不同施肥处理对农田土壤微生物区系和功能的影响

本研究采用DGGE和Biolog两种方法, 研究了五种不同施肥处理对土壤微生物区系组成和功能的影响。采用UPGMA对DGGE试验结果进行聚类分析得出,小麦季中不施肥对照（T1）和常规氮磷钾肥（T2）聚为一类,相似性为41%,常规氮磷钾肥+秸秆还田（T4）和常规氮磷钾肥+秸秆还田+秸秆腐熟剂（T5）聚为一类,相似性为52%,而70%常规氮磷钾肥+有机肥（T3）单独聚为一类;玉米季也得到类似的结果,只是T1和T2的相似性为68%,T4和T5相似性达78%,而T3依然归为一类,这说明不同施肥处理间土壤微生物区系存在相似性。经过切胶测序及BLAST比对,发现大多为不可培养细菌,可培养细菌中多为芽孢杆菌属和类芽孢杆菌属。Biolog试验采用主成份分析得出,T1和T2土壤微生物功能类似,T4和T5土壤微生物也具有相似的功能,而T3则单独分为一类。其中,T5和T4的土壤细菌群落对底物碳源的代谢活性最强,T3处理次之,T2和T1最低。通过这两种不同试验方法的分析可以看出,不同施肥处理对土壤微生物区系和功能的影响存在关联性。     

不同施肥处理对玉米产量及土壤酶活性的影响

分析了不同施肥处理对玉米产量和土壤养分的影响,以及不同生育期内土壤纤维素酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶的动态变化。结果表明,5个不同施肥处理产量均高于CK;秸秆配施无机肥加秸秆腐熟剂(FS)处理和有机肥配施70% NPK(OF)处理的效果最佳,有机无机复合肥(OI2)、有机无机复合肥(OI1)和常规无机肥(CF)处理次之,不施肥处理(CK)最低。FS处理较常规施肥处理提高了4.87%,有机肥配施70%常规无机肥(OF)处理较常规施肥处理的产量提高了3.39%。施肥处理均能提高3种酶的活性,并且表现出较强规律性:土壤过氧化氢酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰,土壤纤维素酶和土壤脲酶在玉米大喇叭口期出现活性高峰;FS处理在各个时期的酶活性较高。综上所述,秸秆还田配施化肥加秸秆腐熟剂有利于增加土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量,提高作物产量。     

激发式秸秆还田对麦季潮土团聚体中酶活性的影响

秸秆还田是提升潮土有机质、改良土壤结构的重要措施。添加有机肥和微生物菌剂可激发土壤微生物活性,促进秸秆腐解、提高土壤酶活性。本研究通过潮土区田间小区试验,研究激发式秸秆还田及微生物菌剂对土壤团聚体中酶活性的影响,结果表明:在小麦整个生育期:(1)施加有机肥(8%氮来自有机肥)的处理,不同级别团聚体中的酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶)比一次性施肥及常规施肥处理高8.15%~66.93%,且差异显著(P0.05);施加有机肥对0.25~0.053 mm团聚体中纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的增加效果明显;(2)添加微生物菌剂可提高不同级别团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,不同酶活性的增幅存在差异;(3)团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶活性在苗期较低而后逐渐升高;蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性在苗期较低,至拔节期大幅升高而后逐渐降低;(4)氮肥不同基肥与追肥比例对土壤团聚体中酶活性也有一定影响:试验表明,基追比为5︰5的处理不同级别团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性高于基追比6︰4的处理。     

猪粪有机肥与硫酸钙配施对潮土区大蒜产量、品质及土壤性状的影响

在秸秆还田的基础上,以常规施肥为前提,探讨了硫酸钙与猪粪有机肥配施对大蒜产量、品质与土壤性质的影响,旨在为探索河南蒜区大蒜生产和潮土改良提供理论依据。试验设常规施肥+秸秆还田(CK)、常规施肥+秸秆还田+猪粪有机肥(T1)、常规施肥+秸秆还田+硫酸钙(T2)、常规施肥+秸秆还田+猪粪有机肥+硫酸钙(T3)4个处理。结果表明,T1、T2、T3均可提高大蒜产量,其中T3增产最显著,比CK增产24.9%;与CK、T1、T2相比,T3大蒜可溶性糖含量分别增加6.65%、6.03%、3.94%,可溶性蛋白质含量分别增加20.68%、14.05%、3.54%,钙含量分别增加8.08%、3.42%、0.56%;T1、T2、T3可增加土壤养分的有效性,促进大蒜对养分的吸收,改善土壤的化学性质,同时,T2和T3增加了土壤交换性钙和有效硫,对提高大蒜产量具有重要作用;T3处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量达到55.25%,分别比CK、T1和T2提高22.49%、17.21%和11.59%。硫酸钙与猪粪有机肥配施不但可以提高大蒜产量和品质,还可以改善土壤养分供应状况和土壤结构,可作为河南蒜区大蒜生产及土壤改良的一种方法。     

