镉胁迫对玉米光合特性的影响

在模拟光条件下,通过盆栽试验研究了外源镉胁迫对盆栽玉米光合特性的影响。结果表明,高浓度镉（100 mg·kg^-1）胁迫下玉米叶片叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素c含量明显减少,分别比对照CK下降了65.32%、54.95%、62.57%。镉浓度1、5、15、50 mg·kg^-1处理下叶片的叶绿素含量下降得少,Cha/Chb的比值降低较少。镉浓度15、50、100 mg·kg^-1胁迫下导致玉米叶片光合速率下降,光补偿点提高,光饱和点和表观量子效率降低,暗呼吸速率升高,较低浓度镉胁迫（1、5 mg·kg^-1）则提高光补偿点、光饱和点和表观量子效率,降低暗呼吸速率。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗光合特性的影响

在100.mmol/L.NaCl胁迫下,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对番茄(Lycos.641.2..persicon.esculentum.Mill.)幼苗光合作用光响应曲线、CO2响应曲线等光合特性的影响。结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,外源NO显著提高了番茄幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci);显著提高了光饱和点(LSP)、光饱和光合速率、表观量子效率(AQY)、CO2饱和点(CSP)、羧化效率(CE)、RuBP最大再生速率;显著降低了光补偿点(LCP)、CO2补偿点(CCP);同时提高了叶片叶绿素含量。以上结果表明,外源NO能改善番茄幼苗NaCl胁迫下的光合作用,从而增强植株的耐盐性。     

不同铁效率玉米品种苗期适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异

[目的]石灰性土壤高pH和高重碳酸盐含量严重影响土壤中有效铁含量,导致作物缺铁黄化、减产,铁高效玉米品种的推广应用是实现石灰性土壤玉米高产稳产的重要途径.本研究探讨不同铁效率玉米品种适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异,旨在为铁高效玉米品种的推广应用提供科学依据.[方法]试验以铁高效玉米品种正红2号(ZH2)、正大619...     

缺铁胁迫对草莓幼苗光合特性及细胞器铁含量的影响

为了探讨缺铁胁迫对草莓（Fragaria ananassa Duch.）幼苗的光合特性及细胞器铁含量的影响,本研究选取4个草莓品种（红颜、 章姬、 甜查理、 童子一号）幼苗,采用溶液培养方法,设置Fe（Ⅱ）-EDTA浓度为0 mol/L、 110-4 mol/L两组处理,分别于处理后0、 4、 8、 12、 16 d对其叶绿素含量（SPAD）、 光合速率（Pn）、 叶绿体铁含量、 根系线粒体铁含量以及叶片铁含量、 根系铁含量、 生物量进行分析。结果表明,缺铁胁迫显著降低草莓幼苗叶绿素含量、 光合速率、 叶绿体铁含量、 叶片铁含量、 根系铁含量、 生物量,并且不同品种间差异达显著水平（P0.05）;缺铁胁迫对根系细胞线粒体铁含量影响较小。草莓的叶绿体铁含量与叶片铁含量、 叶片净光合速率和生物量呈极显著正相关（r=0.93**, r=0.87**, r= 0.72**）, 根系线粒体铁含量与叶片铁含量、 叶片净光合速率和生物量呈极显著正相关或显著正相关（r= 0.83**, r= 0.72**, r= 0.52*）。本试验条件下,供试草莓品种红颜受缺铁胁迫的影响大于其他3个品种。     

施氮量对穗期高温胁迫下玉米叶片光合生理及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同施氮量对玉米穗期高温胁迫下光合生理及产量的影响,为合理施氮实现玉米抗逆稳产提供理论依据。【方法】2020—2021年开展人工模拟高温田间试验。以耐热型品种郑单958 (Zhengdan 958)和热敏感型品种先玉335 (Xianyu 335)为材料;设置3个施氮量,分别为低氮(N 90 kg/hm2,N90)、中氮(N180 kg/hm2,N180)和高氮(N 270 kg/hm2,N270)。在玉米第11片叶展开期至抽雄期进行高温处理(HT),分别持续12天(2020年)和9天(2021年),以田间自然生长的植株为对照(CK),处理期间高温和对照的日最高温度均值分别为41.9℃、35.9℃(2020年)和40.8℃、37.7℃(2021年),昼夜温差均值分别为19.3℃、13.0℃(2020年)和18.1℃、14.8℃(2021年),调查两个品种穗位叶的光合色素含量、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、光合酶活性、籽粒产量及产量构成因素,分析温度、品种和施氮量三者之间的互作效应。【结果】1)高温胁迫提高了两个玉米品种穗位叶的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和核酮糖-1...     

