中国夏玉米和冬小麦近年生育期变化及其与气候的关系

作物物候期受气候条件和人为耕作的共同影响,而水热气候条件又直接影响着人为耕作时间。全球变暖背景下温度增加的趋势在近年来出现了停滞现象,针对这一新的气候变化特征,本研究选取作物物候观测和气象观测的站点数据,利用经典的统计学方法分析2000—2013年中国夏玉米和冬小麦主要物候期的变化趋势和空间分布,及作物生育期与对应水热条件的相关关系。研究发现:夏玉米和冬小麦各主要物候期均呈现一定程度的延后,其中64%的站点显示夏玉米成熟期延后,冬小麦成熟期延后的站点数比例达78%。研究期间,夏玉米和冬小麦的生育期历时对温度和降水变化均比较敏感,88%和64%的站点分别显示出夏玉米和冬小麦的生育期历时与平均温度之间呈负相关关系,而71%和77%的站点显示夏玉米和冬小麦生育期历时与年均降水量呈正相关关系。本研究时段内的气温变化也不同于一般性认为的单调升温,夏玉米生育期对应的平均温度呈增加和降低趋势的站点数基本相同,但显示降水量增加的站点较多,达到总站点数的68%;而冬小麦整个生育期显示冷干化趋势的站点居多,显示温度降低和降水量下降的站点数均占总站点数的60%以上。此外,本研究还用轮作站点探讨说明了可以利用年值气候数据替代生育期气候数据分析夏玉米和冬小麦轮作的物候和生育期特征。本研究通过站点数据证实了作物生长发育过程对气候变化的敏感性,新的气候条件下我国夏玉米和冬小麦的物候也对应产生了新的特征。     

花后渍水对不同耐渍型冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

江汉平原冬小麦中后期常遭受涝渍灾害,为明确花后渍水对冬小麦籽粒灌浆进程的影响,以郑麦9023（耐渍型）和扬麦20（敏感型）2个小麦品种为研究对象,利用灌排可控的测坑模拟冬小麦花后不同天数（5、9、13和17 d）的渍水胁迫,应用Richards模型对冬小麦籽粒灌浆进程进行了模拟,在此基础上分析各籽粒灌浆参数与渍水天数的关系。结果表明：花后渍水5、9、13和17 d,郑麦9023（耐渍型）分别减产10.84%、19.51%、25.93%和36.52%,扬麦20（敏感型）分别减产14.25%、25.84%、37.26%和47.84%。导致冬小麦减产的主要原因是千粒质量降低,花后渍水天数每增加1 d,冬小麦郑麦9023和扬麦20千粒质量分别降低0.961和0.996 g。Richards方程能极显著模拟花后渍水冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程,拟合方程决定系数均在0.99以上。对耐渍型冬小麦,花后渍水主要显著缩短活跃灌浆期,且主要是显著缩短籽粒灌浆快增期和缓增期的持续天数;对敏感型冬小麦,花后渍水主要显著降低籽粒灌浆三阶段的灌浆速率。花后渍水增加1 d,郑麦9023籽粒活跃灌浆期缩短0.827 d,籽粒灌浆快增期、缓增期灌浆持续天数分别缩短0.492、0.963 d,扬麦20单粒最大灌浆速率降低0.046 mg/d、单粒平均灌浆速率降低0.032 mg/d,籽粒灌浆渐增期、快增期和缓增期单粒灌浆速率分别降低0.011、0.040和0.010 mg/d。研究可揭示花后渍水致使冬小麦减产的影响过程,为冬小麦涝渍灾害防控提供理论支撑。     

