秋覆盖的保水效应及对春玉米生长的影响

设置高(9000 kg·hm^-2)、中(6000 kg·hm^-2)、低(3000 kg·hm^-2)3种不同量秸秆覆盖和平覆、垄覆2种不同方式的地膜覆盖,以全程不覆盖为对照,研究了秋季雨后覆盖(休闲期加生育期全程覆盖)对土壤水分及春玉米生长状况的影响。结果表明：在冬闲期,各覆盖处理(除秸秆覆盖3 000 kg·hm^-2处理)的土壤蓄水量分别较不覆盖处理(CK)增加了21.22 mm、20.49 mm、18.37mm和19.5mm,使玉米出苗较CK至少提前了3 d。在播种期~大喇叭口期(播后70 d),平覆地膜和垄覆地膜平均土壤蓄水量分别较对照增加15.57 mm和15.73 mm;秸秆覆盖6 000 kg·hm^-2和9 000 kg hm^-2处理平均土壤蓄水量分别较对照增加12.05 mm和12.03 mm。秸秆覆盖处理在玉米生长后期土壤蓄水量较对照增加不显著。秋覆盖处理均可促进春玉米个体的生长,地膜覆盖处理可以显著提高春玉米生长前期的单株干重、株高和叶面积,秸秆覆盖在生育后期较对照显著提高。平覆地膜、垄覆地膜两个处理的玉米籽粒产量和水分生产效率分别较对照增加14.6%、13.9%和11.0%、11.1%(P<0.05),秸秆覆盖处理增产均不显著。     

Effect of residue management and fallow length on weeds and rice yield

Reduced fallow length in slash-and-burn rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems of northern Laos increased weed pressure, labour requirement and the need for soil and moisture conservation. On-farm and on-station studies and on-farm surveys were used to evaluate the effect of residue management and cropping intensity on weed population, rice yield and nematode density. Residue loads were 2.3–4.4 t ha^?1 after a rice crop and 9.5 t ha^?1 after 1 year of fallow. Compared with farmers' traditional burning of crop and weed residues, mulching reduced rice yield by 43% in one out of four comparisons and increased weed biomass by 19–100%. Compared with continuous rice treatments (averaged over burning and mulching treatments), treatments with fallow or cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in the previous year had 32% less herbaceous weed biomass, 90% fewer Ageratum conyzoides L. and over 99% fewer Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Birchfield. Rice yield was negatively associated with A. conyzoides density (?0.62, P < 0.01) and M. graminicola number (?0.42, P < 0.05). Less striking effects of fallow period on A. conyzoides and M. graminicola, observed from on-farm surveys, demonstrate the limitations of on-farm studies because of undocumented effects of farmers' management decisions.     

秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分利用及春玉米产量的影响

为了探明半干旱区秸秆覆盖栽培中适宜的秸秆覆盖量,在宁南旱区进行了春玉米栽培试验。试验设1.35、0.9、0.45和0万kg/hm24个覆盖量处理,分析了不同覆盖量对土壤水分、玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,4年玉米生育期覆盖量从高到低0～200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别较CK(无覆盖)高15.47、10.79 mm和6.26 mm(P<0.05)。试验期间,2009年玉米生育期降雨量最低(为266.1 mm),各处理依次较CK增产13.10%、17.37%和5.40%(P<0.05);2010年玉米生育期降雨量最高(为433.6 mm),各处理依次较CK增产3.91%、7.58%(P<0.05)和1.70%。0.9～1.35万kg/hm2覆盖量增产效果明显,4年平均比CK增产14.23%～12.03%,水分利用效率提高了10.64%～8.87%。宁南旱区,0.9万kg/hm2秸秆覆盖量能更好地蓄水保墒,促进农田土壤水分良性循环,且对提高玉米产量和水分利用效率有显著效果。     

Problems in control of Rottboellia exaltata L.f. in maize in Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, Philippines

