奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（SARA）的易感因素及其对瘤胃功能的影响

在奶牛养殖中,亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（subacute ruminal acidosis,SARA）是一种高发的营养代谢病。随着我国奶牛养殖集约化程度的提高,为提升奶牛生产性能饲喂大量高能谷物饲料极易诱发SARA,导致瘤胃液pH值降低,瘤胃菌群发生改变,瘤胃上皮黏膜层受损,进而影响瘤胃代谢功能。分析了奶牛不同生理阶段、择食行为以及个体差异等SARA的易感因素,探讨了SARA对奶牛瘤胃菌群变化、瘤胃上皮细胞基因表达、瘤胃屏障功能的影响,以期为阐明SARA造成瘤胃功能损伤的机制、降低奶牛发生SARA的风险提供参考。     

瘤胃异常代谢产物脂多糖对奶牛血浆中代谢产物和激素的影响及其机制

当奶牛饲粮中精饲料水平提高时,瘤胃液pH下降,奶牛常会发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),瘤胃内产生大量异常代谢产物,其中主要是细菌内毒素脂多糖(LPS).在SARA时期,外周血液中的LPS浓度升高,可导致奶牛发生一系列免疫应答,奶牛代谢也发生相应的变化.血浆葡萄糖、非酯化脂肪酸浓度升高,血浆氨基酸、β-羟丁酸、胆固醇和矿物质的浓度发生变化,血浆中的各种激素水平也会发生变化.这些代谢变化进而影响奶牛产奶量、乳脂和乳蛋白含量.本文对LPS对奶牛血浆代谢产物和激素水平的影响进行综述,并就其机制进行探讨.     

The monitoring, prevention and treatment of sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA): a review

Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) has become an increasing problem in well-managed, high yielding dairy herds and the monitoring of groups of cows for signs of the condition is now crucial. Rumenocentesis may be ethically questionable but the technique remains the most reliable means of diagnosing SARA. Continuous measurement of ruminal pH may however be possible in the future. Parameters reflecting the metabolic acidosis caused by SARA are also promising tools, and measurement of milk fat content may be useful in individual mid-lactation cows although it is less valuable for bulk tank milk samples. The prevention of SARA includes the establishment of feeding and management guidelines seeking to minimize rumen acidotic load. Regular monitoring may facilitate early recognition of the condition and limit economic losses. Some degree of SARA may however be inevitable and presents a challenge to the dairy industry as consumers become increasingly concerned about the welfare of production animals.     

Evaluation of blood adiponectin levels as an index for subacute ruminal acidosis in cows: a preliminary study

The objective of this study was to evaluate blood levels of various hormones and compounds related to energy metabolism in cows with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). We investigated 11 lactating cows presumed to have SARA based on duration of ruminal pH <5.6 and reticulum pH <6.3 in 2015–2016. Kraft pulp (KP) was used to supplement feed of 7 of the cows studied in an effort to reduce SARA. We continuously monitored ruminal pH and measured blood concentrations of hormones and metabolites related to energy metabolism. Blood measurements included glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid (FFA), insulin, adiponectin (ADN), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additionally, we analyzed milk data (milk yield, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, milk urea nitrogen, and protein fat ratio) and reproduction data. The results demonstrated that ADN levels at 4 weeks post-parturition correlated with the total amount of time that the ruminal or reticulum fluid pH was under the threshold during 1 week post-parturition, as well as the numbers of days the cows were diagnosed with SARA (SARA-positive days) up to 30 days post-parturition. SARA-positive days in 2016 were higher than those in 2015. In both years, numbers of SARA-positive days for cows supplemented with KP were lower than those for cows without KP. Increased ADN levels may be a compensatory reaction to frequent SARA which modulates the inflammatory response against high LPS levels and improves insulin resistance caused by LPS. ADN may serve as an estimative index for SARA.

     

硫胺素在瘤胃内的合成及其在预防亚急性瘤胃酸中毒中的应用

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒是现代集约化反刍动物生产中的常见营养代谢病,揭示亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的发生机制及其预防措施是畜牧业生产中的重要科学问题。本文通过综述硫胺素在反刍动物生产中的应用效果、影响硫胺素合成的因素、硫胺素与亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的关系及其调控亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的可能作用途径,进一步揭示了亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的发生机理和硫胺素的生理作用,并为反刍动物生产提供理论参考。     

Some commonly fed herbs and other functional foods in equine nutrition: a review

During subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) rumen pH is depressed for several hours per day due to accumulation of volatile fatty acids and insufficient rumen buffering. Surveys suggested an incidence of SARA of between 19% and 26% in early and mid-lactation dairy cows. Causes of SARA include feeding excessive amounts of non-structural carbohydrates and highly fermentable forages, and insufficient dietary coarse fiber. Consequences of SARA include feed intake depression, reduced fiber digestion, milk fat depression, diarrhea, laminitis, liver abscesses, increased production of bacterial endotoxin and inflammation characterized by increases in acute phase proteins. The increase in endotoxin is similar among methods for SARA induction, but depends on the diet fed before induction. Increases in acute phase proteins vary among methods of SARA induction, even when the methods result in similar rumen pH depressions. This suggests that the inflammatory response might not be solely due to bacterial endotoxin in the rumen.     

Responsive changes of rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis

Subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA)represents one of the most important digestive disorders in intensive dairy farms,and dairy cows are individually different in the severity of SARA risk.The objectives of the current study were to investigate differences in the ruminal bacterial community and metabolome in dairy cattle with different susceptibility to SARA.In the present study,12 cows were initially enrolled in the experiment.Based on average ruminal pH,4 cows with the lowest ruminal pH were assigned to the susceptible group(SUS,pH=5.76,n=4)and 4 cows with the highest ruminal pH assigned to the tolerant group(TOL,pH=6.10,n=4).Rumen contents from susceptible(SUS,n=4)and tolerant(TOL,n=4)dairy cows were collected through rumen fistula to systematically reveal the rumen microbial and metabolic alterations of dairy cows with different susceptibility to SARA using multi-omics approaches(16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolome).The results showed that despite being fed the same diet,SUS cows had lower ruminal pH and higher concentrations of total volatile fatty acids(VFA)and propionate than TOL cows(P<0.05).No significant differences were observed in dry matter intake,milk yield,and other milk compositions between the SUS and TOL groups(P>0.05).The principal coordinates analysis based on the analysis of molecular variance indicated a significant difference in bacterial composition between the two groups(P=0.01).More specifically,the relative abundance of starch-degrading bacteria(Prevotella spp.)was greater(P<0.05),while the proportion of fiber-degrading bacteria(unclassified Ruminococcaceae spp.,Ruminococcus spp.,Papillibacter,and unclassified Family_-XIII)was lower in the rumen of SUS cows compared with TOL cows(P<0.05).Community analysis of protozoa showed that there were no significant differences in the diversity,richness,and community structure(P>0.05).Metabolomics analysis revealed that the concentrations of organic acids(such as lactic acid),biogenic amines(such as histamine),and bacterial degradation products(such as hypoxanthine)were significantly higher in the SUS group compared to the TOL group(P<0.05).These findings revealed that the higher proportion of starch-degrading bacteria/lower fiber-degrading bacteria in the rumen of SUS cows resulted in higher VFA-producing capacity,in particular propionate.This caused a disruption in metabolic homeostasis in the rumen which might be the reason for the higher susceptibility to SARA.Overall,these findings enhanced our understanding of the ruminal microbiome and metabolic changes in cows susceptible to SARA.     

Signals for identifying cows at risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy veterinary practice

Controlling rumen disorders is critical to ensure successful dairy herd health management. Lactation diets of dairy cows are commonly rich in concentrates and low in physically effective fibre. Feeding of these diets increases the risk of rumen disorders with far‐reaching consequences for cattle health, welfare and sustainability of dairy production. The term subacute ruminal acidosis or SARA is often used as a synonym for poor rumen health. Being subclinical, SARA lacks of clear symptoms and is therefore difficult to diagnose and to control in the practice. This review article summarises common and identifies new direct and indirect cow signals related to SARA. We have performed a scientific evaluation and interpretation of each of these cow signals by highlighting their advantages and disadvantages from the practitioner's point of view. The gold standard of SARA cow signals still remains direct measurement of ruminal pH. However, continuous pH monitoring is cost‐intensive and often biased by sensor drift. Single‐point ruminal pH measurements by oral stomach tubing or rumenocentesis have strong limitations. Therefore, there is a need for reliable and robust markers of SARA that are easily accessible and inexpensive. Such indirect parameters are the observation of chewing and feeding activities, as well as the monitoring of milk, faecal, urine and blood variables. Also, novel technologies that allow rapid and non‐invasive measurement of the rumen mucosa thickness and ruminal motility patterns might provide advantages in SARA diagnosis. Due to several constraints of these indirect diagnostic tools, such as limited specificity and sensitivity, we strongly recommend using a combination of the signals to reliably identify cows at risk of SARA in a dairy herd.     

Prevalence and consequences of subacute ruminal acidosis in German dairy herds

Background

The prevalence and the clinical consequences of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows are still poorly understood. In order to evaluate the prevalence of SARA, 26 German dairy farms were included in a field study. In each herd, between 11 and 14 lactating dairy cows were examined for their ruminal pH using rumenocentesis. Milk production data and farm management characteristics were recorded. Each farm was scored for lameness prevalence among lactating animals, and body condition score was recorded three times four to five weeks apart in all animals examined. Farms were grouped on basis of ruminal pH and compared for lameness, body condition, milk production parameters and style of management. Animals were grouped on basis of their measured ruminal pH and compared accordingly for milk production parameters and body condition score.

Results

Of 315 cows examined, 63 individuals (20%) exhibited a ruminal pH of ≤ 5.5 at time of rumenocentesis. Of 26 farms examined, eleven farms had three or more of their cows experiencing a ruminal pH of ≤ 5.5 and were classified as likely experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis. These farms tended to be bigger than the others and offered less lying space to the lactating cows. There was no clear tendency regarding lameness. Among individual cows, animals with a low ruminal pH of ≤ 5.5 were found to be in significantly poorer body condition than animals with higher pH values (p < 0,05).

Conclusions

The study shows 11 out of 26 of herds likely experiencing SARA. Bigger herds tend to be at a higher risk for SARA, while individuals with low ruminal pH tend to be lower in body condition. The study points to the importance of management in preventing SARA.     

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in grazing Irish dairy cows

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a significant production disease of dairy cattle. Previous concerns have been raised over the occurrence of SARA in pasture-fed dairy cattle and the potential consequences of laminitis and lameness. Highly digestible perennial rye grass contains high concentrations of rapidly fermentable carbohydrate and low concentrations of physical effective fibre that may result in SARA. This study conducted a point prevalence survey of rumen health status in grazing Irish dairy cattle fed predominantly perennial rye grass-based pasture. The survey assessed rumen fluid, animal health status, milk production data and pasture composition. A total of 144 cows between 80 and 150 days in milk were sampled on 12 farms. Eleven percent of cows were classified as affected with SARA (pH < or = 5.5), 42% were marginal (pH 5.6-5.8) and 47% were normal (pH>5.8). The study showed that low rumen pH is prevalent in grazing Irish dairy cattle consuming perennial rye grass-based pasture and raises concerns regarding effective pasture utilisation and possible consequences for animal health.     

Balancing diets for physically effective fibre and ruminally degradable starch: A key to lower the risk of sub-acute rumen acidosis and improve productivity of dairy cattle

Finding an optimal balance between the amount of physically effective fibre and rumen fermentable carbohydrates in the diets of high-producing dairy cows is difficult, but critical to prevent sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA), optimize digestion, nutrient utilization, and improve productivity. The main aim of the present review was to provide a summary of recent achievements regarding the role that interactions between dietary factors such as grain fermentability and physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF) have on rumen fermentation and SARA as well as on production performance in high-producing dairy cows. The review first considers factors related to grain fermentability and finds that the latter variable depends mainly on the source of starch as well as in processing and conservation method; however, dairy cow's response to grain fermentability should be considered in relation with the total amount of starch and/or concentration of peNDF in the diet. Forages and current methods used in the evaluation of their physical characteristics were also reviewed suggesting the use of Penn State Particle Separator as an adequate approach to determine the distribution of particle fractions as well as the content of peNDF in both forages and total mixed rations. Furthermore, results reviewed in this study suggest that a content of peNDF_> 1.18 (expressed inclusive of particles-dry matter > 1.18 mm) in the diet of about 30–32% is sufficient in maintaining a daily mean of ruminal pH of 6.2, lowering the risk of SARA, and preventing milk fat depression without exerting any negative effects on daily feed intake and milk production. The review concludes with a practical recommendation in terms of balancing diets with peNDF_> 1.18 and ruminally degradable starch, suggesting that a ratio between the two variables lower than 1.45 should be avoided when formulating diets for lactating dairy cows.     

奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒研究进展

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（SARA）作为一种普遍存在于大多数牛场的奶牛健康问题,目前已经得到人们充分认识。大量的研究结果表明,患SARA的奶牛产奶量会普遍降低,损害母牛健康,强制性淘汰率增加,最终影响生产者的经济利益。作者就目前与奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒有关的饲养管理及其预防措施进行综述,希望对奶牛生产者如何正确的预防亚急性瘤胃酸中毒有所帮助。     

Indicators of induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in Danish Holstein cows

Background

The prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows is high with large impact on economy and welfare. Its current field diagnosis is based on point ruminal pH measurements by oral probe or rumenocentesis. These techniques are invasive and inaccurate, and better markers for the diagnosis of SARA are needed. The goal of this study was to evaluate clinical signs of SARA and to investigate the use of blood, faecal and urinary parameters as indicators of SARA. Six lactating, rumen cannulated, Danish Holstein cows were used in a cross-over study with three periods. The first and second periods included two cows on control diet and two cows on nutritional SARA challenge. The third period only included two cows on SARA challenge. Control diet was a conventional total mixed ration [45.5% dry matter (DM), 17.8% crude protein, 43.8% neutral detergent fibre, and 22.5% acid detergent fibre (DM basis)]. SARA challenge was conducted by substituting control diet with grain pellets (50% wheat/barley) over 3 days to reach 40% grain in the diet. Ruminal pH was measured continuously. Blood samples were collected once daily at 7 h after feeding. Samples of faeces and urine were collected at feeding, and at 7 and 12 h after feeding. Blood samples were analysed for pCO2, pO2, pH, electrolytes, lactate, glucose, packed cell volume (PCV), and total plasma protein concentration. Milk composition, ruminal VFA, and pH of faeces and urine were measured.

Results

SARA was associated with decreased (P < 0.05) minimum ruminal, faecal and urinary pH. Daily times and areas of ruminal pH below 5.8, and 5.6 were increased to levels representative for SARA. Significant differences were detected in milk composition and ruminal VFAs. Blood calcium concentration was decreased (P < 0.05), and pCO₂ tended to be increased (P = 0.10). Significant differences were not detected in other parameters.

Conclusions

SARA challenge was associated with changes in faecal and urinary pH, blood calcium concentration and pCO₂. These may be helpful as indicators of SARA. However changes were small, and diurnal variations were present. None of these parameters are able to stand alone as indicators of SARA.     

Effects of Non-fiber Carbohydrate to Neutral Detergent Fiber Ratios on Ruminal pH Dynamics in Dairy Goats

Introduction Subacute ruminal acidosis（SARA）has become common and important economic and health issues for high-yielding dairy cows.Rumen pH takes a central position in the pathogenesis of SARA.So monitoring of rumen pH is play important role in recognizing,quantifying and subsequently controlling this disorder. The objective of the present     

奶牛非饲草来源纤维营养研究进展

本文在总结分析国内外最新研究成果的基础上,对非饲草来源纤维(NFFS)对奶牛的营养作用和生理影响及其机理进行了综述,主要从NFFS部分替代饲草对奶牛生产性能、瘤胃草垫层和瘤胃发酵的影响,以及NFFS部分替代精料对饲料效率、生产性能和亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)奶牛生理的影响等方面进行论述,旨在为NFFS饲料在奶牛饲粮中的科学合理利用提供理论参考和依据。     

Subacute rumen acidosis in lactating cows: an investigation in intensive Italian dairy herds

Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) represents one of the most important metabolic disorders in intensive dairy farms that affects rumen fermentations, animal welfare, productivity and farm profitability. The aim of the present study was to study the occurrence of SARA in intensive Italian dairy herds and to determine the relationship between diet composition, ruminal pH and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. Ten commercial dairy herds were investigated; twelve cows in each herd were selected randomly among animal without clinical signs of disease, with good body condition and between 5 and 60 day-in-milk (DIM), to perform rumenocentesis and obtain rumen fluid. Ruminal pH was determined immediately after sampling and concentration of SCFA in ruminal fluid was determined on samples after storage. An other objective of this research was to study in detail the effects of rumenocentesis on animal health: this study could confirm the extreme validity of this technique as ruminal sampling. Results were subject to anova and correlation analysis using SIGMA STAT 2.03. The results indicated the presence of SARA in three herds (more than 33% cows with rumen pH < 5.5), a critical situation (more than 33% cows with rumen pH < 5.8) in five farms and a normal rumen pH condition in two herds. In particular, dairy herds show on average SCFA concentration of 150, 145, 123 mmol/l for low pH, critical pH and normal pH herds respectively. There were not significant differences among diet composition even if herds with SARA showed a light discordance between initially chemistry composition and residual feed. In the affected herds it was not possible to understand the exact causes of SARA. Animal management seems to be one of the most important factors in developing SARA including total mixed ration preparation.     

Diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by continuous reticular pH measurements in cows

The objective of this study was to determine whether subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) could be diagnosed by continuous measurements of the reticular pH, as compared with the ruminal pH, using healthy cows fed a control diet and SARA cows fed a rumen acidosis-inducing diet. The reticular and ruminal pH were measured simultaneously by a radio transmission pH measurement system. The mean reticular pH at 1-h intervals decreased gradually from the morning feeding to the next feeding time in both healthy and SARA cows, though the decrease in the ruminal pH was observed to be more drastic as compared with that observed in the reticular pH. The threshold of the 1-h mean pH in the reticulum for a diagnosis of SARA was considered to be 6.3, and a significant positive correlation was observed between the reticular and ruminal pH. No differences in the concentrations of lactic acid, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids were noted between the reticular and ruminal fluids in SARA cows. These results demonstrate that the reticular pH can be used to detect SARA in cows, as opposed to using the ruminal pH.     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对泌乳奶牛血浆生化指标及代谢组的影响研究

本试验旨在探究亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（subacute rumen acidosis, SARA）对泌乳奶牛血液生化指标和血浆代谢组的影响。试验选用8头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期奶牛,随机分成对照组（CON）（n=4）和处理组（SARA）（n=4）,CON组与SARA组分别饲喂精粗比为4∶6和6∶4的全混合日粮,试验周期为3周。于试验期每周最后一天晨饲后0、2、4、6、8和12 h进行瘤胃pH的测定,同时在pH测定当天晨饲后6 h采集颈静脉血样,用于血液生化指标和代谢组的分析。结果表明,与CON组相比,SARA组的瘤胃pH显著降低（P=0.002）,两组干物质采食量没有显著差异（P=0.524）。血浆生化指标结果显示,与CON组比较,SARA组奶牛的β-羟丁酸浓度显著降低（P=0.007）,甘油三酯浓度显著升高（P=0.014）。采用液相-质谱（LC-MS）联用技术对血浆进行代谢组学分析,主成分分析（PCA）和偏最小二乘法分析（PLS-DA）结果显示,SARA组奶牛血浆代谢物组成较CON组发生明显变化,两组间共检测到26种差异代谢物（VIP>1 & FDR<0.05）,与CON组相比,SARA组奶牛血浆中的7-酮脱氧胆酸、脱氧胆酸、胆酸、12-酮脱氧胆酸、12（13）Ep-9-KODE、12,13-DHOME和L-天冬酰胺代谢物含量显著升高（FDR<0.05）,而十一烷二酸、十六烷二酸、9-HODE、血氧烷B3、PGE2、L-精氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-苏氨酸、异丁酰甘氨酸、异戊酰甘氨酸、马尿酸、4-羟基马尿酸和6-磷酸-2-脱氢-D-葡萄糖酸酯等代谢物含量显著降低（FDR<0.05）。综上,与CON组比较,SARA组奶牛的脂代谢、氨基酸代谢和糖代谢发生显著变化,这些物质可作为SARA潜在的生物标志物。     

奶牛瘤胃亚急性酸中毒的产生原因和营养学控制方法

瘤胃亚急性酸中毒是目前困扰奶牛生产的一大难题。高精、低粗的饲粮结构会引起瘤胃微生物区系结构改变,挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液 ｐＨ下降,从而引起瘤胃亚急性酸中毒。奶牛发生瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时瘤胃液细菌内毒素浓度升高。高浓度的内毒素转运至血液引发急性期反应,血浆中矿物质和代谢物水平发生改变,从而使奶牛生产性能下降。本文对高精饲粮下瘤胃中内毒素的产生和转运以及内毒素引发的急性期反应进行综述,同时,根据近年来的研究进展重点介绍一些减少内毒素产生和转运的新方法,旨在为更好地控制或减少瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时内毒素对奶牛的危害提供参考。     

Prevalence and consequence of subacute ruminal acidosis in Polish dairy herds

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in Polish high‐yielding dairy herds. Also, the relationships between the chemical composition of the diet and the feed particle size, ruminal pH and the occurrence of this metabolic disease and the fermentation profile were determined. Rumen fluid samples were obtained from a total of 213 cows from nine dairy herds (≥20 cows per herd) via rumenocentesis. Almost 14% (30/213) of cows as acidotic (pH<5.6) were found, which is indicative of SARA. Moreover, 44% of the herds were classified as SARA‐positive and 56% as SARA‐negative. Results of the current study suggested that the physically effective NDF (NDF_>1.18 mm)‐to‐starch ratio could be better indices than peNDF_>1.18 mm to preventing the occurrence of SARA, and their level should not be lower than 1.00. Also, linear negative relationships between rumen fluid pH and concentration of propionate, valerate and total VFA were determined. According to the herd's SARA status and rumen fluid biochemical indices, there were significant differences between the pH of rumen fluid (p ≤ 0.01), concentrations of acetate (p ≤ 0.05), propionate (p ≤ 0.05), n‐butyrate (p ≤ 0.01), n‐valerate (p ≤ 0.01), the sum of VFA (p ≤ 0.01) and ammonia (p ≤ 0.05) in SARA‐positive herds compared to SARA‐negative herds. The better understanding the strategy of ruminant nutrition to coordinate energy conversion and the role of the ruminal pH in regulating N‐NH₃ production, absorption through rumen mucosa, urea secretion, the more successfully we can utilize these processes with due recognition of animal needs and welfare, as well as prevention of SARA occurrence.