淮河流域冬小麦主要生育期旱涝时空特征及对产量的影响

旱涝灾害在淮河流域发生频繁,对农作物产量影响较大。该文基于淮河流域1961-2014年140个气象站逐日降水、气温数据,利用标准化降水指数(standardized precipitation index,SPI)和标准化降水蒸散指数(standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index,SPEI)定量分析冬小麦各生育期气候特征,结合1961-2012年20个站点冬小麦单产数据计算标准化产量残差(standardized yield residuals,SYR),探讨冬小麦主要生育期旱涝灾害对其产量的影响。结果表明:1)冬小麦各生育期气温均呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),气温呈南高北低、西高东低的格局,东部趋势高于西部且返青抽穗期大部分站点趋势值最高,而降水量沿纬度变化与气温一致,其变化趋势在冬小麦各生育期差异明显。2)冬小麦返青抽穗期干旱增加趋势最大(P0.05),旱涝灾害在全生育期、返青抽穗期和灌浆成熟期主要受气温影响,在冬前生长期和越冬期主要受降水量影响,同时冬小麦各生育期SPEI干旱化趋势大于SPI。3)除冬前生长期外,SYR与SPI和SPEI均呈负相关关系,以返青抽穗期相关性最高,在返青抽穗期达到中度干旱或中度湿润时产量减少。该研究尝试明晰淮河流域发生在冬小麦生育期的旱涝灾害对其产量的影响,为冬小麦生育期防灾减灾提供基础支撑。     

河北省冬小麦、棉花全生育期缺水量时空特征分析

基于河北省13个国家标准气象站点近60年（1955—2014年）的逐日气象数据,利用联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的作物需水规律计算方法以及曼—肯德尔（M-K）法、Morlet小波分析法和普通克里金插值法分别对河北省冬小麦、棉花的缺水量和水分盈亏指数的时空规律进行了分析。结果表明:（1）近60年,河北省全生育期冬小麦缺水量以-3.74 mm/（d·10 a）的速率呈减少趋势,棉花以-22.88 mm/（d·10 a）的速率呈显著性减少趋势,并且两种作物的缺水量变化均存在40年左右的主周期和25年左右的次周期。全生育期内冬小麦缺水量最大值出现在南宫,缺水量最小值出现在秦皇岛;棉花缺水量最大值均出现在黄骅,遵化缺水量最小。（2）两种作物的缺水量最大时期均为快速发育期,冬小麦在冻融期时缺水量最少,而棉花在初始生长期缺水量最少;冬小麦在初始生长期水分盈亏指数达到最大值,而棉花在生育中期达到最大值,并且地区差异较小。（3）河北省冬小麦、棉花的缺水量空间分布不均,两种作物水分盈亏指数恰与之相反,基本上呈由中心向四周逐渐增大的分布特征。研究结果对农业灌溉水资源优化配置、提高农业灌溉效率具有实际意义。     

近30年吴桥县冬小麦生育期水分亏缺变化趋势分析

为了给地处黑龙港地区的河北省吴桥县制定冬小麦稳产灌溉制度提供理论依据,本文利用1981—2013年吴桥县的气象数据和SIMETAW模型,分析了冬小麦全生育期及播种—返青期、返青—拔节期、拔节—开花期、开花—成熟期4个生育阶段的降水量、需水量、耗水强度及水分亏缺指数(CWDI)的变化趋势;同时利用5年滑动平均法将分析年份冬小麦实际产量分为趋势产量和气象产量,计算了不同降雨年型下冬小麦减产率的变异系数。结果表明,近30年河北省吴桥县冬小麦生育时期的水分亏缺指数和需水量均呈现轻微的上升趋势;冬小麦发生干旱的概率为93.75%,其中,中旱和重旱发生概率为65.52%。冬小麦生育时期的平均日降雨量呈现从冬小麦生育中期向后期转移的趋势,日耗水强度表现为从生育后期向生育中期移动的趋势,这是导致返青—拔节期和拔节—开花期水分亏缺指数较大的重要原因。冬小麦减产率的变异系数的绝对值在缺水年最大,为154.241;在丰水年最小,为1.999;正常年份为24.776。因此,冬小麦拔节—开花期的及时灌溉对于保障冬小麦的稳产增产具有重要作用。建议在缺水年份调整冬小麦的水分管理制度,在冬小麦拔节初期一次性充分灌溉或在拔节初期和中后期分次进行少量灌溉。     