Various methods were tested to control the annual grass Rottboellia exaltata L.f. in maize (Zea mays L.) under small-farm conditions in Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, Philippines during 1977 and 1978. No single method was satisfactory. Despite adequate early season control, late-germinating Rottboellia tillered profusely. By harvest, plots had heavy infestations and were carpeted with seed. At harvest, untreated controls averaged 8·6 t Rottboellia dry matter ha^?1 and only half the maize yield of handweeded plots. The ‘karase’ spike-tooth harrow, or 0·2 kg paraquat ha^?1, effectively removed Rottboellia flushes before maize emergence, but these techniques delayed planting, which can intensify downy mildew disease (Sclerospora sp.). Even though handweeding increased maize yields and decreased Rottboellia dry weights, it is impractical on typical 3- to 5-ha maize farms. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. aureus), intercropped with maize, suppressed Rottboellia initially. Openings caused by mungbean harvest, however, allowed explosive late-season weed growth in maize. Three herbicide treatments were as effective as handweeding: pendimethalin plus atrazine, either banded over the maize row (followed by cultivation), or broadcast; and pendimethalin followed by 2, 4-D, both broadcast. In one experiment, low-cost practices, including weed flush removal, cultivation, or handweeding, provided high net returns, whereas expensive herbicide treatments produced low net returns. Fertilizer, applied without weed control, increased maize yield 62%. Without fertilizer, weed control increased yield 107%. Combining the two raised yield 167%.     

Grain sorghum response and Palmer amaranth control with postemergence application of fluthiacet-methyl

Palmer amaranth is a problematic weed in grain sorghum production in central United States. Due to limited herbicide options available and ever increasing herbicide-resistant weed species, there is a demand for new mode-of-action herbicides for use in grain sorghum. Fluthiacet-methyl is a relatively new active ingredient that inhibits the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase in target plants. Field studies were conducted at three sites in central United States in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate crop response and Palmer amaranth control with postemergence application of fluthiacet-methyl in grain sorghum. Treatments included fluthiacet-methyl at 4.8 and 7.2 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha^?1 alone and tank-mixed with 2,4-D amine at 260 g acid equivalent (a.e.) ha^?1 or atrazine at 840 g a.i. ha^?1. Carfentrazone at 8.8 g a.i. ha^?1, atrazine at 840 g ha^?1, and a non-treated control were also included. Fluthiacet-methyl treatments caused 9–38% crop injury at 4 ± 1 days after treatment. Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl seldom affected crop injury, while mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl often reduced crop injury. Generally, injury caused by fluthiacet-methyl alone or in combination with atrazine or 2,4-D disappeared within 3 weeks after treatment. Grain yields were reduced in one trial, when 2,4-D mixed with 4.8 or 7.2 g ha^?1 of fluthiacet-methyl caused 18% and 13% plant lodging and 24% and 14% grain yield loss, respectively. Across site-years, fluthiacet-methyl alone at 4.8 or 7.2 g ha^?1 provided 55–95% control of Palmer amaranth. Greater Palmer amaranth control (≥75%) with fluthiacet-methyl alone was achieved when weeds were small or density was low at the time of spraying. Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl increased Palmer amaranth control and sorghum yields considerably. Tank-mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl also increased Palmer amaranth control, but to lesser extent and less consistently than with atrazine. Results indicated that fluthiacet-methyl has potential for use in grain sorghum to combat weeds resistant to acetolactase synthase-inhibitors, triazines, and synthetic auxin herbicides. Tank-mixing atrazine or 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl is desirable for effective Palmer amaranth control.     

