内毒素血症山羊内皮衍生因子和脂质介质的动态变化

以内毒素诱发山羊微循环障碍为模型， 同步测定发病山羊血浆内皮素（ Ｅ Ｔ）、一氧化氮（ Ｎ Ｏ）、血栓素（ Ｔ Ｘ Ａ２ ）、前列环素（ Ｐ Ｇ Ｉ２）的动态变化。结果表明，注射内毒素后３、６、１２、２４ ｈ 后山羊血浆 Ｅ Ｔ、 Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｔ Ｘ Ｂ２、６ｋｅｔｏ Ｐ Ｇ Ｆ１α的含量，与对照组及发病前比较均显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。 Ｅ Ｔ 含量变化在发病后６ ｈ 达峰值，于１２ ｈ时点呈现回落。 Ｎ Ｏ 产物含量在发病后１２ｈ 达峰值。发病山羊血浆 Ｔ Ｘ Ｂ２ 水平逐渐增高，而６ｋｅｔｏ Ｐ Ｇ Ｆ１α水平逐渐下降，两者比值失衡。提示，内毒素诱导山羊微循环障碍的发病过程中， Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｅ Ｔ、 Ｔ Ｘ Ａ２、 Ｐ Ｇ Ｉ２ 可能是参与休克发生发展的重要休克体液因子。     

内毒素血症山羊内皮衍生因子（ET／NO）,脂质介质（TXA2／PGI2）的？…

以内毒素诱发山羊微循环障碍为模型，同步测定发病山羊血浆内皮素，一氧化氮（ＮＯ），血栓素（ＴＸＡ２），前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）的动态变化。结果表明，注射内毒素后３ｈ，６ｈ，１２ｈ，２４ｈ后山羊乐ＥＴ，ＮＯ，ＴＸＢ２，６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１∞的含量，与对照组及发病前比较均显著升高。     

内毒素血症山羊血流变及血管活性物质的变化

为评价血液流变学指标和血管活性物质在山羊微循环障碍中的作用及其相互关系,１２只山羊随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组以内毒素诱发山羊微循环障碍,对照组注射生理盐水。于发病后３、６、１２、２４ｈ,分别测定两组山羊血液流变学指标和３种血管活性物质变化。结果表明,内毒素发病山羊全血粘度和红细胞聚集指数升高,红细胞变形指数下降;血浆血栓素（ＴＸＢ２）、前列环素（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α）及心钠素（ＡＮＰ）的含量,与对照组相同时点比较,均显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,但ＴＸＢ２／６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α比值失衡。提示血液流变学和３种血管活性物质的异学肪其相互影响,是参与山羊内毒性微循环障碍发生发展的重要因素。     

雏鸡在感染IBDV后血浆几种活性分子动态变化研究

１２０ 羽３０～５９ 日龄 Ａ Ａ 鸡,随机分未免疫感染组（ Ａ 组）、免疫感染组（ Ｂ组）和未免疫未感染组（ Ｃ组）,每组４０ 羽,研究了感染 Ｉ Ｂ Ｄ Ｖ 后血浆花生四烯酸代谢物、肿瘤坏死因子α（ｔｕｍ ｏｒ ｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ ｆａｃｔｏｒα, Ｔ Ｎ Ｆα）和一氧化氮（ｎｉｔｒｉｃ ｏｘｉｄｅ, Ｎ Ｏ）自由基水平动态变化及相互关系。结果表明：攻毒后的３～４ ｄ, Ａ 组血浆前列腺素 Ｅ２ （ｐｒｏｓｔａｇｌａｎｄｉｎ Ｅ２, Ｐ Ｇ Ｅ２）上升或明显上升,高于或明显高于 Ｂ 和 Ｃ 组, Ｂ组虽也见上升但多数与 Ｃ组无明显差异,５ ｄ 后３ 组均下降,同期各组相比无明显差异;血栓素 Ｂ２（ｔｈｒｏｍ ｂｏｘａｎｅ Ｂ２, Ｔ Ｘ Ｂ２ ）除在攻毒后第３ ｄ Ｃ组明显高于 Ａ 组和 Ｂ组以及攻毒前水平外,其他时间各组间无显著差异; Ａ 组和 Ｂ组的６酮前列腺素 Ｆ１α （６ｋｅｔｏｐｒｏｓｔａｇｌａｎｄｉｎ Ｆ１α,６ｋｅｔｏ Ｐ Ｇ Ｆ１α）在攻毒后头５ ｄ 内升高,但组间无差异。攻毒后第１ ｄ, Ａ 组血浆 Ｔ Ｎ Ｆα即表现较大的变化,至第３ ｄ, Ａ 组和 Ｂ组 Ｔ Ｎ Ｆα显著高于 Ｃ组,血浆 Ｎ Ｏ 则表现为在攻毒后第３ ｄ, Ａ 组明显上升     