不同土壤改良剂对土壤生化性质与烤烟产量的影响

通过田间试验,探讨以石灰、粉煤灰、白云石、废菌棒和化肥构成的不同组合改良剂对土壤微生物数量、酶活性和烤烟产量的影响。结果表明施用不同组合改良剂后,耕层土壤细菌、放线菌、磷细菌、钾细菌和纤维素分解菌的数量、土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和纤维素酶的活性及烤烟产量均比对照有不同程度提高,其中添加废菌棒处理的微生物数量、酶活性和烤烟产量变化明显高于无添加废菌棒处理,且均以“石灰+菌棒+常规化肥”改良剂组合变化最明显,差异显著性检验表明该组合处理的5种微生物数量、4种酶活性及烤烟生物和经济产量与对照相比差异均达极显著水平。相关分析表明耕层土壤5种微生物数量和4种酶活性与烤烟生物及经济产量均呈极显著的正相关。表明施用不同组合改良剂能促进土壤细菌、放线菌、磷细菌、钾细菌及纤维素分解菌的繁殖,增强过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶及纤维素酶的活性,促进烤烟产量的提高,其中以“石灰+菌棒+常规化肥”组合改良剂的效果最好。     

施用沼渣肥料对水稻产量及土壤环境的影响

将秸秆废弃物生物发酵产生的沼渣作为原料,添加不同辅助材料,制成4种肥料(以下简称“沼渣肥料”),以水稻为研究对象,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(FP)、沼渣有机肥(T1)、沼渣生物有机肥(T2)、沼渣有机无机复混肥料(T3)和沼渣复合微生物肥料(T4)共6个处理,研究其肥效价值及其对水稻产量、土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物等多项指标的影响,为秸秆的资源化利用提供理论支持。结果表明,与FP处理相比,施用沼渣肥料水稻产量均有所提高,其中T4处理水稻产量最高,达到9571 kg/hm²;沼渣肥料处理较FP处理可有效降低施氮量18.59%～19.70%,提高氮肥利用率1.37%～11.04%。沼渣肥料处理较FP处理降低了土壤有效态Cd和稻米Cd含量,并降低稻米的Cd富集系数;另外,还可以提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性及土壤呼吸强度。在土壤团聚体含量(WR0.25)方面,各施肥处理均显著高于CK,沼渣肥料处理仅T1、T4处理WR0.25高于FP处理,其余处理差异不显著;微生物数量方面,T3、T4处理土壤细菌和放线菌数量均有显著增加。沼渣肥料在多项指标中均优于常规施肥,其中T4处理水稻增产效果最好,对土壤环境的改善效果也     

不同微生物菌剂对旱砂田西瓜生长和微生物区系的影响

为解决连作旱砂田西瓜植株生长性能、产量品质、根际微生物数量下降的问题,以陇科12号为指示品种,设置常规施肥、常规施肥+西瓜专用菌剂、常规施肥+激活土壤专用菌剂、常规施肥+胶质芽孢杆菌、常规施肥+枯草芽孢杆菌、常规施肥+地衣芽孢杆菌、常规施肥+金宝贝微生物菌剂共7个处理,研究了不同微生物菌剂对旱砂田西瓜出苗与成活率、干物质积累、产量品质和根际微生物区系的影响。结果表明,与对照常规施肥相比,尽管施用微生物菌剂对西瓜果实的含糖量无显著影响,但除常规施肥+激活土壤专用菌剂外,其他微生物菌剂的施用均可以提高西瓜成活率和产量,促进干物质积累,增加西瓜根区微生物数量。其中以常规施肥+地衣芽孢杆菌处理的西瓜出苗率、成活率和产量最高,与对照常规施肥比较,出苗率显著提高7百分点;成活率显著提高了14%;产量显著提高了35.98%。团棵期和开花坐果期的干物质积累量也较对照分别显著增加了28.30%和24.01%,干物质转运量和转运率分别显著增加了3.98倍和3.01倍,根区细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别显著增加61.07%、84.84%、85.31%。因此,生产上可以常规施肥+地衣芽孢杆菌作为最佳施肥方案,有助于改善旱砂田西瓜根际微生物环境,提高作物产量。     