Survey and Assessment of the Natural Enemies of Water Hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes

Abstract

In northern Queensland, the addition of 2,4,5‐T butyl ester was found to be unnecessary to maintain the control of Echinochloa colona (L.) Link and Cyperus Iria L. In dry seeded rice when propanil rates were reduced below the registered rate of 4 kg a.i. ha^?1. Adequate weed control was obtained with 1.3 kg a.i. ha^?1 propanil alone. No adverse effects on rice yield were found with any of the propanil × 2,4,5‐T treatments. Low rates of propanil, 1.3 and 0.72 kg a.i. ha^?1, compared favourably with pre‐emergence treatments of thiobencarb, butachlor, oxyfluorfen and pretilachlor (plus a safener) when weed yields were low. Where water management was poor and Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. was the dominant weed, oxyfluorfen applied pre‐emergence at 0.96 kg a.i. ha^?1 produced a higher rice and a lower weed yield than the low rates of propanil. In three of the five experiments, weed growth was insufficient to depress rice yields significantly.     

不同覆盖方式和灌水定额对河西绿洲食葵农田土壤水热、养分和产量的影响

为明确不同覆盖方式结合灌水定额在食葵种植中的增产机制,以无覆盖（N）种植为对照,设置地膜覆盖（S）、秸秆覆盖（F）和碎麦秸垫式膜覆盖（SF）共3种覆盖方式,结合900 m³·hm^-2（H）和750 m³·hm^-2（M）2个灌水定额,对食葵农田土壤水热、养分及产量展开研究。结果表明：覆盖处理结合不同灌水定额均较无覆盖种植增加土壤贮水量,其中当灌水定额为900 m³·hm^-2时,SF和F显著增加23.89%和12.37%、S增加了6.50%;当灌水定额为750 m³·hm^-2时,SF、F、S分别显著增加20.64%、8.23%、6.96%。覆盖处理结合不同灌水定额对土壤温度的影响不同,其中当灌水定额为900 m³·hm^-2时,SF和F较N提高2.82%～7.43%,S较N降低4.3%;当灌水定额为750 m³·hm^-2时,SF和F均高于N,增幅为1.40%～6.87%。覆盖处理结合不同灌水定额可提高土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量,其中SF处理有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量较N处理分别显著增加16.7%、15.2%、12.8%和16.5%,F和S处理有机质、速效磷和速效钾较N处理分别提高6.3%～6.8%、4.7%～7.8%和8.6%～8.8%。覆盖处理结合不同灌水定额可提高食葵产量及水分利用效率,其中SFH、SH、FH、SFM、FM处理分别较N处理增产25.9%、6.7%、10.4%、18.2%、15.2%,SM降低了3.1%,SFM处理水分利用效率提高6.3%。综上所述,SFM处理在改善食葵土壤水热、增加土壤养分、提高食葵产量及水分利用效率方面具有较大优势,故SFM种植模式是适宜于河西绿洲食葵种植的农业生产技术。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

Influence of herbicide application rate and timings for post-emergence control of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. maize

Field experiments were carried out in Greece from 1990 to 1992 to study the effect of application timing and rate of nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron on Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. control and maize yield. All herbicide rates are given in terms of active ingredient (a.i.). Nicosulfuron applied at 22.5, 30.0 and 37.5 g ha^?1 to S. halepense at height 20–35 cm provided greater than 93% control 90 days after treatment, while rimsulfuron applied at 7.5,10.0 and 12.5 g ha^?1 resulted in 81–91% control. Split applications of nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron, as well as tank-mixtures of nicosulfuron+rimsulfuron, gave 91–94% control. Maize yield in all herbicide treatments was greater than that of the weed-infested control and similar to that of the hand-weeded control. S. halepense control with nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron applied to plants 20–35 cm tall was greater than that obtained with their application to plants 5–15, 10–20 or 35–60 cm tall. Rates of 10 and 20 g ha^?1 of rimsulfuron provided control of S. halepense similar to or significantly lower than that achieved with 30 and 60 g ha^?1 of nicosulfuron, respectively. Maize yield produced by all herbicide treatments applied at any time was significantly greater than that of the weed-infested control.     

