手性类农药中间体简介

当前手性农药受到人们广泛的关注,其主要原因是在消旋体的农药中,如果构成消旋体的两个对映体对生物的活性有不同的作用,可以分离,物尽其用,更重要的是单一的光学异构体在生命科学应用中有特殊的意义。因为在一对映体中，通常其生物活性存在于其中一个对映体，手性已成为生命科学的一个关键因素。     

手性有机磷农药对映体在纤维素类手性固定相上的分离

引　　言手性有机磷农药由于分子中含有一个手性磷原子,可形成一对光学异构体,在生物活性方面往往具有显著的立体差异。随着手性化合物分离技术的发展,手性农药对映体的分离也越来越引起人们的广泛重视,已有许多关于菊酯类,芳基羧酸类,三唑类手性农药对映体分离的报道[1]。这些手性农药分子中都含有手性碳原子,而对于含有手性磷的手性农药虽然也有一些报道[2,3],但相对较少。胺草磷(amiprophos)类化合物是一类具有高除草活性的有机磷农药。我们曾对此系列39个化合物采用高效液相色谱方法,在Pirkle类型手性固定相上进行了对映体分离的研究[4…     

丙溴磷对映异构体在柑橘中的残留分析及选择性降解

基于手性固定相/高效液相色谱-串联质谱结合QuEChERS前处理技术建立了柑橘中丙溴磷对映体残留的分析方法,并通过田间试验研究了丙溴磷对映异构体在柑橘中的选择性降解行为.柑橘样品经乙腈快速提取,多壁碳纳米管净化.丙溴磷对映体采用ND(2)-RH手性色谱柱分离,正离子多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,基质匹配标准曲线法定量....     

三种三唑类杀菌剂对映体生物活性的研究

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)拆分了戊唑醇(tebuconazole)、粉唑醇(flutriafol)和己唑醇(hexaconazole)3种杀菌剂的外消旋体,并且制备了对映体的纯品。以花生褐斑病菌Cercospora arachidicola、番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum、苹果轮斑病菌Alternaria mali、甜菜褐斑病菌Cercospora beticola等5种植物病原菌为供试菌,采用琼脂稀释法测定了3种杀菌剂的外消旋体及对映体的生物活性,比较了对映体之间抗菌活性的差异。结果表明:(-)-戊唑醇的抗菌活性优于(+)-戊唑醇;(+)-粉唑醇的抗菌活性优于(-)-粉唑醇;(-)-己唑醇的抗菌活性优于(+)-己唑醇。     

敌草胺对映体的高效液相色谱分离及手性拆分热力学研究

利用直链淀粉三-(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相(AD-RH柱)和纤维素三-(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相(OD-RH柱),以乙腈-水为流动相,对敌草胺对映体进行了直接手性拆分研究。考察了流动相组成、流速、柱温等对敌草胺对映体的色谱保留和分离的影响,并对敌草胺对映体与固定相之间的色谱保留和分离的热力学机理进行了讨论。结果表明,在流速为0.5mL/m in、乙腈-水为50∶50(体积比)、柱温在1035℃条件下,AD-RH和OD-RH柱的△△H0值分别为-1 160.79和-673.40J/mol,即AD-RH柱的拆分能力优于OD-RH柱,二者都能实现基线分离。     

三唑醇对映体的反相高效液相色谱拆分热力学研究

在高效液相色谱反相条件下,利用涂敷型纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相(CDMPC-CSP)对三唑醇4个对映异构体进行了直接手性拆分研究。考察了不同流动相组成和柱温对三唑醇对映体的色谱保留及分离的影响。同时,利用热力学方法对三唑醇对映体与固定相之间的色谱保留和分离的热力学机理进行了探讨。结果表明:在以甲醇-水(70∶ 30,体积比)为流动相、流速0.8 mL/min、柱温15 ℃,或在以乙腈-水(30∶ 70,体积比)为流动相、流速1.0 mL/min、柱温45 ℃的条件下,三唑醇对映体可以得到较好分离。     

环丙唑醇对映体的反相高效液相色谱分离及其热力学研究

在高效液相色谱反相条件下,利用手性色谱柱Lux Cellulose-1(纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯,粒径分别为3μm和5μm)对环丙唑醇4个对映异构体进行了直接手性拆分研究。考察了不同粒径、流动相组成和柱温对环丙唑醇对映体色谱保留及分离的影响;并采用在线旋光检测器研究了环丙唑醇对映体的洗脱顺序;同时,利用热力学方法对对映体与固定相之间的色谱保留和分离的热力学机理进行了探讨。结果表明:以乙腈-水为流动相比甲醇-水具有更好的拆分效果,柱温降低有利于对映体的拆分;在以V(乙腈)∶V(水)=60∶40为流动相、柱温为20℃的条件下,环丙唑醇对映体在3μm(流速0.3 m L/min)和5μm(流速1.0 m L/min)色谱柱上均可得到较好分离,在满足对映体完全分离的情况下,建议优先使用3μm色谱柱,异构体洗脱顺序为(+/+/-/-);而当流动相由乙腈-水变为甲醇-水时,对映体的洗脱顺序则变为(+/-/+/-)。热力学研究结果表明:在5~40℃试验温度范围内,van't Hoff方程的线性关系良好(R20.92);以乙腈-水作为流动相时,环丙唑醇对映体的拆分过程受焓驱动;而以甲醇-水为流动相时,对映体的拆分过程既受焓驱动又受熵驱动。     

