毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤微生物数量变化

对毛乌素沙地榆林沙区樟子松人工固沙林地土壤微生物进行测定和分析,结果表明:不同林龄樟子松林地细菌、放线菌和真菌数量差异显著,细菌和真菌数量随林龄增大不断增加;放线菌数量在流沙地(CK)、7～23a生林地这一时期内随着林龄增大显著增加,23a生林地达到最大值,31 a生林地出现明显回落.三大微生物均随土层深度加深而减少,在沙丘部位的分布表现为:丘间地＞背风坡＞迎风坡＞丘顶.在流沙地上栽植樟子松人工林后,土壤微生物数量增加,土壤肥力水平提高.     

历史文化名城武威与敦煌的客源市场空间结构比较分析

本文通过对历史文化名城武威和敦煌两目的地客源市场空间结构的分析研究 ,得出两地的国内客源市场在空间上十分分散、吸引半径较大 ,而海外客源市场高度集中。具体而言 ,武威海外客源地的地理集中指数较大 ,客源吸引半径较小 ;敦煌海外客源地的地理集中指数适中 ,客源吸引半径大。本文还分析比较了两目的地客源市场空间分布格局对旅游业发展和旅游市场促销的影响。     

艾比湖湿地自然保护区典型群落物种多样性分析

采用Shannon-Wiener和Simpson物种多样性指数,Margalef和Gleason丰富度指数,均匀度指数和生态优势度指数对艾比湖湿地自然保护区典型群落物种多样性进行分析研究。结果表明:植物群落在垂直结构上的多样性分布是灌木和乔木的物种均匀度、多样性和丰富度指数的变化趋势均大于草本,而生态优势度指数则与其相反,表现出单一的植物群落结构,说明艾比湖自然保护区典型群落在多个层次上物种的数量和分布与该地环境条件成正相关,即该区植物种类少、盖度低,生物资源丰富度十分匮乏。     

基于空间可达性的宁蒙沿黄地带医疗资源缺乏单元识别

基于空间可达性识别区域县级医疗资源不足的居民点,对优化区域医疗资源配置具有指导意义。首先从交通网络和土地类型获得网格最小通行时间计算网格到县医院最小时间成本,再用2SFCA计算网格到县医院可达性,最后依相对贫困的定义识别缺医县和镇。以宁蒙沿黄地带为例,研究发现:1)区县平均可达性差异大,且高低区县空间邻近;2)对县医院服务区内网格可达性均值和高低分布而言,乌审旗和乌拉特中旗可达性均值低且分布不均,鄂托克前旗和灵武均值低且分布较不均,磴口等17县市均值低但分布均匀,杭锦旗、鄂托克旗和达罕旗均值高但分布不均;3)初步识别乌审旗乌兰陶勒盖镇等70个典型低可达性人口集聚的缺医镇。结论:将人口、交通和土地网格数据结合2SFCA计算的空间可达性,可用于识别大尺度区域缺医县和镇。     

宁夏灌区贺兰县麦红吸浆虫发生与防治对策

我县地处银川市郊区以北,属春麦区,在宁夏引黄灌区的银川平原上。近几年,小麦吸浆虫也在发生、蔓延。1984年麦红吸浆虫全县共分布在7个乡(镇),而全县只有11个乡(镇),1985年扩大到8个乡(镇)55个村,440个农业社。发生面积达16万亩,占小麦面积的91%。当年吸浆虫大发生,损失小麦达512万公斤。     

中国特色景观旅游名镇名村空间分布特征及影响因素

以住建部公布的全国553个特色景观旅游名镇名村为研究对象,综合采用GIS空间分析法和地理探测器分析其空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果 表明:特色景观旅游村镇空间分布不均衡,呈现依托经济、沿路、近景、亲水等显著特征,主要分布在平原丘陵和气候适宜地区;空间分布总体集聚,形成了燕赵文化、中原文化、齐鲁文化、吴越文化、徽文化及多...     

苹果园天敌昆虫群落的空间分布研究

天敌昆虫在苹果树树冠的空间分布有一定的差异。天敌昆虫在苹果树树冠东、南、西、北四个方位以及内、外部等的水平位置上的数量分布无明显的差异；在苹果树树冠上、中、下部的垂直水平上的分布差异大，树冠中、下部明显多于上部。     

茶丽纹象甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对茶丽纹象甲(Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss)(鞘翅目:象甲科)成虫的触角及感器进行了观察,比较研究了雌、雄成虫触角形态、感器分布和数量上的差异.结果表明,茶丽纹象甲雌、雄成虫触角均呈膝状,由柄节、梗节和7个鞭亚节组成,触角上均着生有5种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、棒形感器、叉形感器、鳞形感器以及少量表皮孔.其中,鳞形感器和刺形感器的数量最多,叉形感器在已有的象甲科资料中尚未见报道.毛形感器和叉形感器的数量和分布存在着明显的性别差异,主要表现为雄虫触角上毛形感器和叉形感器的数量显著多于雌虫.     