Yield and N assimilation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Norstar) inoculated with rhizobacteria

The effects of bacterial inoculants on the growth of winter wheat were studied in a growth chamber. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus polymyxa, Enterobacter cloacae, or a mixture of the four rhizobacteria were the inoculants tested. Inoculation effects on yield, yield components, and N-derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were assessed. The response of plants inoculated with individual bacteria was inconsistent and varied with treatment. At the first harvest (58 days after planting-DAP) plants inoculated with the mixture exhibited increases in plant dry weight, total-N and Ndff. At the second harvest (105 DAP), plants inoculated with A. brasilense and the mixture exhibited increases in shoot biomass, whereas at maturity (170 DAP), the inoculated plants showed no differences in total-N or shoot dry matter yield, as compared to the uninoculated controls. Inoculation with A. brasilense, however, increased the Ndff in the shoots, and B. polymyxa tended to enhance grain yield. Practical use of these rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat may have limited value until such time as we better understand factors which influence rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants.     

Evaluation of NASA satellite- and assimilation model-derived long-term daily temperature data over the continental US

Agricultural research increasingly is expected to provide precise, quantitative information with an explicit geographic coverage. Limited availability of daily meteorological records often constrains efforts to provide such information through use of simulation models, spatial analysis, and related decision support tools. The Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources (NASA/POWER) project at the NASA Langley Research Center provides daily data globally for maximum and minimum temperatures and other weather variables on a 1° latitude–longitude grid. The data are assembled from a range of products derived from satellite imagery, ground observations, windsondes, modeling and data assimilation. Daily temperature data from NASA/POWER for 1983 to 2004 for the continental US were compared with data of 855 individual ground stations from the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program (COOP). Additionally, a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) simulation model was used to compare predicted time to anthesis using the two data sources. Comparisons of daily maximum temperatures (T_max) gave an r²-value of 0.88 (P < 0.001) and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 4.1 °C. For minimum temperature (T_min), the r²-value was 0.88 (P < 0.001) and RMSE, 3.7 °C. Mean values of T_max, and T_min from NASA/POWER were, respectively, 2.4 °C cooler and 1.1 °C warmer than the COOP data. Differences in temperature were least during summer months. When data were aggregated over periods of 8 days or more, the RMSE values declined to below 2.7 °C for T_max and T_min. Simulations of time to anthesis with the two data sources were also strongly correlated (r² = 0.92, P < 0.001, RMSE = 14.5 d). Anthesis dates of winter wheat regions showed better agreement than southern, winter-grown spring wheat regions. The differences between the data sources were associated with differences in elevation, which in large part resulted from NASA/POWER data being based on mean elevations over a 1° grid cells vs. COOP data corresponding to the elevation of specific stations. Additional sources of variation might include proximity to coastlines and differences in observation time, although these factors were not quantified. Overall, if mountainous and coastal regions are excluded, the NASA/POWER data appeared promising as a source of continuous daily temperature data for the USA for research and management applications concerned with scales appropriate to the 1° coordinate grid. It further appeared that the POWER data could be improved by adjusting for elevation (lapse rate) effects, reducing seasonal bias, and refining estimation of actual maximum and minimum temperatures in diurnal cycles.     

