猪饲粮中蛋白质含量宜满足需要而避免过量

在满足猪对必需氨基酸需要量的同时,避免蛋白质的过量饲喂不仅经济,而且有利于营养吸收,减轻对环境的压力.     

精确蛋白质日粮

成本控制已经影响了美国人对猪饲料中蛋白质含量的考虑,而现在对于环境问题的考虑也正在对欧洲生产着类似的影响。无论在美国还是在欧洲,猪日粮中的粗蛋白含量一直随着日粮中氨基酸的添加而下降。     

低蛋白质日粮饲喂保育猪、肥育猪使用效果

低蛋白质日粮即按NRC（美国饲养标准）推荐标准配制的日粮蛋白质基础上降低2%～4%粗蛋白。主要应用＂理想蛋白＂原理,通过添加赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸等必需氨基酸,可以使日粮蛋白质的利用大大提高,从而降低蛋白原料（鱼粉、     

日粮中不同的平衡蛋白质水平对生长肥育猪生长性能和胴体组威的影响

目前,人们常通过基因选择和营养调控来最大化地提高猪的瘦肉率。一般地,提高日粮营养水平,特别是适宜的氨基酸和能量水平,可提高猪的瘦肉率。氨基酸需要量可受到日粮蛋白质水平、日粮能量浓度、环境温度、性别和猪的瘦肉生长潜能等诸多因素的影响。赖氨酸是猪的第一限制性氨基酸。通常,首先要确定日粮中赖氨酸的需要量,然后以理想蛋白质理论为基础,去考虑其他必需氨基酸的需要量与赖氨酸需要量的比值,从而得出平衡蛋白质日粮。因此,平衡蛋白质日粮中所有必需氨基酸保持较适宜的水平,以满足动物机体的生理需要,和减少氨基酸的损失。     

猪的日粮养分供应量

关于不同基因型和不同环境条件下猪营养需要量,人们众说纷纭。尽管猪在基因型和所处环境条件不同时的营养需要量毫无疑问确实是存在差别的,但常常缺乏根据严格受控条件下精心进行的实验提出的营养推荐量。表1、表2、表3和表4代表了笔根据目前已发表的实验结果提出的养分供应量。     

缬氨酸在猪日粮中的应用

缬氨酸属支链氨基酸,是猪的必需氨基酸之一,在猪生产中担当重要角色;其具有氧化功能、促进蛋白质合成、抑制蛋白降解、促进糖异生等生理功能,不同生长阶段的猪对其的营养需要量是现阶段精准养殖的重点研究热点之一。本文就缬氨酸在使用不同日粮饲喂时、不同生长阶段猪对缬氨酸的营养需要量进行综述。     

在猪日粮中充分利用植物蛋白质

欧盟委员会 2 0 0 0年底关于在饲料中禁用某些动物蛋白质制品的决定 ,从技术上和经济上对进行猪、禽饲料配合的商业营养师提出了相当严峻的挑战。有些欧洲国家还已经自主决定将鱼粉包括在禁用之列 ,或者因靠近反刍畜饲料生产场地而担心其储存问题故将其剔除出生产多畜种饲料的饲料厂。与此同时 ,许多饲料生产商还往往不用动物脂肪而改用植物油脂以图在越来越严格的监督下增强行业的自信。这些措施的结果是增强了在日粮中对各种植物蛋白质的依赖 ,而究竟选用哪些原料就取决于相对成本和其供应量充足与否。这些原料的纤维含量较高 ,其中蛋白质…     

猪的日粮营养供给量

1 表内所列猪体重以Ib计。推荐的蛋白质和氨基酸供给量的条件是玉米-大豆粕日粮,其中分别含有1560和1500kcal/IbDE(可消化能)和ME(代谢能)。对高瘦肉遗传型的上市屠宰用猪,在计算氨基酸需用量时用的是理想比率(相对于赖氨酸)。 2 公猪在生长和肥育阶段应分别进食含0.90％和0.75％赖氨酸日粮。成年公猪尚未制定特殊的要求。妊娠期小母猪饲以全价日粮,成年公猪日粮也是全价的。     