塔里木河上、中、下游胡杨种群高度结构特征

在塔里木河上游沙雅县塔里木乡、中游轮台县轮南镇、下游尉犁县34团胡杨林自然保护区内设置52500m2的样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查获取野外资料,分析了不同生境胡杨种群的高度结构、高度级间失稳率等。结果表明:不同研究区胡杨种群结构差异明显,上游沙雅县胡杨种群高度结构呈倒J型,幼龄>中龄>近熟龄>成熟龄,幼苗储备丰富,各龄级高度数量分布均匀,为稳定增长种群。轮南镇胡杨种群高度结构呈倒J型,幼龄>中龄>近熟龄>成熟龄,幼龄和中龄数量储备丰富,各龄级高度数量分布差异大,在水分条件好时为快速增长型种群。34团胡杨种群高度结构呈现下窄上宽的倒金字塔型,成熟龄高度级缺失,近熟龄高度级数量稀少,幼龄级高度数量稀少,整个胡杨种群处于衰退期。不同研究区的失稳率反映的种群的动态与高度级密度曲线反映的一致。     

50a来别珍套山冰湖的时空变化及其对气候的响应

应用1964—2014年的12期多源遥感数据,对天山西部的别珍套山冰湖进行面积变化制图,从数量和面积分析了冰湖的时间变化过程,从规模、海拔、坡向、类型等方面分析了冰湖变化的空间特征,并结合气象资料与冰川动态探讨湖泊变化的驱动因素。结果表明:多时期的遥感数据能更好地描述冰湖由数量减少、面积萎缩到数量增加、面积扩展的趋势,其时间段分别为1965—1978年和1978—2014年。冰湖在规模上普遍偏小;在海拔上,3 300~3 500 m处冰湖分布最多,也是冰湖变化最为显著的区段;在坡向上,冰湖数量及面积变化显著的区域为北坡,这与冰川的分布一致;在类型上主要以冰碛湖为主。冰湖的时间变化过程很好地响应了区域降水和气温的变化,而冰湖在空间上的变化差异与冰川直接相关。     

黄河流域典型城市水资源社会可再生性评价研究

黄河流域主要位于我国干旱、半干旱区 ,流域内许多城市都面临着水资源短缺问题。水资源社会可再生性是水资源在利用过程中所表现出的特性 ,其值的增强对于实现水资源的高效利用具有重要意义。本文针对黄河流域提出了基于若干指标来综合表征缺水城市水资源社会可再生性的方法 ,并在此基础上对该流域 8个典型城市的水资源社会可再生性进行了评价 ,得出了这些城市水资源社会可再生性的差异 ,最后提出了增强这些城市水资源社会可再生性的途径。     

黄河流域干燥度时空格局变化研究

根据国家气象局整编的1957～2001年(45 a)黄河流域93个气象站点气象资料,应用1998年FAO最新推荐的Penman-Monteith法计算干燥度中的潜在蒸散项,并在此基础上使用克里格(kriging)插值法生成黄河流域干燥度的分布图.研究结果显示,黄河流域多年平均干燥度空间分布格局受气候、地形地貌等多种因素的影响,具有明显的地域性差异,干燥度总的特点是北大南小,呈现由北向南逐渐递减趋势;从时间尺度上看,自1957年以来,干燥度总体上呈波动增大趋势,干燥度季节变化为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,全年以7～9月份干燥度最小,11月～翌年3月最大,且不同区域之间存在着明显的差异.     

Spatiotemporal variations and driving factors of habitat quality in the loess hilly area of the Yellow River Basin: A case study of Lanzhou City,China

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to the most serious habitat degradation in China, especially in the loess hilly area of the Yellow River Basin, where the ecological environment is relatively fragile. The contradiction between economic development and ecological environment protection has aroused widespread concern. In this study, we used the habitat quality of Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST-HQ) model at different scales to evaluate the dynamic evolution characteristics of habitat quality in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province of China. The spatiotemporal variations of habitat quality were analyzed by spatial autocorrelation. A Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model was used to explore the driving factors that influencing the spatial differentiation of habitat quality, including natural factors, socio-economic factors, and ecological protection factors. The results showed that the habitat quality index of Lanzhou City decreased from 0.4638 to 0.4548 during 2000-2018. The areas with reduced the habitat quality index were mainly located in the Yellow River Basin and Qinwangchuan Basin, where are the main urban areas and the new economic development areas, respectively. The spatial distribution of habitat quality presented a trend of high in the surrounding areas and low in the middle, and showed a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. With the increase of study scale, the spatial distribution of habitat quality changed from concentrated to dispersed. The spatial differentiation of habitat quality in the study area was the result of multiple factors. Among them, topographic relief and slope were the key factors. The synergistic enhancement among these driving factors intensified the spatial differentiation of habitat quality. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for land resources utilization and ecosystem restoration in the arid and semi-arid land.     

Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin,China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources management of the WRB.     

基于文化挖掘的城市旅游形象的定位——以兰州市为例

在对甘肃省的整体旅游形象和兰州市旅游形象的感知以及兰州市旅游意象构成要素调查的基础上,对地方文脉进行了深入地剖析,运用数理统计分析和CIS方法,将兰州旅游形象的文化识别概括为:黄河文化、渡口文化、桥和山水文化、城市和建筑文化、民族文化、丝路文化;将兰州市旅游意象的精邃归纳为:河-渡-桥-路-山-水-城.结合市场调查,突出兰州的历史文化地位和地理文脉,将兰州旅游形象的一级理念定位为:"千古丝路集散地,山水秀美黄河城";结合兰州旅游的地方性,可以设计出兰州的二级旅游理念:"黄河之都" ;"天下黄河第一城".在此基础上,建立兰州旅游形象系统及宣传口号.     

Quantitative distinction of the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution in the Yellow River Basin of China during 1981-2019

Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, vegetation ecosystem has undergone profound changes. It can be seen that there are obvious differences in the evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of vegetation ecosystem in different historical periods. Therefore, it is urgent to identify and reveal the dominant factors and their contribution rates in the vegetation change cycle. Based on the data of climate elements (sunshine hours, precipitation and temperature), human activities (population intensity and GDP intensity) and other natural factors (altitude, slope and aspect), this study explored the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin of China from 1989 to 2019 through a residual method, a trend analysis, and a gravity center model, and quantitatively distinguished the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution based on Geodetector model. The results showed that the spatial distribution of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. During 1981-2019, the temporal variation of vegetation NDVI showed an overall increasing trend. The gravity centers of average vegetation NDVI during the study period was distributed in Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province, and the center moved northeastwards from 1981 to 2019. During 1981-2000 and 2001-2019, the proportion of vegetation restoration areas promoted by the combined action of climate change and human activities was the largest. During the study period (1981-2019), the dominant factors influencing vegetation NDVI shifted from natural factors to human activities. These results could provide decision support for the protection and restoration of vegetation ecosystem in the Yellow River Basin.     

陕西省古村镇旅游资源特征及其开发对策研究

特色古村镇是物质和精神的复合体,是区域传统文化的重要载体。由于古村镇所具有的地域性、乡土性和自然性等特点,其特色显著。在全球化、现代化、城市化的社会大背景下,特色古村镇以其独特的人居形式和深厚的文化积淀,引起人们的浓厚兴趣,成为保护地方文化,保护文化多样性的重要阵地。特色古村镇的旅游开发作为当前古村镇保护与利用的一种重要形式,具有多种积极意义。本文依据陕西省旅游资源普查数据,总结出陕西省古村镇旅游资源的特征,并结合实际情况,对陕西省古村镇的旅游开发总体思路进行了宏观探讨,提出了相关开发对策,为陕西旅游业及区域特色经济的发展提供依据及途径。     

清代晋南乡镇演变研究

清代晋南乡镇类型多样,商贸性质的乡镇占据主体,反映出区域经济发展的总体状况;乡镇在布局上主要集中于谷地、河流两岸、驿路与孔道沿线,各乡镇与府县城市的城市间距适中,体现了乡镇据点在地域上的规律性;到清代后期,晋南乡镇的总体数量有所增加,尤以商贸和驿递性质的乡镇为主,这与当地的自然、人文环境密切相关。     

黄河流域开发条件的总体评价

本文首先分析了黄河流域的地理范围与区位特点,进而较全面地分析黄河流域开发的优势与有利条件;流域开发的主要制约性因素与不利条件。同时,从流域开发的外部环境着眼,探讨了黄河流域开发与经济发展所面临的挑战和可以利用的发展机遇,从而为黄河流域的综合开发与治理提供了科学依据。     

宁夏黄河干流流域开发初探

<正> 流域是指河流的集水区,它是地表分水线包围的区域。流域及其管理,已经引起世界各国决策者的极大关注(K.W.Easter et al,1986)。本世纪,世界各地进行了许多流域开发工作,田纳西流域开发便是流域开发成功的典范。我国广泛开展了大小流域的整治,但对于大河流的综合开发,虽有一些学者作过理论研究(张思平等,1989;张文合,