施氮和覆膜对旱作春玉米农田土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的影响

为研究长期不同施氮水平和覆膜对黄土高原旱作春玉米高产体系土壤微生物活性的影响,设置田间试验包含施氮水平和覆膜2个因子,施氮量分别为0（N0）、100 kg·hm^-2（N100）、250 kg·hm^-2（N250）和400 kg·hm^-2（N400）,每个施氮水平下分别有覆膜（F）与不覆膜（B）处理,供试玉米品种为先玉335。2014年采集0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量和酶活性,分析微生物量计量学特征并进行综合评价。结果表明,无论覆膜与否,土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷均随施氮量的增加而增加（除不覆膜时N400处理）,施氮量高于250 kg·hm^-2时土壤微生物量增加不显著。覆膜对土壤微生物量碳、氮无显著影响,而显著增加土壤微生物量磷;覆膜在一定程度上降低N0、N100和N400处理土壤微生物量碳氮比,施氮则显著增加微生物量碳氮比和微生物量氮磷比。0~10 cm土层脲酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加,但覆膜对脲酶活性无显著影响。覆膜和施氮均显著增加碱性磷酸酶活性,0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层覆膜N400处理碱性磷酸酶活性在相应土层最大,分别为1.49 mg·g^-1·d^-1和1.61 mg·g^-1·d^-1。主成分分析结果表明施氮量为250 kg·hm^-2时土壤微生物活性最强。研究表明无论覆膜与否,250 kg·hm^-2的施氮量是该地区适宜的施氮量。     

Effect of Phosphorus and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Inoculation on Growth and Productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.) in a Tropical Ferralsol

Soil fertility in the Lubumbashi region often proves to be limiting factor for crop production due to their low nutrient reserves. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizae on phosphorus uptake by maize on Ferralsol. The trial was conducted in pots with 30?kg or 60?kg of P₂O₅ ha^?1 and a control. These three levels of phosphorus were combined or not with arbuscular mycorrhizae. The combinations of 30?kg or 60?kg of phosphorus with the inoculum led to a male flowering of maize at 63 days after semi. Maize treated with 60?kg of phosphorus ha^?1 formed very few or almost no blisters in the roots. Cob weight, length, diameter, number of rows and kernel weight varied significantly with phosphorus on both inoculated and uninoculated pots. The inoculated plants had high averages for these yield parameters. Due to the lack of phosphate fertilizer, inoculum alone can be an alternative to phosphorus provided that nitrogen and potassium are added, resulting in small but seed-filled ears compared to the phosphorus-free control without mycorrhizae, which resulted in empty ears. Yield varied significantly with the addition of phosphorus (0.3 to 6.1 tons ha^?1) and less significantly with inoculum (3 to 3.7?t ha^?1). The combination of treatments showed a significant difference in favour of the 60?kg of phosphorus or 60?kg of phosphorus associated with the inoculum. The highest phosphorus content was obtained on the inoculum treatment alone, which provided 1.4?mg phosphorus?g^?1 maize compared to other treatments, which provided 0.69 to 0.71?mg phosphorus?g^?1 maize.

     

Evaluation of Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency,Digestibility and Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Forage Beet Cultivars Under Different Irrigation Methods and Nitrogen Levels

The aim of this study was to evaluate the water and nitrogen use efficiency and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage beet cultivars under the influence of different irrigation methods and nitrogen levels in two cropping years, 2017–18 and 2018–19, at Agricultural Research Station in Karaj, Iran. Experimental factors included the first factor with four irrigation methods (normal leakage, alternate furrow irrigation, fixed furrow irrigation, type (drip-strip)), the second factor was the amount of nitrogen fertilizer with three levels (150, 200 and 250?kg N ha^?1) and the third factor included three forage beet cultivars (Sbsi052, Jamon and Kyros). Among irrigation treatments, alternate furrow irrigation and fixed furrow irrigation had the highest sugar content with 9.28% and 9.17%, respectively. The highest yield of digestible organic matter was obtained in leakage irrigation treatment, nitrogen fertilizer of 250?kg ha^?1 and in Kyros at the rate of 19.45?t ha^?1. The highest yield of root digestible dry matter, potassium, sodium and free nitrogen was observed in leakage irrigation treatment and consumption of 200?kg ha^?1 nitrogen was observed in foreign cultivars. The highest crude protein was observed in alternate furrow irrigation conditions with a consumption of 200?kg ha^?1 nitrogen in cultivar Sbsi052 at 13.08%. Leakage irrigation and type tape had the highest consumption efficiency and efficiency of nitrogen uptake with application of 150 and 200?kg ha^?1 N, and the highest water use efficiency was also observed in leakage irrigation and type tape with application of 250?kg ha^?1 N in domestic and foreign cultivars. The type irrigation method showed better quantitative and qualitative yield than the furrow irrigation methods.

     

Soft rock for improving crop yield in sandy soil in the Mu Us desert,China

Soft rock efficiently retains water because it is hard when dry but expands rapidly when wet, thus it can be used as a natural water retention agent. Therefore, soft rock can be blended with sandy soil to enhance the water-holding capacity of sandy land. Understanding how soft rock content in sandy soil affects corn growth (Zea mays L.) is essential for enhancing local agricultural production in the Mu Us Desert. The Root Zone Water Quality Model 2 was calibrated and validated based on 2-years of experimental data for composite soils prepared at three ratios of soft rock to sand (1:1, 1:2, and 1:5 v/v), and then used to estimate the water non-limiting potential yield (Yp) and the potential yield of a rainfed crop [Yp(r)], along with yield gap [YG(r)] of corn using the weather data from 1990 to 2013 in the Mu Us Desert. The mean simulated Yp(r) of corn in the compound soil at a ratio of 1:2 was significantly higher than that of the compound soil at 1:1 and 1:5 ratios, respectively. The mean simulated Yp(r)s of corn were 2.551, 3.527, and 2.924?Mg ha^?1 and the YG(r)s were 6.071, 5.096, and 5.698?Mg ha^?1 for 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5 ratios, respectively. The crop yield depends on the amount of soft rock added to the sandy soils.     

Tests of soil fertility following repeated applications of MCPA, tri-allate, simazine and linuron

The following herbicides were applied annually from 1963 to experimental plots of appropriate crops grown in monoculture: MCPA 1.7 kg ha^?1, triallate 1.7 kg ha^?1, simazine 1.7 kg ha^?1 and linuron 0.84 kg ha^?1 (applied twice per year). Before the eighth treatment in 1970, nutrient status, pH and growth in greenhouse tests of a range of plants were similar in soils from treated and control plots. There were no significant differences in yield when several test crops were grown in the field plots in 1977. In a similar experiment which ran for 6 years, the same herbicides were applied twice per year at twice the above rates on each occasion (three times a year at 1.7 kg ha^?1 in the case of linuron) to uncropped plots. Three years after the last treatment, there were no differences in extractable nutrients, pH, soil structure and crop yield on treated or control plots. These results support the conclusion from the main monitoring of the experiments reported elsewhere that annual treatments with these herbicides have had no adverse affect on the soil.     

垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响

采用大田试验,设置垄作覆膜(A1B1)、平作覆膜(A1B2)、垄作不覆膜(A2B1)、平作不覆膜(A2B2)4个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对川中丘区春玉米田土壤物理性状和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖显著提高了丘陵旱地玉米生育前期耕层土壤水分和温度;垄作栽培显著降低耕层土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度;垄作与覆膜措施相结合可有效改善土壤水热状况和物理结构。从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜显著提高玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重,降低秃尖长,产量较不覆膜处理平均增加20.2%。垄作对玉米穗部性状和产量的影响因覆膜与否而异。覆膜下,垄作较平作显著提高了穗粒数,降低了秃尖长,产量较平作增加7.7%;不覆膜下,垄作则显著降低穗粒数、百粒重,产量较平作降低12.6%。相关分析表明玉米产量与生育前期土壤温度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。垄作覆膜通过提高玉米生育前期土壤温度和含水量,改善了耕层土壤物理性状,最终提高了玉米产量。     