气候变化背景下安徽省冬小麦气候生产潜力和胁迫风险研究

从气候的资源和灾害双重属性出发,构建了冬小麦气候生产潜力和胁迫风险评价指标,以安徽省为例分析了二者对气候变化的响应特征,综合气候对高产和稳产的影响进行研究区冬小麦种植气候适宜性区划。结果表明:采用逐级订正法结合作物生长动态参数估算安徽省冬小麦气候生产潜力多年平均为12 391kg?hm-2,以沿淮和江淮之间最高;1961—2015年淮北和沿淮东部地区为显著上升趋势,而淮河以南地区则以下降为主。通过考虑在冬小麦生长发育过程中气候条件偏离最适区间而导致的胁迫影响,建立了高温、低温、雨涝、干旱4种气候胁迫的评估指标,并基于气候胁迫的超越概率形成了冬小麦气候风险评价方法。气候变暖使研究区冬小麦高温胁迫显著上升,低温胁迫显著下降,水分胁迫无显著的变化趋势。安徽省冬小麦的气候风险呈现中间低,两头高的分布特征,以沿淮和江淮之间风险最低,淮北北部和江南南部风险较高;淮北地区主要以干旱和低温贡献为主,而淮河以南地区则以雨涝风险为主。融合气候生产潜力和气候胁迫风险形成冬小麦的气候适宜性区划,其空间格局呈南北低、中间高的特征,种植分布格局与气候适宜性的空间匹配程度较高,但有一定的优化调整空间。     

超高产冬小麦对钾的吸收、积累和分配

为明确超高产（9000 kg/hm2左右）冬小麦的钾营养特点和为确定施钾技术提供理论依据, 20042005年、 20052006年通过田间试验在2个小麦生长季分别种植4个品种,在小麦生长的各生育时期取植株样品,分析不同器官钾的浓度。结果表明,小麦全生育期地上部不同器官中钾（K2O）浓度为0.21%~3.84%（干重）。各器官均是在形成初期或早期含钾量最高,之后直到成熟期都在不同程度地下降。各生育时期钾浓度最高的器官随生长中心转移而更替。在所有器官中,开花前叶片中钾的积累量和分配率最高,其中拔节前钾在叶片中的分配率达50%或以上; 开花后茎秆中钾的积累量和分配率最高,成熟期钾在茎秆中的分配率达35.6%~45.3%。同一年份不同品种各器官的钾浓度及全生育期钾的总积累量有一定差异,但差异不显著,表明产量在9000 kg/hm2左右的不同品种具有相似的钾素营养特性。小麦植株对钾的总积累量在开花期达到最高值为181.7~230.7 kg/hm2,每生产100 kg籽粒需吸收钾2.0~2.6 kg,钾生产效率为35.36~55.58 kg/kg。小麦对钾的吸收以生育中期（起身至开花）最高,前期（出苗至起身）次之,后期（开花至成熟）为负积累。根据本研究小麦钾素的营养特点,在小麦秸秆还田基础上,9000 kg/hm2左右超高产小麦的钾肥施用量应不低于K2O 90 kg/hm2。     

地表覆盖和施氮对冬小麦干物质和氮素积累与转移的影响

在黄土高原南部旱区,通过田间试验研究了地表覆盖在不同氮水平下对冬小麦生长和氮素累积及转移的影响。结果表明,覆膜显著增加冬小麦各生育期干物质的积累,提高干物质转移量或花后干物质累积量;覆草显著增加生长后期干物质累积量,随种植年限的增加,覆草能显著增加冬小麦生物产量和子粒产量,其增产作用与覆膜无显著差异。覆膜亦能显著增加冬小麦各生育期氮素的积累,提高氮素转移量;覆草显著增加了生长后期氮的累积,随种植年限的增加,覆草对地上部吸氮量和子粒吸氮量的影响与覆膜无显著差异。施用氮肥显著增加了各生育期干物质和氮素的累积,促进花后干物质的累积和花前累积氮的再转移,显著提高了冬小麦地上部和子粒吸氮量及生物产量和子粒产量。     

Soil water conservation and yield of winter sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) as influenced by tillage, organic materials and nitrogen fertilizer in semi-arid tropical India

Soil water and nutrients play an important role in increasing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) yields in the Vertisols of semi-arid tropics during post-rainy season. The effects of tillage practices, organic materials and nitrogen fertilizer on soil properties, water conservation and yield of sorghum were evaluated during winter seasons of 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 on deep Vertisols at Bijapur in the semi-arid tropics of Karnataka State (Zone 3) of south India. Conservation and availability of water and nutrients during different stages of crop growth were increased by deeper tillage resulting in increased grain yield of winter sorghum. Medium and deep tillage increased the grain yield by 23% (1509 kg ha⁻¹) and 57% (1919 kg ha⁻¹) during 1994–1995 and 14% (1562 kg ha⁻¹) and 34% (1835 kg ha⁻¹) during 1995–1996, respectively, over shallow tillage. Water use efficiency increased from shallow (4.90 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) to deep tillage (7.30 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹). Greater water use efficiency during 1994–1995 as compared to 1995–1996 was attributed to lower consumptive use of water during 1994–1995. Among organic materials, application of Leucaena loppings conserved larger amounts of water and increased winter sorghum yield and water use efficiency. Application of Leucaena loppings increased the winter sorghum grain yield by 9% (mean of 1994–1995 and 1995–1996) as compared to vermicompost. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher water use efficiency of 6.32 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ was observed in Leucaena loppings incorporated plots compared to 5.72 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ from vermicompost. Grain yield increased by 245 kg ha⁻¹ with application of 25 kg N ha⁻¹ in 1994–1995, and a further increase in N application to 50 kg ha⁻¹ increased the grain yield by about 349 kg ha⁻¹ in 1995–1996. Deep tillage with application of 25 kg N ha⁻¹ resulted in significantly higher sorghum yield (2047 kg ha⁻¹) than control during 1994–1995. Deep tillage with integrated nutrient management (organic and inorganic N sources) conserved higher amount of soil water and resulted in increased sorghum yields especially during drought years.     

西藏冬小麦需水关键期的降水变化趋势分析

利用1961～2000年西藏不同农业气候区旬降水量资料，分析了冬小麦生育期的降水特征及趋势变化。结果发现，半干旱农区冬小麦拔节-孕穗期、抽穗-乳熟期的降水变率较大，多数年份自然降水不能满足作物需水，水分亏缺严重。半湿润农区多数年份拔节-孕穗期的降水少于作物需水量，而抽穗-乳熟期相反，水分有盈余。过去40年冬小麦抽穗-乳熟期、全生育期的降水量，在半湿润农区呈较明显的增加趋势，而在半干旱农区1980年以前呈减少趋势，1981年以后表现为显著的增加趋势。     

限量单次灌溉对套作冬小麦和春玉米产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring maize (Zea mays) to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize;so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.     

黄土高原晋南旱塬长时间序列冬小麦产量与水量平衡要素动态变化

为揭示黄土高原旱地冬小麦田长期产量及水文变化,以山西省万荣县连作冬小麦为研究对象,分析了冬小麦产量1951—2020年变化趋势及气候年际波动对产量的影响,同时利用Hydrus-1D模型和标定的模型参数模拟了1965—2020年田间水量平衡要素各分量的变化过程。结果表明：试验地冬小麦产量多年平均增产率是31.9 kg/(hm²·a),年际气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响达到±22.4%,其中影响最为显著的气象要素是生育期平均相对湿度和全年降水量;标定期和验证期Hydrus-1D模型的决定系数分别为0.65～0.68,0.57～0.65;近56 a冬小麦平均蒸腾量为(176±29) mm,土壤蒸发量为(296±28) mm占降水量的60%～80%,渗漏量一般小于40 mm,土壤含水量变化为(-2±45) mm。综上,研究地70 a冬小麦产量呈上升趋势,且受年际气候变化的影响其产量波动较大。Hydrus-1D模型能够较好地模拟晋南旱塬冬小麦田的水文变化情况,多年来研究地冬小麦田土壤含水量呈下降趋势。     