孕酮和雌二醇对催产素诱发山羊前列腺素F2α分泌的影响

将１２只摘除卵巢后６～７周的山羊随机分为４组，按２×２因子实验设计进行处理。实验因子为：（１）肌肉注射孕酮（Ｐ４）：第１～５ｄ每天１０ｍｇ；第６～１２ｄ每天２０ｍｇ。（２）肌肉注射雌二醇（Ｅ２）：第１３ｄ２０μｇ第１４ｄ４０μｇ。对照处理则注射相应体积的玉米油。在第１５ｄ上午，给实验羊安置后腔静脉导管。经颈静脉给每只山羊注射１０Ｕ催产素（ＯＴ）。在注射ＯＴ前后经导管采１２份血样：─３０，─１０，─５，０，２，５，１０，１５，２０，３０，４５和６０ｍｉｎ时采样。用ＲＩＡ方法测定每份血样中的前列腺素Ｆ２α（ＰＧＦ２α）水平。在注射ＯＴ之前和注射后的４５和６０ｍｉｎ，血浆ＰＧＦ２α处于基础水平，各组间的差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。在注射ＯＴ后的２～３０ｍｉｎ，Ｐ４＋Ｅ２组的ＰＧＦ２α水平极显著地高于其他３组（Ｐ＜０．０１），其他３组之间的ＰＧＦ２α水平差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ｅ２组在注射ＯＴ之后也有明显的ＰＧＦ２α分泌活动。结果表明，山羊经用Ｅ２或用Ｐ４和Ｅ２先后处理后，ＯＴ可以引起子宫分泌ＰＧＦ２α。     

内毒素休克山羊NO代谢的变化及山莨菪碱对其影响

为了探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在内毒素休克病理发生中的作用,将３６头杂交山羊随机分成３组,每组１２只,第Ⅰ组作为对照,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组颈静脉注射大肠杆菌内毒素２次,间隔２４ｈ,第Ⅲ组于第２次注射内毒素前１０ｍｉｎ静脉注射山莨菪碱（６５４－２）,检测血浆、肝、肾、肺组织中的ＮＯ水平和组织中一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性。结果表明,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组山羊第２次注射内毒素后,血浆ＮＯ水平明显高于第Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,其中第Ⅱ组呈持续性升高,７ｈ后第Ⅲ组显著低于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肝、肾、肺组织中的ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性均明显高于第Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,１２ｈ后第Ⅲ组组织中的ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性显著低于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＮＯ过量为内毒素休克时病理发生中关键的中介机制,预先给予６５４－２则能缓解休克时ＮＯ引起的毒性作用。     

山莨菪碱对内毒素诱导山羊弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)的影响

３０头杂交山羊随机分成３组，第Ⅰ组（ｎ＝６）作为对照组；第Ⅱ组（ｎ＝１２）静注大肠杆菌内毒素（１８００ＥＵ／ｋｇ）两次，间隔２４小时；第Ⅲ组（ｎ＝１２）在第Ⅱ组处理基础上提前１０分钟静注山莨菪碱（２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ），于处理后第１、３、５、７、９、１２小时分别检测血小板数、血浆纤维蛋白原含量、血浆凝血酶原时间（ＰＴ）、血浆凝血酶时间（ＴＴ）、副凝试验３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ指标。结果表明：第Ⅱ组迅速发生ＤＩＣ，表现血小板减少、纤维蛋白原含量下降、ＰＴ和ＴＴ延长、３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ阳性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而第Ⅲ组血小板数在１３小时明显高于第Ⅱ组，纤维蛋白原含量于第５小时后高于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＴ和ＴＴ亦比第Ⅱ组显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．０１），３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ的阳性检出率低于第Ⅱ组，结果提示应用山莨菪碱能明显抑制血小板减少，阻止ＤＩＣ的发生     

