蕺菜属植物富钾基因型的筛选

在低钾土壤培养和营养液培养的条件下,采用植株含钾量、吸钾速率和钾素利用率并结合植株根系形态特征,对蕺菜属(Houttuynia Thunb.)16份不同基因型材料的富钾能力进行筛选.结果表明,峨眉蕺菜W01-86以及蕺菜W01-34和W01-71在低钾土壤培养和溶液培养时植株含钾量分别高于9.0%,5.50%,吸钾速率大于1.50μmol/(g·h).低钾土壤培养和溶液培养时的钾素利用率分别高于2.50,0.30g/g,为富钾基因型;W01-4和W01-99低钾土壤培养和溶液培养时的植株含钾量分别低于8.5%,5.0%,吸钾速率小于0.65μmol/(g·h),低钾土壤培养和溶液培养时的钾素利用率分别低于2.00,0.30 g/g,为低钾基因型.     

不同播期和环境条件对籽粒苋生长及富钾能力的影响

本文通过单因素试验 ,研究了不同环境因素 (温度、CO2 、水分、施肥等 )对籽粒苋生长发育及其富钾能力的影响。研究结果表明 :(1)籽粒苋在籽粒苋生长期内 ,以 7月 12日和 2 2日播种的籽粒苋 (日均温为 2 6.9～ 2 6.2℃ )生长最好 ,相应的植株含钾量也最高。 (2 )当大气中的二氧化碳浓度达到 10 0 0 μl/L时 ,籽粒苋的平均株高、单株平均鲜重和植株平均含钾量 (K2 O)较对照均有显著增加。 (3 )土壤水分条件以田间持水量对籽粒苋生长最为合适 ,低于田间持水量则影响植株对钾的吸收。 (4 )籽粒苋属于在多钾、缺钾土壤上 ,吸钾能力强的植物类型 ,施用钾肥有利于提高籽粒苋植株的含钾量     

籽粒苋不同富钾基因型根际钾营养与根系特性研究

在缺钾土培和水培条件下,研究了籽粒苋不同基因型根际和非根际土壤速效钾、缓效钾和全钾含量的变化,以及根际微生物数量、根系主要分泌物、根系质子分泌量和根系CEC的变化。结果表明,籽粒苋根际土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量明显高于非根际土壤,且在根际形成钾的相对富集区,富钾基因型R104和K12根际钾的富集能力明显高于一般基因型;籽粒苋根际土壤的全钾含量却低于非根际土壤,富钾基因型的降低幅度大于一般基因型。富钾基因型根际微生物数量和根系分泌能力显著高于一般基因型,且根际细菌和真菌数量与主要根系分泌物的分泌量变化基本保持一致。富钾基因型R104和K12根系CEC和H 分泌量高于一般基因型M9和Cr047,而相同基因型内各品种间的变化不显著。     

烤烟钾素营养特性的基因型差异研究

以10个烤烟基因型为材料,进行了离子耗竭溶液培养、土壤耗竭盆栽试验和田间小区试验,研究比较钾素营养特性的基因型差异。结果表明,不同基因型的吸钾速率和耐低钾能力差异显著。吸钾速率以红大和K358最大,耐低钾能力Nc27NF和K358最强,Nc729最弱。10个基因型全株含钾量在低钾水平下变幅为0.87%～1.25%,而在高钾水平下为1.40%～1.94%。高钾条件下,基因型G28、77089-12、Rg11和Nc82的叶片含钾量高于2%;K358、Coker319、K346和Nc27NF有较高的钾素利用效率,K346、Nc729、G28和K358的钾素收获指数大于50%。各烤烟基因型的钾素营养特性在不同供钾条件下无显著相关性。综合比较K346属于钾高效基因型。     

不同玉米基因型吸钾能力的比较研究

通过耗竭试验采用供钾水平极低的沙土对不同基因型玉米吸钾能力进行了研究。结果表明,不同基因型玉米吸钾量的多少有显著差异,不同基因型玉米吸收土壤中各形态钾素的比例不同。供试品种中农大86的吸钾量和吸收土壤矿物钾的比例显著大于其它品种。不同玉米基因型其吸钾量的多少、吸收土壤矿物钾的多少和比例是判定其吸钾能力强弱的重要指标。     

籽粒苋富钾基因型的生理生化基础研究

通过不同供钾水平的溶液培养试验和缺钾土培试验,研究了籽粒苋富钾基因型的生理生化特性。结果表明,籽粒苋富钾基因型(R104、K12)叶绿素含量和光合速率,以及脯氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量高于一般基因型(M9)。籽粒苋叶片POD、SOD及ATP酶活性因器官、叶位、供钾水平和生育阶段不同而不同,富钾基因型3种酶活性高于一般基因型;叶片SOD酶和ATP酶活性显著高于根部,而POD、SOD酶活性下部叶明显低于上部叶。叶片POD、SOD及ATP酶活性随供钾水平的增加而提高,且随着生长期的延长而降低。     

施氮和不同品种水稻对紫色水稻土钾素形态的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了施氮水平和不同品种水稻对四川盆地 3种典型紫色水稻土 5种钾形态的影响以及各种土壤钾形态对水稻钾素营养的贡献。结果表明 ,4个紫色水稻土供钾能力均属中下水平 ,全钾含量为 1.29%～2.62% ,其中矿物钾量平均占 96.82% ,速效钾和非交换性钾仅平均占 0.62%和 2.56% ,土壤供钾能力以中性紫色水稻土 石灰性紫色水稻土 酸性紫色水稻土。施氮 (N 0～ 150mg/kg)促进 4个紫色水稻土钾素的释放 ,提高水稻对非交换性钾和矿物钾的吸收利用 ,使矿物钾和非交换性钾的贡献占植株吸钾的 80.3% ,速效钾仅为 19.7%。中性紫色土供试 4个品种水稻的吸钾能力为开优 5号 汕优 63Ⅱ优 6078引佳 1号。施氮后4个品种水稻吸自非交换性钾和矿物钾量平均占植物吸钾量的 66.9% ,以施中氮 (N 150mg/kg)时植株吸钾量最高 ;而低氮或高氮水平都不利于植物对钾的吸收和土壤钾的释放     

田间烤烟叶片缺钾症状与钾积累及土壤供钾水平关系

基于田间正常施肥烟株生长中期中、上部叶通常出现缺钾症状的现象,以烤烟品种K326为材料在砂质壤土上进行了田间试验,定期观察无钾(即K0,仅按常规施用氮磷肥,K_2O用量为0 kg·hm~(–2))、常规施肥但中后期出现缺钾症状(即CF,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期仍有缺钾症状)、常规施肥且正常生长(即CK,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期无缺钾症状)3处理烟株移栽后生长情况(特别是叶片缺钾症状的出现情况),并及时采集和测定了相应烟株的干物质、钾含量及根区土壤速效钾含量,以阐明正常施肥烤烟中、上部叶出现缺钾症状的可能原因。结果表明:(1)CF和K0烟株在移栽后33 d前叶片均未出现缺钾症状;但根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后42 d低于99.86 mg·kg~(–1)时,K0烟株第8～第15叶陆续表现缺钾;CF烟株根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后57 d低于131.1mg·kg~(–1)时,第12～第16叶也相继缺钾,而其他叶位叶片正常。(2)从移栽至42 d,CK和K0烟株干物质和钾素累积量虽皆明显增加,但K0烟株总量偏低趋势愈发显著;至移栽后57 d期间,CK和K0烟株前述两个指标继续增加,但此期CF干物质累积有相似的增加趋势,而钾素累积与出现缺钾症状前相比(即移栽后42 d时CK)则略有减少;(3)移栽后42 d至57 d,CF烟株上、中部叶和K0烟株上部叶钾净输出明显,而茎中净输入显著,其他器官或部位总体持平或略有增加;CK烟株上部叶钾素输入、输出维持平衡,其他器官有净增加。(4)生长期间,CK烟叶钾含量皆表现出随叶位上升而呈总体下降,K0烟叶前期有相似规律,但移栽后42 d、57 d呈"上升-下降-上升",CF于移栽后57 d为"下降-上升"趋势。上述结果说明,K0烟株移栽后42 d中部叶开始缺钾是钾整体吸收不足所致,后期则兼有上部叶钾净输出原因;CF烟株出现中、上部叶缺钾而下部叶正常则有3个原因,一是后期体内干物质累积持续增加导致的稀释;二是此期整株钾累积不仅未增加,且有下降;三是CF烟株中、上部叶钾净输出增加。     

钾、镁交互作用对橡胶幼苗生长及养分吸收的影响

  【目的】  我国植胶区砖红壤钾、镁缺乏现象日益突出,研究钾、镁缺乏对橡胶幼苗根系形态和养分吸收的影响,可为橡胶平衡施肥和优质高产栽培提供理论依据。  【方法】  选用‘热研7-33-97’橡胶 (Hevea brasiliensis) 幼苗为研究材料,在人工气候箱内用营养液培养。采用二因素二水平的析因试验设计,设置4个处理:对照 (CK)、缺钾 (–K)、缺镁 (–Mg) 和缺钾镁 (–K-Mg),培养3个月后,取样测定橡胶幼苗干物质量、根系构型参数、根系活力和养分含量等指标。  【结果】  1) 与CK相比,–K和–K-Mg处理显著降低了单株干物质量和根冠比,干物质量降幅分别为8.4%和27.5%,根冠比降幅分别为20.4%和26.9%,而–Mg处理对干物质量和根冠比均无显著影响;K、Mg交互作用对茎干、根和单株干物质量及根冠比均有显著影响 (P < 0.05)。2) 与CK相比,各缺素处理均显著降低了橡胶幼苗吸收根 (直径 < 2 mm) 的根长、根表面积、根体积、总根尖数及根系活力等根系构型参数,而不同程度增加了平均根粗。方差分析结果表明,K、Mg交互作用对吸收根的根长、根表面积、根体积及总根尖数有极显著影响 (P < 0.01)。3) 各处理下氮和镁、磷和钾以及钙分别在叶片、根系以及茎皮中的平均分配比例高于其他器官。各缺素处理下,地上部的养分占比呈增加趋势。4) 与CK相比,–K处理显著增加了橡胶幼苗单株氮、磷和镁的积累,–K-Mg处理则显著降低了单株氮积累,各缺素处理均显著增加了单株钙的积累;K、Mg交互作用对氮、磷、钙和镁的积累有显著或极显著影响。  【结论】  钾、镁营养显著影响橡胶幼苗对养分的吸收,缺钾、缺镁显著抑制橡胶幼苗特别是根系的生长发育,同时缺钾缺镁加重抑制效果。因此,橡胶生产上不仅要保证培养基质或土壤的矿质营养充足,还要重视钾、镁元素间平衡关系。     