局部根系水分胁迫下氮形态对玉米幼苗光合特性的影响

本文通过测定玉米幼苗光合特性的变化来研究局部根系水分胁迫下氮形态对植物生长的影响及其机理。试验采用分根装置,聚乙二醇(PEG6000)只向一侧根室加入以模拟局部根系水分胁迫。设置3种形态氮(铵态氮;硝态氮;含铵态氮、硝态氮各为50%的混合氮),两侧根室均匀供应。水分胁迫后第4、5、7天测定玉米幼苗光合与叶绿素荧光参数、生物量等的变化。结果发现在局部根系水分胁迫时,相对于另外2种氮形态,在胁迫初期铵态氮供应的植株光合速率(Pn)、实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)较高,玉米幼苗生长较快;而在水分胁迫第7天,铵态氮供应的植株光合速率、Yield、ETR、qP较低,叶绿素含量下降,植株生长滞缓,而硝态氮以及混合氮处理的植株生长相对加快。     

盐胁迫下葡萄光合特性的研究

对葡萄(8804品系)扦插苗进行不同程度的盐处理(0.2%,0.4%,0.6%),在一定时期对叶片的光合特性和叶绿素含量进行测定,结果表明:葡萄的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的变化规律与叶绿素a、b的含量变化规律基本一致,即在处理前期都持续下降,中期出现一段时间稳定甚至上升,后期又开始下降;细胞间CO2浓度(C i)前期几乎不变,后期则迅速下降。类胡萝卜素含量的变化幅度较小。     

低钾胁迫对玉米苗期光合特性和光系统Ⅱ性能的影响

为明确低钾胁迫对玉米光合特性和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)性能的影响,本研究利用耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3和钾敏感玉米自交系D937为试验材料,对低钾胁迫下的叶片光合参数、PSⅡ供体侧和受体侧以及PSⅡ反应中心的活性参数进行测定。结果表明,低钾胁迫降低了90-21-3和D937的叶片钾含量,引起叶面积、气孔导度(Gs)、净光合速率(Pn)显著下降,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)显著增加,表明光合速率的下降主要是由非气孔因素所致。在低钾胁迫下,90-21-3的Q_A初始还原速度(M_o)、J点可变荧光强度(V_j)和热耗散(DI_o/ABS)分别显著增加 64.76%、18.84%和37.19%,D937分别显著增加117.9%、283.82%和99.92%;而90-21-3的单位面积的反应中心数目(RC/CS_m)、单位反应中心吸收能量(ABS/RC)和光化学性能指数(PI_abs)分别显著降低30.15%、70.56%和62.81%,D937分别显著降低51.32%、164.97%和97.67%,表明低钾胁迫下90-21-3和D937的PSⅡ的供体侧和受体侧均受到抑制,PSⅡ反应中心数目减少、热耗散增加,导致PSⅡ整体性能下降,而供体侧的放氧复合体(OEC)的破坏是产生光抑制的主要原因。与D937相比,低钾胁迫下90-21-3的各参数变化幅度较小,PSⅡ受光抑制较轻,PSⅡ性能更优,能够保持较高的光合生产能力。本研究结果为进一步揭示玉米耐低钾光合生理机制提供了理论依据。     