内毒素诱导山羊红细胞膜流动性的变化及654-2的影响

采用 １,６二苯基１,３,５己三烯（１,６ｄｉｐｈｅｎｙｌ１,３,５ｈｅｘａｔｒｉｅｎｅ, Ｐ Ｈ, Ｓｉｇｍ ａ Ｃｈｅｍ ｉｃａｌ Ｃｏ）分子荧光偏振法研究了内毒素诱导山羊红细胞膜的流动性（ Ｐ）,膜脂区微粘度（η）及脂双层分子排列有序性系数（ Ａ）的变化及６５４２ 的影响。结果表明, Ｅ Ｔ 处理组（Ⅱ组） Ｅ Ｃ Ｍ 的 Ｐ、和 Ａ参数除在１ｈ 高于对照组（Ⅰ组）和６５４ Ｚ２处理（Ⅲ组）且差异不显著（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）外,在 ３,５,７,９,１２ｈ 均高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组（ Ｐ＜０．０５）, Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;Ⅲ组 Ｐ、和 Ａ 参数在１ ｈ低于Ⅰ组且差异不显著（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）,在３ ｈ显著低于Ⅰ组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,在５ 和７ ｈ 高于Ⅰ组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５, Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,在９ ｈ,１２ ｈ 虽高于Ⅰ组但无显著差异（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。结果显示, Ｅ Ｔ 可使 Ｅ Ｃ Ｍ 荧光偏振度（ Ｐ）、微粘度（η）和脂双层分子排列有序性（ Ａ）增加。膜流动性降低,而６５４２ 能有效地改善 Ｅ Ｔ诱导的这些损伤变化,支持了６５４２ 具有维护膜结构和功能的生理作用的理论。     

内毒素诱导的红细胞过氧化损伤及山莨菪碱的保护效应

通过给山羊静脉注射大肠杆菌内毒素复制的休克模型,研究了内毒素诱导的红细胞脂质过氧化损伤,并观察了山莨菪碱的相关保护效应。将３０头山羊随机分成３组,第Ⅰ组（ｎ＝６）静注生理盐水作为正常对照,第Ⅱ组（ｎ＝１２）静注大肠杆菌（Ｏ１１１Ｂ４）内毒素２次（间隔２４ｈ）,第Ⅲ组（ｎ＝１２）处理同第Ⅱ组,仅处理前１０ｍｉｎ静注山莨菪碱。分别于处理后１、３、５、７、９、１２ｈ采血,制备样本供测定。结果显示,山羊注射内毒素１ｈ后,红细胞脂质过氧化物含量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,红细胞膜还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）含量显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）,并伴有红细胞ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＧＲ活性降低（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）;而注射内毒素前给与山莨菪碱的山羊,其上述各项指标的变化均较小。以上结果表明,内毒素可使红细胞脂质过氧化作用增强,而山莨菪碱能拮抗红细胞的这种过氧化损伤,对细胞有一定的保护作用。     

山莨菪碱对山羊内毒素休克时肝脏自由基损伤的保护机理

将３６头杂交山羊随机分成３组：１组作为对照;Ⅱ组静注大肠力内毒素１８００ＥＵ／ｋｇ,注射２次,间隔２４ｈ,Ⅲ组在同Ⅱ组处理基础上,于第２次注前１０ｍｉｎ静注山莨菪碱（６５４－２）注射液２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ,第２次注射内毒素后５ｈ和１２ｈ各组均剖杀６头山羊,检测肝脏抗氧化系统功能。结果表明：Ⅱ组肝组织丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量明显高于Ⅰ组,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽不麦（ＧＲ）活性及总超氧化物岐化酶（Ｔ－Ｓ     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein