植物修复技术及其在污水处理中的应用

植物修复技术(phytoremed iation)是指利用绿色植物及其根际微生物共同作用,以清除环境污染物的一种新型原位治理技术,其机理主要是利用植物及其根际土著微生物的代谢活动来吸收、积累或降解和转化环境中的污染物。与物理、化学方法相比,植物修复具有操作简单、投资少和不易造成二次污染等特点;与微生物法相比,植物修复可以用于处理多种复合型污染物,尤其适合于大面积低浓度的污染物处理。根据污染物的不同形态、特性和存在方式,植物修复的方式包括有根际过滤(Rhizofiltration)、植物固定(Phytostabilization)、根区降解(Rhizodegra-datio…     

应用有益微生物改善温室养鳖池水质的研究

向养鳖池中投加光合细菌 (PSB)、硝化细菌 (NB)、玉垒菌 (S3 0 )和蜡质芽孢杆菌 (BC)等有益菌群 ,可使温室养鳖池中的有机污染物有效分解 ,降低水体中的有机污染物氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮等的含量 ,减少换水次数和换水量 ,从而实现温室健康养鳖的目标     

辽河下游主要污染物对河蟹不同发育期的毒性研究

我们于1991年4、6、7、8、11月份5次对辽河下游4个采样点进行水质调查(结果见表1)。并根据调查结果进行了主要污染物对河蟹Ⅰ期(氵蚤)状幼体的急性毒性试验;扣蟹对污染物的     

哈萨克斯坦渔业主要水域环境现状及保护对策

分析了哈萨克斯坦渔业主要水域的环境现状.伊犁河( Ile River) -巴尔喀什湖(Balhash Lake)、乌拉尔河( Oral River) -里海(Caspian Sea)、锡尔河(Ser River) -咸海(Aral Sea)、额尔齐斯河(Ertis River) -斋桑泊(Zaisang Lake)均受不同程度的污染,污染物有化肥、农药、石油产物、重金属及含氮化合物、氯化物、硫酸盐,来源包括国内外两个渠道.污染物破坏渔业主要水域生境,对水生物种(鱼类)的安全造成威胁,导致了水生生物资源衰竭.国家有关管理部门应采取相应标准化管理措施,依法执行治理工作,防止国外污染物进入本国渔业水域;并通过和邻国联合对哈国渔业主要水域环境及生物资源开展保护与利用研究,确保本国主要渔业水域生态环境的可持续发展,保护与合理利用人类共有资源.     

鱼、虾、蟹养殖池塘清塘排水水质及污染强度

为准确估计混养鱼、青虾、河蟹养殖池塘清塘时污染物的排放强度,实验选取三种类型池塘(混养鱼塘、青虾塘、河蟹塘)各5口。混养鱼塘清塘时一边捕捞一边用潜水泵排水;青虾塘在捕捞完成后即用潜水泵排水;河蟹塘在捕捞完成后1个月左右采用自流装置从表层开始排水并滞留30 cm水于塘内。采集三类池塘清塘前塘内水样及清塘过程中排水口水样,分析总氮、总磷、化学耗氧量和悬浮物等污染物浓度。分别以塘内水质和排水口水质的监测值估算了污染物的表观排放强度和实际排放强度。结果表明,随着塘内水位下降,混养鱼塘和青虾塘排水口的污染物浓度显著提高(P0.05)。混养鱼塘的实际污染强度显著高于其表观污染强度(P0.05)。然而河蟹池塘污染物的实际排放强度却显著低于表观排放强度(P0.05)。结果提示以塘内水质来估算池塘养殖污染物排放强度有明显误差;通过改进排水技术可以削减养殖污染排放量。     

秦皇岛水产品质量(残毒)的调查与评价

本文报道了秦皇岛地区水产品的8种有害物质污染状况,对秦皇岛地区的水产品质量进行了详细评价。结果表明,8种污染物在鱼体内含量分别为:六六六0.021mg/kg(0.004～0.065)、DDT0.033mg/kg(0.010～0.108)、铬0.152mg/kg(0.750～3.08)、铅0.26mg/kg(0.10～0.60)、锌6.45mg/kg(5.3～8.2)、镉、汞和砷均未检出。秦皇岛地区水产品8种污染物污染程度属轻污染。     

基于QuEChERs-GC/ECD快速检测贝类中有机氯农药及多氯联苯残留

建立基于QuEChERS前处理方法和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器同时测定贝类样品中17种持久性有机污染物残留的方法。样品经QuEChERS法进行预处理,选用已腈为提取剂,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA):C18(4∶6,m/m)净化,外标法定量。17种持久性有机污染物在1.0~50.0μg/kg范围内质量浓度与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9957。17种持久性有机污染物的方法检出限(信噪比为3)和定量限(信噪比为10)分别为0.01~0.25μg/kg和0.25~1.0μg/kg。添加浓度为10.0、15.0、25.0μg/kg时,17种持久性有机污染物的平均回收率为84.1%~119.2%,相对标准偏差为3.9%~12.6%。本方法具有快速简便、定量准确,可应用于贝类样品中17种持久性有机污染物的快速检测。     

灌河和射阳河水质状况分析及主要污染物入海量估算

依据2004~2008年灌河和射阳河水质和径流量监测资料,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数法对两条河流水质状况进行了评价。通过对水质和径流量资料的统计分析,估算了灌河和射阳河主要污染物的年入海量,并据此分析了污染物入海对海域水环境的影响以及与近年黄海中南部浒苔Enteromorpha prolifera暴发的关系。结果显示,(1)2004~2008年灌河水质状况良好,但水质污染指数呈逐年升高趋势;2005和2007年射阳河水质为轻污染,其余年份水质为清洁。(2)不同年份灌河和射阳河年入海径流量差异较大,其变化范围:灌河在15.72×108~41.93×108m3,射阳河在28.74×108~59.96×108m3。(3)2004~2008年灌河和射阳河主要污染物(CODMn、BOD5、氨氮和挥发酚)年入海量均值分别为18794.87t和43919.24t,其中CODMn和BOD5的入海量起主导作用,占主要污染物年入海量的89%以上。(4)灌河和射阳河污染物入海对海域水环境产生了明显影响,并与近年黄海中南部浒苔暴发存在一定关联。     

黄渤海鱼类优先监控重金属污染物的筛选与评价

本研究采用文献检索及历史数据分析的方法,对黄渤海鱼类体内重金属污染情况进行分析,最终筛选出需优先监控的重金属污染物。结果显示,通过对黄渤海鱼类体内重金属含量的超标率、检出率和限量标准进行分析,甄别出需优先监控的重金属有Cr、As、Cd、Pb和Hg。结合各污染物的生物富集因子(Bioconcentration Factors,BCF)、毒性效应、污染指数和超标率等,用综合评价法分析确定黄渤海鱼类优先监控重金属污染物。总体评价结果为CdHgAs*CrPb,其中,Cd的综合评价总分最高,需高度关注。按照鱼类品种进一步分析显示,舌鳎(Cynoglossus robustus)、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)体内的Cd和矛尾复虎鱼(Symechogobius hasta)体内的As*属于优先监控对象。对黄渤海8个沿岸城市进行取样,检测结果表明,舌鳎和蓝点马鲛体内的Cd属于优先监控污染物,与筛选结果基本一致,证明了此评价方法的可靠性。     

基于Bytetrack的多目标跟踪算法在斑马鱼毒性行为识别中的应用

利用计算机视觉技术识别斑马鱼(Danio rerio)在不同污染物暴露下的行为变化是水质毒性评价的常用方法之一,但传统方法存在效率低、面对遮挡和复杂环境时性能差等缺陷。针对这些问题,本研究使用基于Bytetrack的多目标跟踪算法追踪斑马鱼在4种污染物(Zn、Pb、Cr和苯酚)暴露2 h后的行为变化,对斑马鱼在4种浓度梯度中的平均速度、最大速度、最低速度、平均碰撞次数和行为轨迹等指标进行分析。结果显示,算法的追踪精度、漏检率和检测时间(每300帧)分别能达到90.26%、16.33%和0.19 min,检测时间和精度相比于传统目标检测方法有较大提升。同时,根据污染物不同,该方法能准确识别特定污染物环境中斑马鱼相应的运动状态及轨迹变化,可实现精确识别和实时响应,在鱼类毒性行为识别领域具有重要参考意义。     

广东沿海养殖牡蛎中多氯联苯残留水平及人体饮食暴露风险评估

文章利用气相色谱质谱法测定了广东沿海主要养殖区(汕头、汕尾、深圳、珠海、江门、阳江、湛江)养殖牡蛎体内30种多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenys,PCBs)的含量,评价了其污染水平和致癌风险.结果表明,广东养殖牡蛎中普遍检出PCBs,检出率为97.6％,其质量分数为nd～8.62 ng·g-1(湿...     

Mixed Function Oxidase Activity and Organochlorine Levels in Farmed Sharpsnout Seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) from Two Intensive Aquaculture Facilities

Mixed function oxidase (MFO) activities and organochlorine levels were investigated in liver of farmed sharpsnout seabream bred in two intensive facilities, a sea farm and a land-based farm. The aim of this study is to investigate how different facility locations and breeding conditions might affect fish metabolic capabilities and accumulation of toxic chemicals in farmed sharpsnout seabream. The differences between breeding two or more fish species in the same cage or tank known as polyculture, and monoculture (1 species) were also investigated. The results showed that both facility location (sea and land) as well as breeding systems (polyculture and monoculture) might be responsible for the differences observed in both MFO enzyme activity and organochlorine levels. Significantly higher activities of two metabolizing enzymes such as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase (B(a)PMO) were in fact recorded in land-based farmed fish than in sea farmed ones, and much higher in those from polyculture than in monoculture (p < 0.05). By contrast, the highest levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethilene (pp′DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs as Aroclor 1260) were measured in sea-farmed fish, except for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which gave higher levels in land-based farmed fishes. No significant differences were observed between monoculture and polyculture in p,p′DDE and PCBs levels except for p,p′DDE which was significantly higher in monoculture than in polyculture (p < 0.05) in fish reared in tanks. Finally significantly higher HCB levels were measured in fish reared in monoculture in tanks (p < 0.05) and in polyculture in cages (p < 0.05). The low TEQ values obtained for PCB congeners at liver level indicated no concern for fish health.     

PREFERENCES FOR HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES OF FARMED SALMON AMONGST SOUTHERN ONTARIO SALMON CONSUMERS

The goal of this research was to shed light on the trade-offs that salmon consumers make between five types of production and health attributes of farmed salmon. In Canada, the major southern Ontario market cleaved into five distinct consumer segments that varied according to age and income, ‘tastes’, and threat perceptions. There was strong consumer aversion to increased levels of PCBs, even when increased contamination levels were well within Health Canada guidelines. Both contaminant avoidance and polyunsaturated fatty acid health benefits were generally more important to consumers than improved environmental performance in salmon farming production practices. The strong consumer preferences for reduced levels of PCBs in salmon flesh suggest that there could be a substantial market premium for farmed salmon produced using reduced levels of fish meal and fish oils in salmon feed. This could, by association, increase the environmental sustainability of salmon farming.     

养殖鱼类脂肪肝成因及相关思考

养殖鱼类脂肪肝病,是困扰水产养殖业多年的广发性病害,虽经多年研究和防治实践,至今尚不能得到根本遏制。本文回顾了近年来在养殖鱼类脂肪肝研究领域的重要研究成果,从营养和饲料、养殖环境、鱼类生理特性、物种差异和遗传变异等5个方面系统总结了导致养殖鱼类肝脏脂肪过量累积的原因。在综述已有成果的基础上,分析了当前鱼类脂肪肝研究和防治实践中存在的可能误区,并结合自身多年在鱼类、哺乳动物和人类脂肪肝研究中的成果和经验,探讨了养殖鱼类脂肪肝发生的生物学机制,提出了"营养型脂肪肝"与"氧化型脂肪肝"的区分标准,揭示了当前鱼类脂肪肝防治的复杂性和困难性,并对今后鱼类脂肪肝研究和防治实践提出了具体的研究方向和防治策略。     

珠三角地区养殖及野生淡水鱼类的甲基汞积累现状

为探明珠三角地区淡水鱼类甲基汞累积的真实状况,本研究对该地区养殖及野生淡水鱼类进行了采样分析,评估了摄入鱼肉的甲基汞暴露风险,并揭示了影响鱼类甲基汞积累的关键因素。实验于珠三角地区15个样点采集不同养殖(包括饲料)及野生鱼类,取肌肉、肝脏和肠道组织,甲醇-KOH消解后用气相-冷原子荧光联用仪测定甲基汞含量。结果显示：(1)珠三角地区鱼类甲基汞含量总体较低,均未超过我国水产品食用安全标准,其中养殖鱼类肌肉甲基汞含量为0.26～331.27 ng/g dw (dry weight,干重),平均含量为61.53 ng/g dw;野生鱼类肌肉甲基汞含量为0.71～1 006.05 ng/g dw,平均含量为110.77 ng/g dw,养殖鱼类甲基汞含量显著低于野生鱼类。(2)养殖鱼类饲料中甲基汞浓度与肌肉甲基汞水平呈显著正相关(R²=0.39),野生鱼类的营养层级与肌肉甲基汞水平呈显著正相关(R²=0.23),表明食物组成及食物中甲基汞含量是决定鱼类甲基汞累积的主要因素。(3)食用该地区鱼肉的甲基汞摄入水平总体较低,其中食用野生鱼类的甲基汞摄入水平...     

福建省东山湾生态环境中多氯联苯的残留特征

对福建省东山湾海域的水质、沉积物和养殖贝类中的多氯联苯（polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs）残留进行气相色谱法检测,并对其在水域环境及贝类中的残留水平、生态风险及食用安全进行了探讨。结果表明： 1）海水中PCBs浓度底层高于表层;夏季（8月）高于春季（5月）。总体上,东山湾海水中PCBs浓度的平面分布从湾内到湾外呈递减趋势。底层海水中PCBs与悬浮物浓度之间具有极显著的相关性。2）表层沉积物中PCBs浓度平面分布呈近岸高、湾中部和湾外低的格局;PCBs与总有机碳（TOC）之间呈极显著正相关。PCBs残留量产生的生物有害效应的风险低。3）养殖贝类体中PCBs的残留量种间差异明显,对PCBs富集能力的大小,僧帽牡蛎、缢蛏和波纹巴非蛤最高,泥蚶和华贵栉孔扇贝次之,菲律宾蛤仔和杂色鲍最低。养殖贝类致癌风险指数在可接受风险范围内,贝类体中的PCBs残留水平居福建省沿海养殖贝类中等水平。     

汉江下游水体和鱼体多环芳烃分布特征及健康风险

研究汉江下游水体及鱼体多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,进行健康风险评价,为汉江下游PAHs污染防治提供基础资料。在汉江下游8个代表性水厂取水口采集水样及在相应江段渔获物中选取7种典型鱼,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定水样及鱼肌肉中16种优控多环芳烃的含量,并用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行健康风险评价。8个采样断面水体中Nap、Ace、Phe、An、Ba A、Bk F检出率为100%,Bb F、In D等均未检出,其他多环芳烃检出率分别为Fle 50%、Acy 25%、Flu 62.5%、Pyr 25%、Chr 25%、Ba P 75%、Dah A 12.5%、Bghi P25%。汉江下游水体中16种PAHs总含量平均值为100.67 ng/L,最小值为65.8 ng/L,最大值为155.94 ng/L。结构组成主要以低环为主(70.4%),中环其次(22.2%),高环最低(7.4%)。7种鱼体内16种优控PAHs的含量范围为(43.42±0.50)~(113.06±3.57)ng/g,平均组成低环、中环、高环PAHs分别占总PAHs的57.9%、20.2%、21.9%。高环在鱼体内比例显著高于在水体中,表明高环PAHs在鱼体内的富集能力更强。饮用水健康风险估算总量为2.25×10~(-8)~5.32×10~(-8)/a,总体水平为风险不明显;7种鱼食用的PAHs健康风险估算范围为8.00×10~(-7)~2.08×10~(-6)/a,总体评价为可接受水平,均低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10~(-5)/a,部分鱼食用的人体健康风险值高于USEPA建议的可接受风险1.0×10~(-6)/a。     

