看,却很高,按我国编制的速生丰产林标准的生长量数据看比较高。我国大面积人工林生产力不高,短周期经营的杨树、桉树人工林也不高,主要原因是：（1）纯林化与针叶化严重。按第八次全国森林资源统计,纯林占人工林的85%,而且针叶化明显,人工乔木林10个优势树种中针叶林比例高达56.9%。人工纯林结构简单,生物多样性低,生物学上缺乏稳定性。人工纯林特别是针叶纯林,抗性低,抗自然灾害和大气污染能力均差,人工纯林维护地力的能力也弱。（2）集约育林的技术措施：立地控制技术未得到推广,适地适树适品种原则在育林中未能认真贯彻;密度、植被、地力控制技术也执行不力,大面积上的人工林仍属于粗放经营;连作引起林地土壤理、化、生物特性恶化,土壤质量衰退,导致林木生长不良,林分生产力逐代下降;造林作业造成水土流失,如杉木造林,传统的育林技术未得到明显改进,福建尤溪炼山后进行的3年观测结果表明,炼山和水土流失损失的有机质高达989.35 kg·hm-2,养分586.26 kg·hm-2。桉树在砖红壤进行的机耕整地,水土流失也很严重,不合理的造林作业,最终导致土壤质量与森林生产力下降。短周期培育人工林带来了2个重要问题,一是对林地肥力要求高,二是如何利用无性系才能保持长期生产力。短周期经营采用的无性系,生长速度快,生长量大,轮伐期短,养分需求量大,如刚果12号W5无性系,通常利用地上部分,以5~7 a的轮伐期计,消耗的养分达571.75 kg·hm-2,我国培养短周期人工林的土壤质量本底原本普遍不高,如果采取连作,土壤有机质养分会明显下降,土壤质量衰退,并对其功能产生危害。我国杨树、桉树等人工林要达到短周期持续经营,还需要实行多无性系造林。我国人工林长期生产力保持的技术对策,应采取先进的集约育林措施,包括遗传控制、立地控制、密度控制、植被控制与地力控制。     

论森林培育技术的精准化

人工林的培育与利用对林业可持续发展具有重要作用。要利用有限的林地和环境资源高效地培育人工林, 就要求森林培育技术精准化。文中对森林培育技术精准化的含义、内容、研究现状和实现途径进行了分析和阐述。     

我国桉树栽培区的人工林培育

本文着重讨论华南地区人工林培育的现状和存在问题,进而提出改善的建议.人工林培育的关键是用森林培育理论全面的理解人工林管理,提高森林质量和多功能效益.盲目的追求经济效益是不符合可持续发展的要求,必然导致森林质量下降.必须遵循自然规律进行集约经营,提高产量.强调因地制宜、适地适树是关键.     

中国引种加勒比松Ⅱ.培育与发展潜力

加勒比松已成为我国热带和南亚热带地区重要的人工造林树种，商品材人工林发展潜力很大。建立科学的经营栽培措施对当前和今后加勒比松的发展十分重要。选拔于不同立地类型的变种或种源、改良种子的遗传品质和促进优良传材料的无性繁殖是提高加勒比松生产力的基础；在经营措施上要注意维持林分的长期生产力和环境安全。     

State and Trend Analysis of Industrial Plantation Development in Foreign Countries

The paper firstly reviewed industrial plantation development in the main forestry countries worldwide, and then summarized the state and trend of the R & D of industrial plantation in foreign countries in terms of genetic improvement, breeding techniques, site evaluation techniques, density control techniques, long-term productivity maintenance techniques and diseases and pests control techniques. In the meantime, the three management models employed in industrial plantations abroad was introduced, i.e. int...     

The value of six key soil variables for incorporation into a South African forest site classification system

The intensive nature of management practices in the exotic monoculture plantations of South Africa requires reliable decision support systems. Recent socio-economic developments, the need for optimal forest productivity, as well as increasing awareness of broader ecosystem values and environmental risks, highlight the importance of a unified approach to forest site classification and evaluation. This paper highlights the value of specific soil characteristics and its application value for a range of silviculture and management aspects related to site-specific forestry. A limited set of six soil variables are proposed for ecological mapping of forest landscapes at high-resolution operational-level scales. The variables proposed are parent material, soil classification, effective soil depth, depth limiting material, topsoil organic matter and topsoil texture. Each variable is discussed in terms of its significance as well as relevance to plantation forestry in South Africa. Shortcomings in our knowledge base and research requirements are highlighted, and the format of incorporation into a national forest site classification system is proposed. This paper will contribute to unity of purpose and understanding of forest site classification and evaluation in South Africa, and will promote management frameworks and decision support systems with desired environmental, economic and social benefits.     

国外工业人工林培育的目标及技术途径

作者论述了当前国际上工业人工林培育的定向、速生、丰产、优质、经济效益和稳定性等6个目标; 介绍了工业人工林的主要培育措施, 包括: 遗传控制、立地控制、密度控制、维护与提高林地土壤肥力、优化栽培模式、生态系统管理等; 指出了当前的人工林基地在生态方面存在的3个问题: 病虫害日趋严重、林地土壤退化、人工林抵御自然灾害及大气污染的能力弱.     

人工林地力衰退机理及其防止对策

本文分析了导致人工林地力衰退的因素, 主要有:自然地理环境和生态系统固有的脆弱性;人工林植物群落的结构简单导致功能降低;土壤动物和微生物区系演变;土壤理化性质和生化特性变化;人工林对营养物质的消耗;营林生产活动的干扰等。并提出了防止人工林地力衰退的对策。     

Sustainable management of planted forests: some comparisons between Central Europe and the United States

Following the introduction of planned forestry and the regular high forest system more than 250 years ago, forests in Central Europe became increasingly shaped by plantation silviculture. Many natural woodlands were replaced by planted forests, and forest plantations are still being established through afforestation of extensive land areas. Nowadays, forests are managed for many different purposes, including wood production, recreation, ecological, cultural, and amenity values, biodiversity, and soil and groundwater protection. This brings new challenges to forest management and silviculture. To reach a sustainable forestry, in the sense of Brundtland (WCED 1987), we are now reshaping European forestry toward a more nature oriented silviculture. Maybe forestry in the United States and elsewhere can benefit from the mistakes made in Europe during the last two centuries and take a shortcut toward sustainable forestry.     

Estimating biomass and macronutrient content of some commercially important plantation species in South Africa

The removal of biomass, in any combination of stemwood, bark or branch harvesting, can cause a significant increase in nutrient loss from commercial timber plantations. Ensuring long-term site productivity of forest plantations is a key issue for forestry management. Managers need to secure a continued supply of tree biomass components, while understanding the impact of various harvesting operations on plantation nutrient reserves. It is imperative to quantify the biomass and nutrient stocks and their removal during silvicultural operations, such as harvesting, burning and various forms of site preparation. At present, there are no simple methods to estimate inherent site nutrient reserves, or nutrient gains through processes such as atmospheric deposition or rock weathering, or the quantities of nutrients lost through silvicultural operations (harvesting, burning and site preparation). The aim of this work was to construct simple multipliers that can be used in conjunction with plantation timber volumes to estimate stem, branch and bark biomass and nutrient contents. The multipliers were developed from data existing for Eucalyptus spp., Pinus patula and Acacia mearnsii stands throughout the summer rainfall region of South Africa and Swaziland. Due to limited data unique nutrient multipliers were not developed for each productivity range and the multipliers were assumed to be consistent across all productivity ranges. The ratios may underestimate on fertile sites where luxury consumption of nutrients may occur and not accurately predict where stand management practices have altered wood density, allometry or canopy architecture. Although genus and species impacted on the quantity of nutrients held in the plantation biomass, productivity and harvesting intensity were the biggest driver of nutrient removal. Although the multipliers developed here have value in creating a general estimate of nutrient content they are from a limited dataset and need to be expanded upon across species, site and age ranges before being able to precisely estimate nutrient contents. Although harvesting is a major component of nutrient export, natural additions and losses of nutrients, and site nutrient reserves need to be known in order to gain a complete understanding of the impact of nutrient loss on site nutrient reserves.