干旱胁迫对玉米光合和产量的影响

干旱或渗透胁迫下，３个测试的玉米杂交种幼苗叶片叶绿素含量均下降，其净光合速率、呼吸速率亦显著下降，下降幅度为：玉单３５８＜桂三２号＜南校８号。叶片Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性显著增加，增加幅度为；玉单３５８＜桂三２号＜南校８号。田间试验结果表明：干旱处理后，各品种株高、穗长、穗粗和籽粒百粒重均有不同程度的下降，下降幅度均为：玉单３５８＜桂三２号＜南校８号。干旱胁迫显著降低了玉米产量。减产程度为：玉单３５８＜桂三２号＜南校８号。说明花粉植株杂交种玉单３５８的抗旱能力大于桂三２号和南校８号。     

低铁胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的影响

为了揭示不同耐低铁玉米品种苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的差异,为玉米耐低铁能力的遗传改良提供依据,以耐低铁玉米品种‘正红2号’和不耐低铁玉米品种‘川单418’为材料,采用重度[10μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]、中度[30μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]和轻度[50μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]3种低铁胁迫及对照[100μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]的铁营养液处理3叶1心玉米幼苗,分析低铁胁迫对不同耐低铁玉米品种苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,随着营养液铁浓度降低,两个玉米品种幼苗的根长、根体积、根系活力、干物质、铁含量、铁积累量、相对吸铁能力均显著降低,但根系麦根酸分泌量增多,铁素向地上部转移分配能力增强,铁素的生理效率提高,这是玉米适应低铁胁迫的重要生理机制之一。玉米幼苗的铁素积累量与根长、根体积、根干重、根系活力等根系性状均呈极显著或显著正相关。耐低铁玉米品种在中度和重度低铁胁迫下根长、根体积、根干重、根系活力均较不耐低铁玉米品种高,是其铁素吸收积累量高的重要原因。根系麦根酸分泌量与铁素茎叶分配率呈正相关,铁素茎叶分配率与铁素生理效率呈极显著正相关,增加根系麦根酸的分泌量可在一定程度上提高玉米铁素的茎叶分配率,从而提高铁素生理效率;耐低铁玉米品种在中度和重度低铁胁迫下麦根酸分泌量增幅高于不耐低铁玉米品种,是其铁素生理效率高的主要原因。     

Nitric oxide improves high zinc tolerance in maize plants

A short-term experiment was carried out to study the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on some growth parameters and mineral nutrients of maize grown at high zinc (Zn). Maize seedlings were planted in pots containing perlite and subjected to 0.05 or 0.5 mM Zn in nutrient solution. Nitric oxide (0.1 mM) was sprayed to the leaves of maize seedlings. High Zn reduced total dry matter, chlorophyll (Chl.) content and leaf relative water content (RWC), but increased proline content and membrane permeability. Foliar application of NO significantly increased chlorophyll content, RWC and growth of plants treated with high Zn, and significantly reduced their membrane permeability and proline contents. High Zn resulted in increased leaf and root Zn, but lower concentrations of leaf phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe). Foliar application of NO lowered leaf and root Zn and increased leaf and root nitrogen (N) and leaf Fe in the high Zn plants. These results clearly demonstrated that externally-applied NO induced growth improvement in maize plants was found to be associated with reduced membrane permeability under high zinc. Results can be concluded that NO may be involved in nutritional and physiological changes in plants subjected to high Zn.     

玉米根系发育突变体及相关基因研究进展

根系形态以及生理特征与作物养分水分高效利用密切相关。利用根系发育突变体是研究根系结构与功能的主要手段之一。近10多年来,一些玉米根系发育的突变体被鉴定出来,其中包括影响节根发育的rtcs突变体,影响侧根发育的lrt1、slr1、slr2和rum1突变体,还有影响根毛发育的rth1、rth2和rth3突变体,其中部分突变体所对应的基因已经克隆。这些进展有利于人们更深入地认识玉米根系生物学特征在养分水分高效中的作用。     

Genotypic Difference in Nitrogen Acquisition Ability in Maize Plants Is Related to the Coordination of Leaf and Root Growth

ABSTRACT

The capacity of a plant to take up nitrate is a function of the activity of its nitrate-transporter systems and the size and architecture of its root system. It is unclear which of the two components, root system or nitrate-uptake system, is more important in nitrogen (N) acquisition under nitrogen-sufficiency conditions. Two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines (478 and Wu312) grown in nutrient solution in a controlled environment were compared for their N acquisition at 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol L^?1 nitrate supply. Genotype 478 could take up more N than Wu312 at all nitrate concentrations, though the shoot biomass of the two genotypes was similar. Genotype 478 had a larger leaf area and longer root length. The specific N uptake rate of 478 (μmol N g^?1 root. d^?1) was lower than that of Wu312. In an independent nitrate-depletion experiment, the potential nitrate uptake rate of 478 was also lower than that of Wu312. No genotypic difference was found in photosynthesis rate. It was concluded that the greater N acquisition ability in 478 involves the coordination of leaf and root growth. Vigorous leaf growth caused a large demand for N. This demand was met by the genotype's large root system. Besides providing a strong sink for N uptake, the larger leaf area of 478 might also guarantee the carbohydrate supply necessary for its greater root growth.     

Changes in Anthocyanin Content as Indicator of Maize Sensitivity to Selenium

The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of exogenous selenium (Se) on anthocyanin and chlorophyll accumulation, Se content, as well as the growth of maize (Zea mays var. ‘saccharata Kcke’) cv. ‘Zlota Karlowa’ seedlings. Plants were grown hydroponically in Hoagland's nutrient solution at different pH values: 4.5, 6.2, and 7.5. Selenium was added to the solution as either selenate (Na₂SeO₄) or selenomethionine (C₅H₁₁NO₂Se) to a final concentration of: 0 (control), 5, 25, 50, and 100 μ M Se. Generally, the presence of Se in the medium caused an increase in the anthocyanin content and a simultaneous decrease of the total chlorophyll concentration depending on the Se form and dosage. Higher concentrations of anthocyanin were detected in the presence of selenomethionine than selenate, notably at pH 4.5. The effect of individual Se forms on maize seedlings, expressed on the basis of the fresh weight, indicate that selenomethionine was more phytotoxic than selenate. Selenium content both in roots and shoots increased linearly with increasing Se concentration in solution culture. However, a much higher Se level was found in the maize organs when plants were supplied with selenomethionine than selenate. Experimental evidence shows that the changes in anthocyanin content can be used as a test parameter reflecting the degree of Se toxicity in maize plants, and may be potential useful for bioindication of Se phytotoxicity in other higher plants.     

Effect of population size and yield level in selection of diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) norms

Abstract

A data bank comprising over 8000 observations of yield and tissue composition was assembled from a wide range of locations and conditions. DRIS norms were developed from parts of the data bank representing different sources and chronology in its development. The effects of population size and yield level used to discriminate between high and low yielding subpopulations on the DRIS norms are studied. The results indicate that the best banks are those which are large, random and have a substantial number of high yield observations.     

玉米不同耐密植品种茎秆穿刺强度的变化特征

以耐密抗倒性不同的品种（稀植大穗品种JK 518和JK 519、耐密抗倒品种XY335和CS 1;中等耐密品种ND 108）为材料,设5个密度处理,研究玉米茎秆的穿刺强度（RPS）的变化特点及其对群体种植密度的响应。结果表明玉米茎秆穿刺强度随生育期递进而增强,不同耐密性品种间随种植密度变化有较大差异。茎秆基部节间的穿刺强度随群体密度增加呈线性递减。茎秆节间RPS随着节位的上升而呈二次函数递减;不同耐密性品种间RPS以抽雄-吐丝期差异明显,以穗位以下节间,尤其第3～6节间表现差异较大。玉米抽雄前茎壁增厚早、     

施钾对夏玉米子粒发育过程中糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

选用高淀粉玉米品种费玉3号及低淀粉玉米品种豫玉22为材料,研究了钾肥不同用量对玉米开花后子粒淀粉积累、淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响;分析不同处理对直、支链淀粉含量的影响以及淀粉合成关键酶活性与直、支链淀粉积累的关系。结果表明,施K2O 225kg/hm2的处理显著比不施钾肥处理提高了两品种子粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPG-PPase）的活性与尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （UDPG-PPase）,显著提高了费玉3号子粒中可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS） 的活性;施钾降低了豫玉22子粒SSS、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）的活性。施K2O 225kg/hm2提高了两品种穗位叶蔗糖含量和蔗糖合成能力,促进了子粒淀粉的合成;显著提高子粒直链、支链及总淀粉含量及积累速率,收获时总淀粉含量分别提高13.6%和8.2%,施钾更容易提高费玉3号子粒淀粉含量。中、高量钾提高了高淀粉玉米费玉3号子粒可溶性糖含量,有利于淀粉的合成;而对低淀粉玉米豫玉22子粒可溶性糖含量没有显著影响。除可溶性糖含量外,品种与施钾的交互作用对以上各指标的影响均达到显著性水平。     

不同钾肥施用量对玉米抗倒性能及产量的影响

以先玉335和郑单958为试验材料,针对不同钾肥施用量(0、50、100、150、200kg/hm~2)对玉米茎秆形态特征、干物质积累特性及产量的影响进行系统研究。结果表明:随着钾肥用量的增加,两品种穗位高系数均呈"V"型曲线,在K2处理(100kg/hm~2)时最低。与郑单958相比,先玉335第3~6节的节间长/节间直径对钾肥施用量的变化更敏感,呈现增加-降低-增加的变化规律。同一钾肥处理同一节位,郑单958节间长和节间长/节间直径均小于先玉335。钾肥用量对节间直径无显著影响。两个品种节间干物质比、单位节间干重和茎秆强度均随钾肥用量的增加先升高后降低。相关分析表明:玉米茎秆强度与单位节间干重呈极显著正相关。适宜的钾肥施用量对产量有一定的正效应,本试验5个处理中,钾肥施用量为100kg/hm~2时两玉米品种产量最高。     

Effect of pH on soil magnesium and its absorption by corn

Abstract

Lime induced depression of exchangeable Mg had been observed previously and it was postulated that yield decreases, which frequently occur at high pH levels may in some instances be due to Mg deficiency. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of pH on exchangeable Mg in a wide range of acid soils and to determine the effects on recovery of Mg by corn (Zea mays L.) in the greenhouse. Treatments consisted of five pH levels, three P levels, and three Mg levels. Soil Mg was extracted with two neutral salt solutions and double acid. Salt extractable Mg decreased markedly at near neutral pH values, but double acid extractable Mg remained essentially unchanged. In several of the soils where yields were depressed at the highest pH levels, plant Mg content was also significantly lower. However, yield depressions were not ameliorated by Mg applications and could not be ascribed to induced Mg deficiency. Decreased plant uptake of Mg at both low and high pH levels was considered to have resulted from competitive effects between Mg and Al. The evidence suggested that salt extractable Mg did not accurately reflect plant availability.

Because soil reaction has profound effects on the availability of aluminum and many elements essential to plants, liming should be practiced primarily to optimize the utilization of the nutrient resources of soil. While pH values near neutrality are regarded as optimal in many areas of the world, particularly where legumes have traditionally been part of the rotational system, yield depressions have sometimes been reported at such pH levels on highly weathered acid soils of tropical and subtropical origin.     

Optimizing phosphorus use in sustainable maize cropping via mycorrhizal inoculation

More details have yet to be indicated on the interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and phosphorus (P) chemical fertilization under field conditions. Accordingly, the objectives were to: (1) evaluate the combined effects of mycorrhizal fungi and chemical P fertilization on maize yield, yield components, and nutrient uptake and (2) indicate the optimum rate of P chemical fertilization (P₁, P₂, P₃) with the use of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae). A factorial experiment using randomized complete blocks with three replicates, conducted at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, Iran. Results indicated the significant effect of P, AM fungi, and their interaction on most of the measured traits. Grain yield (7909.3 kg/ha), maize nutrient content of P (0.39%), zinc (Zn) (42.1 mg/kg), iron (Fe) (68.3 mg/kg), and the colonization rate (47.5%) were all the highest by the interaction of G intraradices × P₂.