手性农药选择性生物活性与毒性效应研究进展

手性农药因对映体在生物活性、毒性、环境行为等方面的差异性而备受关注,充分了解对映体的立体选择性对开发高活性农药及减量使用具有重要意义。本文聚焦手性农药对映体的立体选择性效应,系统地调研了对映体生物活性和毒性选择性差异,并进行了分类梳理,重点综述了手性农药对映体的生物活性及毒性和环境风险的差异性,阐述了手性农药对非靶标生物造成的氧化应激、内分泌干扰等慢性毒性,同时关注选择性的规律与机制,为环境友好型高效手性农药的开发、手性农药的风险评估及管理、手性农药对映体立体选择性机制研究提供参考。     

腈菌唑在番茄果实中的立体选择性降解

为明确田间条件下手性杀菌剂腈菌唑对映体在番茄果实中的降解规律,采用Lux Cellulose-1手性色谱柱及超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 分析方法,研究了腈菌唑对映体的分离及其在番茄果实中的选择性降解。样品经乙腈提取,采用QuEChERS 方法净化。分析方法验证结果表明:在0.000 5~0.05 mg/L线性范围内,腈菌唑对映体的峰面积与其浓度间呈良好的线性关系,R2均大于0.99;在0.005、0.05和0.25 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,腈菌唑对映体在番茄中的平均回收率在92%~96%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 在1.0%~3.0%之间。降解试验结果显示:腈菌唑对映体在番茄果实中的降解规律符合一级反应动力学方程,其降解半衰期在2.77~4.08 d之间;腈菌唑对映体在番茄果实中的降解具有明显选择性,随时间延长,其对映体分数 (F_E) 值由最初的0.47下降为0.24,其中S-(+)-腈菌唑优先降解,从而导致R-(–)-腈菌唑的相对富集。本研究从对映体的角度评价了腈菌唑在番茄中的降解,可为手性农药对映体的环境行为研究提供基础数据。     

乙草胺和异丙草胺对映异构体的拆分

利用Chiralpak AS-H手性色谱柱,以正己烷为流动相,以有机醇为极性改性剂,采用正相高效液相色谱法分别对乙草胺和异丙草胺的对映体进行了手性拆分,并结合紫外-可见、圆二色、旋光检测器和八区律规则对其对映体的绝对构型进行了判定。结果表明:乙草胺和异丙草胺的第一洗脱峰在220 nm检测波长下均具有负的康顿(Cotton)效应和旋光(ORD)信号,根据八区律判定其构型为aR-型,具有相反信号的第二洗脱峰为aS-型。以正己烷-异丙醇(97∶3,体积比)为流动相时,乙草胺和异丙草胺分离度分别为2.23和1.52。其手性拆分过程均受焓驱动,且分子中的N-烷氧取代基在对映体与手性固定相作用过程中具有重要作用。     

Stereochemistry of fluazifop-butyl transformations in soil

Fluazifop-butyl was incubated with two soils under aerobic conditions at 20°C. Hydrolysis of the racemic herbicidal ester yielded a residue of the corresponding carboxylic acid, fluazifop, in which the R-enantiomer predominated. Further studies involving the treatment of soil with the separate enantiomers of fluazifop-butyl showed that the two enantiomers were each hydrolysed with retention of their optical configuration. However, the hydrolysis product with the S-configuration was inverted (50% inversion in 1-2 days) to yield, ultimately, a residue of the R-enantiomer with a high optical purity.     

Thermal decomposition and isomerization of cis-permethrin and beta-cypermethrin in the solid phase

The stability to heart of cis-permethrin and beta-cypermethrin in the solid phase was studied and the decomposition products identified. Samples heated at 210 degrees C in an oven in the dark showed that, in the absence of potassium chlorate (the salt present in smoke-generating formulations of these pyrethroids), cis-permethrin was not isomerized, although in the presence of that salt, decomposition was greater and thermal isomerization occurred. Other salts of the type KXO3 or NaXO3, with X being halogen or nitrogen, also led to a considerable thermal isomerization. Heating the insecticides in solution in the presence of potassium chlorate did not produce isomerization in any of the solvents assayed. Salt-catalysed thermal cis-trans isomerization was also found for other pyrethroids derived from permethrinic or deltamethrinic acid but not for those derived from chrysanthemic acid. The main thermal degradation processes of cis-permethrin and beta-cypermethrin decomposition when potassium chlorate was present were cyclopropane isomerization, ester cleavage and subsequent oxidation of the resulting products. Permethrinic acid, 3-phenoxybenzyle chloride, alcohol, aldehyde and acid were identified in both cases, as well as 3-phenoxybenzyl cyanide from beta-cypermethrin. A similar decomposition pattern occurred after combustion of pyrethroid fumigant formulations.     

