Heavy metal contamination of urban topsoil in a petrochemical industrial city in Xinjiang,China

Heavy metal pollution is a widespread phenomenon in many countries of the world.In this study,we conducted a field investigation to assess the status of heavy metal pollution in urban soils of Dushanzi,a district of Karamay city in Xinjiang,China.A total of 56 soil samples in the topsoil layer of 0–15 cm were collected within the urban area and seven elements(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni) were analyzed.The mean concentrations of these metals were all higher than their corresponding background values of soils in Xinjiang.We used the pollution index and ecological risk index to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution and the potential ecological risk of urban soils.The pollution index values of Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni were 1.81,1.35,4.64,1.27,1.80,1.39 and 1.22,respectively;and the potential ecological risk index values for them were 12.03,1.79,185.05,8.39,4.78,18.44 and 1.79,respectively.These results indicated that urban soils in Dushanzi were polluted by heavy metals to some extent and demonstrated a high ecological risk,as influenced by industrial activities.Cd was the key element for the metal pollution of urban soils in the study area.Correlation analyses,principal component analysis coupled with the spatial distribution maps of element concentrations further revealed that heavy metal pollution of urban soils can be mainly attributed to petrochemical industry,coal chemical industry,traffic and commercial activities.     

环青海湖地区表层土壤重金属富集含量及其生态风险评价

为评估环青海湖地区表层土壤中重金属富集含量与生态风险状况,按网格法采集87组土壤样品,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry,ICP-AES)测定土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Cu、Zn和Ni,并利用内梅罗综...     

省道路边菜地土壤重金属含量分布及污染评价

采集西安市S107省道路边菜地土壤样品,利用XRF法测定土壤样品中重金属的含量,研究路边土壤中重金属的含量变化特征及污染水平。研究结果显示,路边菜地土壤中存在着Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni和V的累积现象。土壤重金属含量空间变化分析表明,防护林能够有效限制扩散能力强的Pb和Cr的传播范围,可阻挡通过大颗粒污染物扩散的Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、V和As进入菜地土壤。单项污染指数评价结果显示,菜地土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni、V单因子污染指数均在1.0～1.7范围内,都达到了轻度污染,其中Pb、Cr污染指数能达到1.6和1.7,污染相对较重。路边菜地土壤重金属的综合污染指数分别为1.9和1.8,污染水平为轻度。     

宝鸡二电厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特征及评价

采集宝鸡二电厂周边34处农田土壤样品,采用X-Ray荧光光谱仪测定土壤样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、V的含量,利用内梅罗综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价土壤重金属的污染水平及潜在生态风险。结果表明:宝鸡二电厂周边农田土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、V的含量均高于陕西表层土壤背景值,电厂西南方向土壤中Cr、Mn含量最大,东北方向土壤中含量最小,其他重金属元素的含量在各方位变化不明显;电厂周边农田土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、V均处于轻度污染状态,各采样点重金属综合污染属于轻度;土壤中各重金属元素均处于轻度生态风险,总的潜在生态风险处于中等水平。     

沣河沿岸土壤重金属分布特征及来源分析

在野外调查的基础上,以陕西省沣河沿岸土壤为研究对象,结合数据统计与GIS制图,对Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn、Ni和V 8种重金属元素富集特征、空间分布、生态风险及来源进行分析。结果表明：研究区各重金属元素含量在人群、工厂密集地显著富集,并均有着随水流方向呈总体升高的趋势。土壤中Co、Cr、Mn、Pb和V的几何均值分别为21.5、92.1、611.1、32.9 mg•kg^-1和75.4 mg•kg^-1,均高于陕西省土壤背景值。其中,Co、Cr、Mn和Pb含量的超标率达100%、75%、63%和25%,表现为以Co为主的多种重金属复合污染。污染评价结果表明：研究区存在不同程度的重金属污染,其中,Co、Cr、Pb和Ni污染主要集中在沣河中下游河段,Cu污染主要集中在沣河中上游河段。沣河沿岸土壤重金属污染与人类活动关系密切,应引起重视。     