Effects of tillage on winter wheat production in Mediterranean dryland fields

The benefits of conservation agriculture (CA) and associated technologies are not equal for all agro ecosystems. This study used a field experiment to examine winter-wheat yield and weeds under conservational and conventional systems in the central region of Spain. The three tillage treatments were conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT). The climatic conditions influenced wheat yield, yield components, soil water content and weeds. When the autumn-winter rainfall was abundant and constant (69.7% of annual rainfall), wheat grain yield (4465?kg?ha^?1) and yield components (3897?kg?ha^?1 of straw biomass and 584.5 ear m^?2) were highest. Wheat grain yield was highest with NT: 3549.9?kg?ha^?1 (compared to MT: 2955.1?kg?ha^?1 and CT: 2950.3?kg?ha^?1) and ear number per m² was significantly lower with MT (332 no ear m^?2, compared to 426 and 411.6?ear?m^?2 in CT and NT-systems respectively). Soil water content, at earing stage, was the highest in NT (27.36% of soil moisture) while MT showed the lowest content (11.83% of soil moisture). The higher weed measurements (means of 2.557 plants m^?2; 1.443 species m^?2 and 2.536 g m^?2) was with higher annual rainfall (488?mm). Throughout the experiment it was the dominant presence, in MT-wheat plots, of Lolium rigidum Gaudin (with means from 4.87 to 7.71 plants m^?2), which reduced the ear number per m². Our study revealed that in the short term, under semi-arid conditions, only the adoption of NT system (rather than MT) showed economic benefits.     

黄土旱塬垄作覆膜栽培土壤水分及温度变化研究

黄土高原雨养农业区水分缺乏是制约农业生产的关键因子。本研究在黄土高原长武塬进行小区试验,通过垄作覆膜(RP)与平作不覆膜(FP)两种处理的对比研究,分析垄作覆膜下玉米生长时期土壤水分与温度的变化,以及降雨事件对于土壤水分的动态影响。结果表明,垄作覆膜在30~60 cm土层土壤水分显著高于平作不覆膜约8%,而平作不覆膜在深层(100~160 cm)土壤水分明显高于垄作覆膜,玉米生长季土体储水量变化垄作覆膜垄与沟在30~60 cm处均高出平作不覆膜20 mm,而在100~160 cm处垄作覆膜比平作不覆膜低25 mm。垄沟覆膜-垄(RPR)土壤表层10 cm处温度较垄沟覆膜-沟(RPF)与平作不覆膜分别高2.01℃和1.91℃。中雨情况下,垄作覆膜降雨土壤入渗深度可达30 cm,平作不覆膜下可以到10 cm,但强降雨事件中垄作覆膜土壤深层入渗受到抑制。降雨强度越大,土壤前期含水量越高,土壤水分峰值产生的时间越短;垄作覆膜由于土壤水分条件的改善使得土壤水分峰值出现时间较平作不覆膜早。垄作覆膜由于垄沟微地形改变使沟内具有集水效应,同时沟内集水对垄上水分存在侧向补充,但时间上存在滞后效应,滞后时间与降雨量和降雨前土壤含水量相关。垄作覆膜能够保水保墒,增加降雨入渗,抑制强降雨事件的深层入渗,抑制"自覆盖"现象的发生,从而对玉米生长具有重要的意义。     

Cereal leaf beetles (Oulema spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) control following various dates of wheat sowing and insecticidal treatments