配制低蛋白质日粮的必要性及其注意事项

近几十年来．猪的氨基酸营养一直是各国学者研究的热点。一方面由于全世界范围内蛋白质资源的日趋紧张．另一方面由于日粮氨基酸不平衡引发粪尿氮大量排放而引起严重的环境污染。在成本和环保的双重压力下,低蛋白质日粮成为自20世纪90年代以来欧美动物营养领域的研究热点。因此,在充分满足动物营养需要的情况下．采用以理想氨基酸模式为基础,按照真可消化氨基酸需要量合理配制低蛋白质日粮,对降低日粮蛋白质水平及减少环境污染意义重大。     

猪实用饲养技术──基础、需要量和日粮设计

营养学家和配方师一直在寻求组合多种原料以提高猪饲料质量及利润的方法。通常他们利用研究资料和新饲料名目来修订和调整配方。计算机模型化的新版NRC猪需要量标准,涉及对不同类型猪特定营养需要量的确定,也可以对特定猪群及不同基因型猪营养需要进行确定。新版NRC猪需要量标准的其它主要优点是：可利用大量饲料原料配制经济有效的猪日粮;能更精确地确定日粮中各原料特别是副产品原料的真实价值;饲料及其营养行为描述方面的新进展,也可用于改进日粮设计。最佳日粮配合取决于对各种目标饲料原料可利用蛋白质及能量含量的精确描述。…     

DDGS在猪日粮中的潜在应用价值

由于蛋白质含量低和纤维含量高,谷物中蒸出酒精或酒精饮料后的残渣大部分都用来饲喂肉牛和奶牛。然而,由于乙醇产量的增加和生产的现代化,DDGS在家禽和猪饲料中的应用与日俱增。Chad Hastad解释了应用DDGS的一些益处。     

DDGS在猪日粮中的应用

干酒糟及其可溶物（DDGS）是推向饲料市场的相对较新的饲料原料,不过所谓的“新”主要指在欧洲和亚洲的应用前景。在美国,2005年大约有900万吨的DDGS被当作饲料使用,其中75％～80％用于反刍动物,大约20％用于猪日粮。     

植酸酶在含有玉米副产品猪日粮中的效果

因为即使是不添加微生物型植酸酶,干酒糟副产品中的磷也可被猪充分地消化,所以添加植酸酶对提高这些成分中磷的消化率仅能产生极为有限的作用,因此并不经济。     

Utilization of spray-dried blood cells and crystalline isoleucine in nursery pig diets

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate spray-dried blood cells (SDBC) and crystalline isoleucine in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 120 pigs were used to evaluate 0, 2, 4, and 6% SDBC (as-fed basis) in a sorghum-based diet. There were six replicates of each treatment and five pigs per pen, with treatments imposed at an initial BW of 9.3 kg and continued for 16 d. Increasing SDBC from 0 to 4% had no effect on ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Pigs fed the 6% SDBC diet had decreased ADG (P < 0.01) and G:F (P = 0.06) compared with pigs fed diets containing 0, 2, or 4% SDBC. In Exp. 2, 936 pigs were used to test diets containing 2.5 or 5% SDBC (as-fed basis) vs. two control diets. There were six replicates of each treatment at industry (20 pigs per pen) and university (six pigs per pen) locations. Treatments were imposed at an initial BW of 5.9 and 8.1 kg at the industry and the university locations, respectively, and continued for 16 d. Little effect on pig performance was noted by supplementing 2.5% SDBC, with or without crystalline Ile, in nursery diets. Pigs fed the 5% SDBC diet without crystalline Ile had decreased ADG (P < 0.01), ADFI (P < or = 0.10), and G:F (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the control diets. Supplementation of Ile restored ADG, ADFI, and G:F to levels that were not different from that of pigs fed the control diets. In Exp. 3, 1,050 pigs were used to test diets containing 5, 7.5, or 9% SDBC (as-fed basis) vs. a control diet. There were six replicates of each treatment at the industry (20 pigs per pen) location and five replicates at the university (six pigs per pen) locations. Treatments were imposed at an initial BW of 6.3 and 7.0 kg at the industry and university locations, respectively, and continued for 16 d. Supplementation of 5% SDBC without crystalline Ile decreased ADG and G:F (P < 0.01) compared with pigs fed the control diet, but addition of Ile increased ADG (P < 0.01) to a level not different from that of pigs fed the control diet. The decreased ADG, ADFI, and G:F noted in pigs fed the 7.5% SDBC diet was improved by addition of Ile (P < 0.01), such that ADG and ADFI did not differ from those of pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed diets containing 9.5% SDBC exhibited decreased ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P < 0.01), all of which were improved by Ile addition (P < 0.01); however, ADG (P < 0.05) and G:F (P = 0.09) remained lower than for pigs fed the control diet. These data indicate that SDBC can be supplemented at relatively high levels to nursery diets, provided that Ile requirements are met.     