蓝田冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属复合污染分析评价

为了解粗铅冶炼活动对周边土壤的污染情况,防止重金属再污染和修复改良已污染土壤,对蓝田冶炼厂周边农田土壤中重金属含量的空间分布规律进行初步分析,并运用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对该区重金属污染水平进行评价.结果表明:水平方向上,距冶炼厂100 m处的表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属的含量最高,分别达1 341.693、188.877、251.015、21.810 mg/kg,依次为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的3.833、0.630、2.510、36.349倍.随着距离的增大,重金属含量大体都呈现出先上升、后下降最后趋于稳定的分布状况;剖面土壤中,重金属含量从表层到深层递减,0～35 cm范围各层含量变化幅度较大,35 cm以下基本上趋于稳定.从综合污染指数来看,表层土壤和剖面土壤各样点的综合污染指数均远大于3,说明该区农田土壤已处于重度复合污染状态.     

新乡小冀工业区周边土壤重金属污染评价与形态分析

通过实地调查和实验分析,对小冀工业区周边土壤中六种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)进行了总量测定。参照GB15618-1995二级标准,采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤质量进行了现状评价,并采用Tessier五步连续萃取法对超标重金属Cd、Ni和Zn进行了形态分析及生物活性分析。结果表明:1)Cr、Cu和Pb含量均未超过国标二级标准,Cd、Ni和Zn三种重金属含量均超标,工业区综合污染非常严重,主要污染元素是Cd;2)Cd、Ni和Zn在土壤中的形态分布差异性较大,Cd主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Ni和Zn主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在;3)金属生物活性系数大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Ni,迁移系数的大小顺序是Cd>Zn>Ni,其中Cd的生态风险很大。     

新疆污灌区重金属含量及形态研究

本文对新疆污灌区土壤中Cu、Zn、N i、Cr、Pb五种重金属元素的含量和形态特征进行了研究。结果表明,Cu、Zn、N i、Cr、Pb主要富集在0—20cm表土中。以《土壤环境质量标准》GB15618—1995二级标准为评价标准,污染综合指数评价均为安全级。新疆污灌表土中Cu、Zn、N i、Cr、Pb以残渣态为主,水溶态和可交换态比例低,其中Cu、Zn、Pb的潜在生物可利用性较高。     

Contents and spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert,China

The desert in northern China is one of important sources of loess and one significant source of material for sandstorms in Asia. The sand/dust that is transported from desert when sandstorms occur can destroy the growth of crops, cause serious losses and great harm to the economic construction and life safety, and cause natural environment pollution. Hence, it is very important to deepen the research into heavy metals in surface deposits at vulnerable ecological region of arid land of northern China to guide local industrial and agricultural development and improve environmental protection. In this research, 10 heavy metal elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Th) were tested and analyzed in 33 soil sample sites collected from the hinterland of the Tengger Desert, northern China. The results showed that the average abundance of Th exceeded its background soil value of China by more than 5.2 times, which suggests that the Tengger Desert is polluted by Th. In addition, based on principal component analysis, spatial differentiation, and correlation analysis, we identified the source of element with a coefficient of variation in abundance of greater than 0.5 or exceeding the background soil value of China. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis showed that the sources of heavy metals of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd were similar, while those of Th and Zn were different. Moreover, based on the contents and spatial distribution characteristics of those heavy metal elements, we found that the formation of heavy metal elements enrichment areas is caused by industrial pollution, development of irrigated agricultural, geological, and geomorphic conditions, and the sedimentary environment in the study area. Our result can provide information on the environmental background values of soils in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert. Background value of China^a(mg/kg)     