In this paper, we report the sowing date and intensity of chemical control on presence of the cereal leaf beetles (CLB) on spring wheat. The CLB monitoring (Oulema melanopus L. and Oulema gallaeciana Voet.) was conducted in May–June of each year, following the announcement of the IOR-PiB in Poznań (Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute), that economic threshold levels in Poland of this pest is observed. For the spring sowing dates between (20 March–20 April) and late autumn sowings (21 November–7 December) larger amounts of CLB adults (1.6–1.1) in comparison to early autumn sowings (25 October–02 November) were noticed (0.4). Following the insecticidal seed treatment with imidacloprid, the occurrence of adults was 0.2–0.7 individual per stem, while the use of fungicidal treatment with triadimenol–imazalil–fuberidazol resulted in average 1.1–2.2 individual per stem. The reduction in the number of larvae per stem was 7–10 fold larger following the foliar application (pirimicarb + dimethoate + cypermethrin) compared to the seed treatment with imidacloprid. The lowest grain yield (3.83 t ha^?1) from the spring crop without any insecticide was obtained. Foliar application with blend of pirimicarb + dimethoate + cypermethrin increased the yield crop by 0.41 t ha^?1 (10.7%) and additionally by 0.78 t ha^?1 (20.4%) to compare to the fungicidal control when imidacloprid was used. Wheat seed treatment with imidacloprid and sowing date in autumn showed to be suitable and economically efficient preventive strategies for controlling the pest population.     

不同秸秆覆盖耕种模式对半干旱区玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

研究合理的秸秆覆盖耕种模式是实现半干旱区秸秆覆盖条件下玉米绿色高效生产的重要途径。开展2 a大田试验,设置传统耕作模式(CK)、秸秆覆盖模式(T1)、秸秆覆盖+深松模式(T2)、秸秆覆盖+碎混模式(T3)4个处理,研究不同秸秆覆盖耕种模式对玉米根系伤流特性、光合特性、碳氮代谢相关酶活性、生长发育、产量及其构成因素和水分利用特性的影响。结果表明：不同处理玉米根系伤流强度、伤流液中细胞分裂素(CTK)和生长素(IAA)含量均表现为T3>T2>CK>T1,脱落酸(ABA)含量表现为T1>CK>T2>T3;与CK和T1处理相比,T2与T3处理的CTK和IAA含量显著增加、ABA含量显著下降。玉米叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、表观叶肉导度(AMC)和叶片水分利用效率(WUEL)均表现为T3>T2>CK>T1,气孔限制百分率(L_s)表现为T3相似文献   

Selective herbicides for establishing weed-free grass: The effect of mixtures and sequences of herbicides, including ethofumesate and methabenzthiazuron

Two field experiments compared various sequences of ethofumesate, methabenzthiazuron and mecoprop, and mixtures of metamitron, ethofumesate and methabenzthiazuron for their control of Poa annua L. and Stelluria media (L). Vill. during the establishment of autumn-sown perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). In experiment 1 pre-emergence treatments required a second, post-emergence spraying to give complete control of P. annua. Grass seedlings reappeared in early spring following ethofumesate treatment, but populations built up earlier where methabenzthiazuron had been used. The most successful treatment was ethofumesate at 1.4 kg a.i. ha^?1 followed by 0.7 kg a.i, ha^?1 in spring. Methabenzthiazuron at 0.8 kg a.i. ha^?1 followed by ethofumesate at 0.7 kg a.i. ha^?1 in December was also effective. Methabenzthiazuron at 1.6 kg a.i. ha^?1 damaged ryegrass but was effective as a secondary treatment at lower doses in spring. Most treatments controlled S. media satisfactorily, but this sometimes increased the yield of P. annua. Metamitron greatly reduced tiller numbers of P. annua in experiment 2, especially when sprayed with methabenzthiazuron. Only treatments which included ethofumesate controlled S. media adequately but there was no advantage in combining this herbicide with any other for controlling P. annua.