河北省冬小麦生育期气象条件定量评价模型

运用模糊数学理论，分别建立了气温、降水量和日照时数对河北省冬小麦生长发育适宜程度的隶属函数模型，据此模型分别计算了逐句的平均气温、降水量和日照时数对冬小麦生长发育的隶属度，运用一元积分回归方法确定各旬的权重系数，进而计算各发育期内光、温、水对冬小麦生长发育的隶属度，达到定量评价冬小麦生育期气象条件的目的。2005年度（2004．10—2005．06）和2006年度（2005．10—2006．06）对所建模型进行验证应用，得出：温度和日照的隶属度较高，而降水隶属度较低且变化幅度较大，说明评价年的温度和日照条件能够满足冬小麦生长发育，自然降水偏少是冬小麦产量形成的限制因素。     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter,microbial biomass and cotton yield in Alabama's “Old Rotation”

The Old Rotation cotton experiment was designed to aid farm managers in implementing rotation schemes that not only increase yield, but also improve soil quality. Six different crop rotation treatments were imposed since 1896. Rotations were: IA, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown every year without a winter legume and without N fertilization; IB, cotton grown every year with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IC, cotton grown every year without a winter legume and with 134 kg N as NH₄NO₃ ha^-1 year^-1; IIA, 2-year cotton-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IIB, 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 as NH₄NO₃; and III, 3-year cotton-corn- alternating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or rye (Secale cereale L.) rotation with a winter legume and with 134 g N as NH₄NO₃ ha^-1 year^-1. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) was the winter legume cover crop. The 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 (IIB) and the 3-year cotton-corn soybean/rye rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 (III) had higher amounts of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and crop yield than the other four treatments. The cotton grown every year without a winter legume or N fertilizer (IA) had a lower amount of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and N and cotton seed yield than all other rotations. In 1988 and 1992 cotton seed and legume yield were correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with soil organic matter (r ² ranged from 0.72 to 0.87). In most months, soil microbial biomass C and N was lower in the cotton grown every year without winter legumes or fertilizer (IA) than the other five rotations. In 1994, microbial biomass C and the C_mic:C_org ratio correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with seed cotton yield (r ²=0.87 and 0.98, respectively). After 99 years of management the Old Rotation cotton experiment indicates that winter legumes increase amounts of both C and N in soil, which ultimately contribute to higher cotton yields. Microbial biomass C and the C_mic:C_org ratio are poor predictors of annual crop yield but may be an accurate indicator of soil health and a good predictor of long-term crop yield.     

气候变暖背景下华北平原冬小麦生育期温度条件变化趋势分析

利用华北平原42个农业气象观测站1981-2010年逐日平均气温和冬小麦发育期观测资料,结合增温试验数据,统计分析冬小麦生长季各月平均气温的变化特征、冬小麦关键发育日期和各主要生育阶段平均气温的变化趋势,以探究气候变暖对华北平原冬小麦生育过程温度条件的影响。结果表明:研究期内华北平原冬小麦生长季的10月、12月和2-6月增温趋势显著,2月平均气温上升线性倾向率最大。气候变暖使冬小麦越冬阶段和返青-拔节阶段的平均温度显著升高,从而导致冬小麦拔节-成熟日期显著提前,但冬小麦冬前生长阶段和拔节-成熟阶段的平均温度则未呈现上升趋势。冬小麦冬前生长阶段的温度环境因播种期适应性推迟而保持基本稳定,拔节-成熟阶段平均温度变化不明显则归因于发育期前移和当地气温的季节性变化特点。气候进一步变暖将使冬小麦冬后发育期提前更多,而拔节-成熟阶段的平均温度则不会明显升高。     

Modelling Spring Growth of Timothy and Meadow Fescue by an Expolinear Growth Equation

The applicability of an expolinear growth equation for describing dry matter yield was investigated in seven field experiments for spring growth of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) under two levels of N application. The equation was expanded by a growth index (GI) correcting for variations in radiation, temperature and plant-available soil moisture, and an ageing function describing the decrease in growth rate caused by advance in phenological development. The field sites covered a wide range of climatic conditions and the yield was recorded at five phenological stages from leaf stage to anthesis. The expansion of the equation appeared to be adequate for a combined analysis of the dry matter yield in meadow fescue and timothy. The estimated maximum growth rate during the linear phase (C _m) did not differ significantly between species. C _m increased with higher N application. It was concluded that C _m of the expanded model represented a potential rate, whereas the relative growth rate of the exponential phase (R _m) could not be considered as a potential rate. It varied more among locations and years, e.g. it was strongly affected by the length of the period from growth onset to the start of the linear phase.     