西安市二环内表层土壤重金属污染评价

采用3S技术相结合的方法在西安二环内采集城市表层土壤样品78个,利用X-Ray荧光分析仪(XRF)测定土壤样品中Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、V等8种重金属元素的含量,将其与其他城市相比较,在此基础上进行污染评价。结果表明:西安二环内表层土壤中重金属Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、V的平均值分别为19.32、81.10、54.27、671.50、34.46、59.69、186.17、85.20mg.kg-1,均高于陕西省土壤背景值。西安二环内表层土壤中8种重金属综合污染水平属于中度污染。其中,56.41%的采样点为轻度污染,29.49%的采样点为中度污染,14.10%的采样点为重度污染。不同重金属元素呈现出不同的污染水平,Mn、Ni和V基本无污染累积,Co、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr均有不同程度的污染,主要与工业生产、交通等人类活动有关。     

西安郊区农耕地和大棚菜地土壤重金属迁移的对比研究

以西安污灌区典型大棚菜地和附近农耕地土壤为研究对象,在不同土壤剖面上对重金属As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni的分布进行了测定和分析。结果表明:在0~20 cm土层农耕地土壤重金属Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的含量均高于大棚菜地,分别高出53.1、16.7、20.5、151.2和3 mg/kg,同农耕地相比,温室大棚更有利于土壤表层重金属的迁移,且对Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu等元素的迁移程度较明显。认为在西安污灌区发展大棚花卉,可以有效减少污灌区土壤表层重金属的含量。     

宝鸡土壤重金属污染及其防治

在宝鸡市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染调查的基础上 ,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法 ,对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。以国家《土壤重金属污染评价标准》(GB1 5 61 8- 1 995 )为标准 ,则蔬菜地土壤重金属未超过二级标准 ,个别样点As、Cd污染较重 ,各元素污染顺序为As>Cd >Zn >Pb >Cu >Cr。以《绿色食品产地环境质量评价纲要》中土壤污染分级为标准 ,Cd的污染等级为中污染级 ;As、Zn为污染级 ;Cu为警戒级 ;Cr、Pb为安全级。各元素污染顺序为Cd >As>Zn >Cu >Cr >Pb。调查分析发现 :污水灌溉是重金属污染的主要原因。土壤重金属污染防治 ,应坚持预防为主 ,综合防治的原则。运用工程措施和非工程措施相结合的方法 ,治理污染。     

金昌市城区绿化带土壤重金属含量特征及污染评价

通过对金昌城区主要交通干道周围绿化带土壤的取样调查,分析了Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cd五种重金属元素含量分布的总体特征,并利用地积累指数法对绿化带土壤重金属进行污染评价。结果表明:五种重金属平均含量均超过了该地区的背景值,其中Cu和Ni含量最高,且具有明显的高度富集的特征。绿化带土壤中五种重金属变异系数均较大,其中Cu和Ni变异系数达到了125.06%和86.64%,属强变异性。地积累污染指数法的污染评价结果显示,Cu和Ni已分别构成4级和3级污染,且污染范围较广;而Zn和Pb均未构成污染,Cd构成了1级污染,但大部分样点中其含量均已超过了该地区的土壤背景值,表现出了明显的积累。     

关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤重金属污染特征及评价

通过野外采样和实验室分析,研究关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤中重金属元素的含量,并进行了污染评价。结果表明,该铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Ni的平均含量分别为47.95、128.53、26.13、1.09、91.5、0.164、12.2 mg·kg^-1和27.1 mg·kg^-1,除了Ni元素,均高于陕西省土壤元素背景值。评价结果表明,该铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤已经达到了中重度污染程度,其中重金属Pb、Hg和Zn污染较严重,耕地土壤重金属复合污染较严重。     

夏尔希里地区两种典型植物群落土壤重金属污染现状研究

为探明干旱区敏感性较强的荒漠—绿洲过渡带上土壤重金属的空间分布及污染现状,对夏尔希里地区两种典型植被群落下各重金属的水平分布、垂直分布、相关性和综合污染指数进行研究。结果表明:土壤重金属具有表聚现象,其含量在0~30 cm㎝处相对较高,在50~60 cm处较低;土壤重金属各特征值的分布表现为:芨芨草群落羊草群落;土壤重金属空间分布中,Cr,Cu,Pb在研究区西部分布相对较高,Zn规律性分布较强整体呈东高西低的趋势;相关性分析中,芨芨草群落下土壤重金属较有机质间的相关性明显大于羊草群落(P0.05);重金属污染评价中,羊草群落下各重金属污染指数均小于芨芨草群落。     