Histopathological alterations in Senegal sole, Solea Senegalensis, from a polluted Huelva estuary (SW, Spain)

As a component of a large research project to evaluate the effects of contaminants on fish health in the field, histopathological studies have been conducted to help establish causal relationship between pollutants (heavy metals and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons—PAHs) and histopathological responses in Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis, from an estuary of SW Spain. Heavy metals (As, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Fe) and 16 PAHs (proprietary USEPA) concentrations in water, sediment and tissues (liver and gills) and histopathological alterations in S. senegalensis from three sampling sites of Ria de Huelva estuary during 2004–2006 years have been analysed. The histopathological studies revealed seasonal and spatial differences in the lesion grade of alterations observing the highest lesion grades in fish from Odiel River and autumn season. No significant differences were observed in the alterations prevalence between sampling sites, but significant differences were observed between seasons observing the highest prevalence in autumn season. However, calculated IPAT demonstrated a low–moderate impact of pollutants on health fish. Correlations between histopathological alterations and pollutants analysed were observed being heavy metals the group that presented a major number of correlations with alterations in several organs of S. senegalensis. In evaluating the general health of fish, the use of histopathological studies in recommended for making more reliable assessment of biochemical responses in fish exposed to a variety of environmental stressors. Statistical analysis using semiquantitative data on pathological lesions can help to establish correlation between cause (stressor) and effect (biomarker).     

Presence and distribution of PAHs,PCBs and DDE in feed and sediments under salmon aquaculture cages in the Bay of Fundy,New Brunswick,Canada

• 1. Wastes from feed and faeces can result in the deposition of contaminants in sediments around aquaculture sites. Five types of feed pellet, a commercial fish oil and 76 sediment samples collected under and up to 100 m away from salmon aquaculture cages in the south‐western Bay of Fundy between 1998 and 2000 were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides.
• 2. Five alkylated naphthalenes (aNAs) were consistently detected in fish oil (116–180 ng g^?1, per aNA), in pellets (25–51 ng g^?1, dry weight, per aNA), and sediments (<1–45 ng g^?1, dry weight, per aNA). Other PAHs were detected at variable levels in feed or in sediments.
• 3. IUPAC congener 153 (a PCB) and p,p′‐dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′‐DDE) were detected more frequently than other chlorinated targets in oil (108 ng g^?1 and 176 ng g^?1 respectively), feed (<1–14 ng g^?1 and 1.7–28.2 ng g^?1 respectively) and sediments (<0.08–3 ng g^?1 and <0.5–7 ng g^?1 respectively).
• 4. Trends were observed during the first year of sediment sampling (1998), with higher organic carbon, PCBs and p,p′‐DDE levels below the cages than 50 m away. The PAHs other than aNA showed an opposite trend with distance. In 1999, levels of p,p′‐DDE and PCBs were somewhat reduced under the cages, but were detected up to 100 m away from the cages.
• 5. Levels of aNA tended to be higher at some sites in 1999 relative to 1998, reflecting variability in feed and/or differential transport or degradation of contaminants relative to the environmental background. When detected, mean levels of PCBs and DDE were 2–10 times lower in 2000 than in 1999, and PAHs were 30–40% lower in 2000 than in 1999.
• 6. Interpretation of the results is done cautiously, since the exact locations of the sites sampled is only known to an intermediate facilitating the work between farmers and scientists. Levels of contaminants are compared with international results, interpreted relative to potential toxicity, uptake from feed, from deposited sediments, and in the framework of an aquaculture decision‐support system published recently.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.