不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 变化特征及产量分析

冬小麦不同株型品种和灌溉类型是影响产量遥感估测的重要因素, 对二者的实时监测可以提高产量的估测精度。结合遥感数据(MODIS 数据)与非遥感数据(GPS 数据和外业调查资料), 研究了不同株型品种冬小麦在水、旱地条件下归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)的动态变化特征, 分析了不同生育时期NDVI 与产量之间的关系。结果表明: 冬小麦不同株型品种间NDVI 随生育时期的变化具有明显一致性, 呈“小-大-小”变化趋势; 拔节期至孕穗期不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 差异显著, 披散型品种高于紧凑型品种, 该时期为准确识别冬小麦株型的最佳时期。水、旱地同一种株型的冬小麦品种在整个生育时期NDVI 均值差异较显著, 均表现为水地冬小麦高于旱地冬小麦, 尤以抽穗初期最为明显。水旱地冬小麦不同生育时期NDVI 与产量相关性均以抽穗初期为最高, 但用抽穗初期和灌浆期NDVI 与产量的复合回归方程进行产量预测比用抽穗初期NDVI 与产量的回归方程效果好, 旱地冬小麦尤为明显。     

气候变化对安徽省两熟制粮食作物物候期及周年气候资源分配与利用的影响

为了进一步明确江淮区域气候变化对两熟制粮食作物物候期及周年光温水资源分配与利用的影响,以安徽省12个农业气象观察站1992—2013年气象数据、作物生长发育期数据与产量数据为基础,采用线性趋势、相关分析、回归分析等方法,分析不同区域不同熟制作物物侯期变化趋势,以及气候变化对积温、辐射和降水资源分配与利用的影响。结果表明,1992—2013年沿淮淮北冬小麦-大豆种植模式,冬小麦播种期提前趋势显著(P0.05),平均每10a提前3.03d,成熟期变化不显著,全生育期平均每10a增加3.54d;大豆播种期和开花期则显著推迟(P0.05),平均每10 a推迟3.06 d和0.86 d,全生育期平均每10 a减少3.65 d。江淮冬小麦-一季稻模式,水稻播种期、抽穗期和成熟期均显著提前(P0.05),平均每10 a分别提前5.12 d、3.87 d和2.92 d,全生育增加2.2 d;小麦有同样的变化趋势,全生育期表现为每10 a缩短0.8 d。沿江江南双季早稻物候期变化不明显,全生育期每10 a缩短0.6 d;晚稻平均每10 a播种期推迟1.14 d,抽穗期与成熟期分别提前0.71d和6.85 d,成熟期提前趋势显著(P0.01),全生育期每10 a缩短5.17 d。沿淮淮北冬小麦与江淮一季稻以及沿江早稻和晚稻生长季积温呈增加趋势,大豆与江淮冬小麦积温减少。沿淮淮北与江淮冬小麦及沿江早稻和晚稻生长季辐射呈增加趋势,大豆与一季稻则表现为减少。不同种植模式第1季作物冬小麦和早稻的降水均有减少趋势,而第2季作物大豆、一季稻和晚稻则呈增加趋势。冬小麦-一季稻种植模式周年光温水生产效率最高。线性回归分析表明,积温和辐射与沿淮淮北冬小麦和沿江双季稻的产量均呈显著线性正相关(P0.05),光温是提高其产量的主要限制因子。江淮一季稻积温过高和降水过多也限制产量提升。气候变化改变了两熟制粮食作物物侯期,进一步影响了光温水气候资源的分配与利用效率。通过改良品种、改变播栽时间、提高抗逆性等适应措施,可以在一定程度上抵消气候变化对作物生长的不利影响。