重工业城市土壤重金属含量分布特征及污染评价——以包头市为例

以包头市区及近郊8个样点表土中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd测定结果为依据,分析了重工业城市重金属污染状况。结果显示:Pb、Cd含量较低,而Cu、Zn含量均高于所有参考值,分别为全国土壤几何均值的1.85和2.26倍;棕钙土含量的1.32和2.12倍;内蒙古土壤均值的2.90和3.22倍,重金属累积极为明显。单因子指数法和潜在生态危害指数法环境质量评价结果表明,麻池乡Cu污染严重(Pi=4.60),古城湾毛其来Zn污染严重(Pi=3.76)。后营子乡属清洁区,其它样点均有不同程度污染,工业生产是导致土壤重金属污染主要原因。     

石羊河流域典型工业区土壤重金属污染状况研究

以石羊河流域典型工业区土壤为对象,研究了土壤中重金属污染的状况和特征,用富集系数进行了评价和分析。结果表明:研究区土壤重金属已受到严重污染,污染最重的Ni、Co、Cu的浓度以冶炼厂为中心呈扇形分布,距离越远,浓度越小。污染程度与研究区的气象条件有很大的关系,下风向污染程度大,背风向小。其污染程度顺序为:Ni>Co>Cu>Cd>As>Hg>Cr。污染源的空间差异性引起不同功能区土壤中重金属元素的含量不同,不同功能区达到生态危害程度的顺序依次为:农业土壤>工业土壤>住宅土壤。石羊河流域典型工业区土壤中存在着潜在的化学定时炸弹,多年来研究区大气中二氧化硫浓度居高不下,二者协同作用的结果,增加了起爆的危险性。     

Toxic metal enrichment characteristics and sources of arid urban surface soil in Yinchuan City,China

To investigate the environmental quality of the urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Ningxia), China, we sampled surface soil and measured the concentrations of 8 toxic metals(Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V) using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The enrichment characteristics and sources of these toxic metals in the soil were analyzed by the enrichment factor(EF) and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil samples were 25.0, 109.1, 16.8, 26.0, 37.2, 2.7, 25.3 and 59.9 mg/kg for Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V, respectively, which were 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 3.2, 8.7, 0.7 and 0.8 times of the corresponding background values of Ningxia soil, respectively. The variations of Pb, Zn, Co, Bi and Ni concentrations in the surface soil of Yinchuan were larger than those of the other metals. Our results also showed that the toxic metals investigated in the soil had different enrichment levels. Both Co and Bi were significantly enriched, whereas Cr was only moderately enriched in the soil. There was a deficiency or minimal enrichment of the other toxic metals in the soil. Source analysis results based on the concentration, enrichment characteristics and multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cr, V and Ni originated from a combination of fossil fuel combustion, traffic pollution and natural occurrence. Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly derived from natural and traffic sources, while Co and Bi primarily originated from construction sources.     

Risikoabschätzung von Schadelementen (Schwermetallen) im System Boden/Pflanze

In rural areas, representing about 97% of the agricultural and horticultural area, the content of heavy metals in harvested products does not create a significant risk to consumers. In urban areas with about 3% of the horticultural area and on agricultural production fields with corresponding history, local contaminations may exceed the precautionary values for soils. For these areas, an estimation of possible risks is advisable and necessary. On the base of investigations of transfer of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb as well as Zn) via the path soil to plant “bio concentration factors” (BCF) have been determined for various horticultural crops (leaf-vegetable, shoot-vegetable, fruit-vegetable, root-vegetable, kitchen herbs and fruit). By use of these BCFs in combination with human toxicological values of the heavy metals (TDI), guiding values can be derived for tolerable soil contamination with the respective metals. These guiding values allow a simple risk assessment of the respective contaminated soils for cultivation and consumption of crops or crop products.