Insecticidal activity of the enantiomers of fipronil

The two enantiomers of the insecticide fipronil were made by preparative HPLC. The insecticidal activities of the racemic mixture and the two enantiomers against selected agricultural or household pests (cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus F; grain weevil, Sitophilus granarius L and house fly, Musca domestica L) were determined. There was no significant difference in acute or residual activity between the racemic mixture and the enantiomers of fipronil, indicating that there is no preferred chiral form of the compound in these key species of important insects. This observation clearly suggests that there is no major scope for marketing the insecticide in a one-enantiomer form.     

Stereochemical basis for the insecticidal activity of carbamoylated and acylated pyrazolines

Methyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[N-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]-4-methyl-2-pyrazoline-4-carboxylate was converted to corresponding (1R)- and (1S)-phenethyl esters via its carboxylic acid and acid chloride at the C-4 atom to separate the diastereomers. Their configurations were confirmed by X-ray analysis. Both isomers of the (1R)methylbenzyl ester were subjected to transesterification with sodium methoxide to obtain enantiomers of the starting methyl ester. Their insecticidal activity was measured against American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana (L.)) by injection and against house flies (Musca domestica L.) by topical application under various synergistic conditions with metabolic inhibitors. The activity values of the four α-methylbenzyl esters and the R-isomer of the starting methyl ester were similar. The S-enantiomer of the methyl ester was about 10 and 100 times more active than the R-isomer against the cockroach and the fly, respectively. Some N-arylacetyl and N-aryloxyacetyl derivatives of the starting N-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl compound gave very low activity. Conformation-energy profiles for some compounds suggested that the conformation of substituents on the N-1 atom in the pyrazoline ring has a specific role for the potential insecticidal effects.     

含两个手性中心的三唑类杀菌剂色谱分离研究进展

三唑类杀菌剂是目前世界上广泛应用的杀菌剂,而绝大多数三唑类杀菌剂属于手性农药,具有1个或2个手性中心,存在2个或4个对映异构体.本文在近年有关三唑类杀菌剂研究成果的基础上,综述了采用高效液相色谱、超临界流体色谱、毛细管电泳、气相色谱和合相色谱法等方法对含两个手性中心的11种三唑类杀菌剂(氟环唑、多效唑、三唑醇、联苯三唑...     

农药中间体5-乙基吡啶-2,3-二甲酸二乙酯的清洁合成

本文介绍了农药中间体5-乙基吡啶-2,3-二甲酸二乙酯合成路线,通过试验分析,将生产过程中产生的废水进行回收,选择出适合工业化的清洁合成工艺,无三废,实现清洁合成。2步反应得到产品,总收率为70%(以乙氧基乙酸乙酯计),含量为85%。     

糠菌唑在大鼠、小鼠、兔、狗和人肝微粒体中的立体选择性代谢

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 手性色谱柱法定量分析肝微粒体中的糠菌唑,通过密度泛函理论计算光谱与振动圆二色光谱 (VCD) 和红外光谱 (IR) 比对,确定了糠菌唑4种对映体的绝对构型;以大鼠、小鼠、兔、狗和人肝微粒体为模型,研究了糠菌唑的立体选择性降解行为。结果表明:在供试肝微粒体中,4种异构体的降解均遵循一级反应动力学方程,且在人和小鼠肝微粒体中的代谢速率相对较慢。(2S, 4R)-和 (2R, 4S)-糠菌唑在5种供试肝微粒体中的立体选择性趋势一致,而 (2R, 4R)- 和 (2S, 4S)-糠菌唑只在兔肝微粒体中的降解有显著的立体选择性差异,在小鼠肝微粒体中几乎没有立体选择性。酶促反应动力学结果也证实了糠菌唑代谢的立体选择性,并显示 (2R, 4R)- 和 (2S, 4S)-糠菌唑在供试肝微粒体中的酶促反应趋势存在种属差异。     

Chemistry,stereochemistry and biological properties of KWG 4168

KWG 4168 (8-tert-butyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decan-2-ylmethyl(ethyl)(propyl)amine; proposed common name spiroxamine) is a new fungicide consisting of four biologically active isomers (two diastereomers, four enantiomers). The four isomers were separated by preparative HPLC on a chiral stationary phase. The diastereoisomers were synthesised from the corresponding chirally pure glycerol derivatives and were separated by preparative HPLC. COSY, HSQC and NOESY NMR spectroscopy were used to asign the configuration of the amino residue relative to the cyclohexyl ring. Studies of the activity against wheat powdery mildew, as well as the inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in fungi by the four stereoisomers, indicate the contribution of each isomer to the biological activity of spiroxamine.