不同剂量外源纤维素酶对设施土壤生物活性与番茄生长的影响

【目的】土壤纤维素酶活性在一定程度上反映土壤生物化学过程的强度及土壤肥力水平。本研究主要探讨了添加外源纤维素酶对设施土壤环境及栽培作物的积极影响,以期为设施土壤改良和质量提升提供参考。 【方法】以番茄‘芬达’为试材进行了盆栽试验。在设施土壤上设置添加外源纤维素酶:0、3、6、9、12、15 kg/hm2,分别用CK、T1、T2、T3、T4和T5表示,共6个处理。结果初期测定了番茄叶片光合指标,结果初期、结果盛期、采收盛期分别取土样测定了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、SOD、碱性磷酸酶活性,以及土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,果实成熟期分批测产。 【结果】同一生育期,随酶制剂用量的增加,土壤微生物数量及酶活性均先增加后降低。与CK相比,细菌、真菌、放线菌最高分别增加了996.8% (结果盛期的T4)、801.4% (采收盛期的T3) 和314.6% (坐果初期的T3);坐果初期T3的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、SOD及采收初期T3的碱性磷酸酶活性提高较多,分别较CK增加了214.3%、424.3%、254.0%和44.0%;同时添加外源纤维素酶对番茄株高、茎粗以及Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci等光合指标的提高有促进作用,增加了番茄产量,T3的番茄产量最高,达到55188 kg/hm2。 【结论】适当添加外源纤维素酶,在提高土壤本身纤维素酶活性的同时也增强了其他土壤酶活性,促进了土壤中微生物的积累和繁殖,从而改善了土壤环境,并促进蔬菜作物健康生长,提高了作物产量。9 kg/hm2为本试验推荐的应用于设施土壤的纤维素酶最佳使用量。     

微生物发酵有机肥对温室番茄产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响

研究了施用微生物发酵有机肥对番茄产量、品质和土壤养分、微生物群落的影响。结果表明,微生物发酵有机肥+50%化肥比对照(不施肥)增产95.58%,比常规施肥增产47.56%;单施微生物发酵有机肥比对照增产68.70%,比常规施肥增产27.28%。微生物发酵有机肥可以显著降低番茄的硝酸盐含量,增加Vc、还原性糖、番茄红素、可溶性固形物含量,从而提高了番茄品质。能明显提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷含量,降低土壤硝态氮含量,增强土壤酶的活性,可显著增加三大微生物类群的数量,从而提高土壤综合肥力。也可显著提高经济效益。可作为一种生产无公害蔬菜的施肥技术推广应用。     

长期不同施肥下紫色土综合肥力演变及作物产量响应

为了综合评价长期不同施肥处理下紫色土肥力的变化趋势,寻求既能提高土壤肥力又能获得高产的紫色土科学施肥模式,该文以国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地长期定位试验数据为基础,运用内梅罗指数法对土壤综合肥力进行评价。结果表明,20 a间不同施肥处理土壤肥力发生了不同的变化趋势,长期不施肥(对照)与偏施化肥氮肥、氮钾肥土壤综合肥力指数(integrated fertility index,IFI)随着时间的推移逐渐下降,平衡施肥的氮磷钾、氮磷钾+牛粪、1.5倍氮磷钾+秸秆还田、氮磷钾+秸秆还田处理的IFI指数随着时间的变化有一定的波动,但相对于试验前都有不同程度的提高。各平衡施肥处理年均IFI值比对照分别提高34.5%,36.8%,52.3%,50.1%;通过IFI指数与各养分指标之间相关分析发现,土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量对紫色土土壤肥力的贡献较大;20 a产量变化趋势表明,平衡施肥产量明显高于偏施肥处理,其中长期秸秆还田配施NPK肥,增产效果最佳;相对产量与IFI指数呈S型曲线关系,紫色土IFI指数维持在1.63~2.01之间,可以实现相对最高产量;作物产量与土壤综合肥力指数二者之间呈显著的线性正相关关系,应用改良的内梅罗指数法计算的综合肥力指数能较好地反映土壤肥力状况。长期平衡施肥可以提高作物产量和土壤肥力,其中氮磷钾化肥配合秸秆还田是维持土壤肥力、实现作物高产的最佳培肥方式。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.