水果蔬菜和鱼类的副产物作为猪饲料的可行性分析

我们对水果蔬菜和鱼类的副产物作为育肥猪的饲料进行了可行性分析。这些副产物主要是指水果蔬菜的皮、核以及鱼内脏等，主要来自于西班牙的Salamanca的商店，并且对它们的营养成分、矿物质含量以及可消化性进行了评估。在本次实验中，这些副产品的干物质含量偏低（在果菜和鱼类副产物分别为12％和26％），但这些干物质却包含了所有猪饮食中所需的营养成分。鱼类的副产物含有58％的粗蛋白、22％的灰份、19％的醚提取物和1％的粗纤维，而果菜副产物中含有65％自由氦提取物、13％粗纤维、12％粗蛋白、8％的灰份以及2％醚提取物。这些副产物随着温度的升高，它们的可消化性会逐渐降低，所以温度高于65℃的果菜副产物和高于105℃的鱼类副产物，我们都予以废弃，这也是出于控制微生物含量的考虑。     

Oesophagogastric parakeratosis in the growing pig: effects of the physical form of barley-based diets and added fibre

In four experiments a total of 288 individually fed pigs were given barley-based diets for about 100 days from about 20 kg liveweight. Fine grinding of barley increased the number and severity of oesophagogastric lesions. Pelleting a diet based on coarsely ground barley had a similar effect. Coarser grinding of the barley and substituting small proportions of oat husk, but not of bran, gave lower incidences and severities of lesions. The performance responses of the pigs differed and give a framework for deciding on the balance to be struck between optimal performance and the risk of lesion development.     

早期断奶仔猪日粮中添加生物制剂控制断奶应激的研究

本试验的目的在于研究生物制剂(安牠王)在乳仔猪断奶、保育阶段日粮中替代抗生素、高铜的使用效果,探讨安牠王对仔猪断奶后多系统衰弱综合症的预防与控制的作用机理。1材料与方法本试验选择出生7±3日龄法系纯种皮特兰乳猪320头随机分为4组,每组80头,8个重复,每个重复10只。1组为对照,2、3、4组为试验组。试验前进行空腹秤重,猪只健康状况检查,保证组间没有差异。在乳仔猪阶段开始进行试验,全程为57d,即从仔猪7日龄开始叫槽补料到断奶后36d(断奶日龄为28d)分3阶段进行:仔猪出生后7日龄开始补料到断奶后两周(42日龄)为第1阶段,43~56日龄为第2…     

Supplementation of pig diets in the growth and termination phases with different calcium sources

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of pig diets in the growth and termination phases with different calcium sources. In experiment I, 36 whole males were distributed in randomized blocks in six groups, with six replications. A basal diet was formulated to meet the animals’ nutritional requirements except for calcium (0.09%), and the sources evaluated (calcitic limestone, monodicalcium phosphate, calcinated bone flour, and oyster flour) replaced the basal diet to provide 0.59% of total calcium. To determine the endogenous calcium, a diet containing low calcium (0.019%) was given simultaneously to another group of animals. Feces and urine were collected for determination the coefficients of apparent and true digestibility. In experiment II, 160 piglets were distributed in randomized blocks in four treatments, with five replications and four animals per experimental unit. Carcass and performance parameters, calcium concentration in bone and serum, and bone parameters were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and factorial. The calcium source did not influence the digestibility coefficients determined by total collection (P > 0.05). The digestibility of Ca from oyster flour estimated by collection with an indicator was higher than that from the other sources (P < 0.05). Calcium sources did not interfere in the evaluated parameters (P > 0.05). The sources studied in this work can be used to supplement growing pigs’ diets.