结晶有机肥对土壤供钾能力及钾在烟株的分布特点

我国钾肥资源不足,缺钾面积大[1-2].钾是烟草品质重要指标,但国内烟叶含钾量偏低,施钾回收率往往不高[3 - 4].我国烟田土壤严重缺钾的面积达1/4,潜在缺钾面积更大[4].为解决烟叶含钾量偏低的问题,国内开展控制烟草K通道基因转移、筛选富钾育种材料和从栽培增钾渠道做了大量研究工作,但烟草钾量偏低现状仍未得到彻底解决[5].结晶有机肥在烟草生产中的应用已7年,2001年在全国11个种烟省的烟草新型肥料试验网的结果表明,它具有省肥、增产、改善烟叶品质的效果[6 - 8].最近又有报道关于结晶有机肥氮在土壤烟株中的分布[9].本文主要报道结晶有机肥对5种烟田土壤供钾能力的影响及结晶有机肥施用后,钾在烟叶中的含量和不同叶位的分布特点.     

钾高效基因型棉花的筛选及其生理机制的研究

通过营养液培养,设缺K和适K处理,进行棉花苗期培养,以苗期干物质的K效率系数(-K/ K)评价K效率差异,从86个不同系谱的棉花品种中分次逐步筛选,获得4个候选品种.对候选品种进行全生育期土培试验,设施K和不施K处理,获得皮棉产量,以皮棉产量的K效率系数(-K/ K)来反映品种间的K效率差异,确定103为K高效高潜力基因型,122为K低效低潜力基因型,163和165为K高效低潜力基因型.103具有较强的吸收土壤速效K、活化土壤缓效K的能力,并以较低的K含量往繁殖器官运输分配,建成较多的子棉和皮棉,这可能是其K高效的机制之一.     

籽粒苋不同富钾基因型矿质营养元素含量的研究

采用水培试验,研究了在两种供钾水平(K,0.5mmolL-1和5.0mmolL-1)条件下4个不同籽粒苋品种植株体内矿质营养元素的含量及其变化。同时,还在低钾条件下,测定了不同籽粒苋品种根、茎、叶中矿质营养成分的含量和构成情况,结果表明:(1)籽粒苋各品种氮、钾含量随着供钾水平降低而减少,一般基因型氮钾含量降幅大于富钾基因型;在相同供钾水平条件下,富钾基因型的氮钾含量均高于一般基因型,而相同基因型的不同品种间氮钾含量则相近。籽粒苋各品种氮主要分布在根和叶中,其次是茎;磷大量分布在根,其次是叶,再次是茎;钾主要存在于茎中,根和叶次之。(2)籽粒苋钙、镁、硫含量随着供钾水平的升高而降低,富钾基因型镁、硫含量低于一般基因型。籽粒苋不同品种的钙、镁主要分布在叶片中,其次是茎和根;硫在根中的分布最少,叶中最多。(3)不同品种B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素含量随着供钾水平的降低而升高,灰分含量则降低。富钾基因型B、Fe、Zn及灰分含量都高于一般基因型,而Cu的含量则是一般基因型高于富钾基因型。4个籽粒苋品种的硼、铜主要存在于叶片中,其次是根,茎含量相对前两者要小;铁、锰、锌在根的含量最高,叶片次之,茎最低,根系中铁的含量分别是叶和茎的7倍左右和10倍以上。     

Manganese uptake and Mn efficiency of wheat cultivars are related to Mn‐uptake kinetics and root growth

Wheat cultivars differ widely in manganese (Mn) efficiency. To investigate the reasons for different Mn efficiencies, a pot experiment with soil, a solution‐culture experiment, and model calculations were carried out. The pot experiment was conducted with wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. PBW 373, PBW 154, PBW 343, PBW 138, and Triticum durum L. cvs. PBW 34 and PDW 233) grown in a screen house in India. The soil was a loamy sand with pH 8.1, DTPA‐extractable Mn 1.62 mg (kg soil)^–1, and initial soil solution Mn concentration (C_Li) of 0.19 μM. When fertilized with 50 mg Mn (kg soil)^–1, C_Li increased to 0.32 μM. At C_Li 0.19 μM, wheat cv. PBW 373 produced 74% of its maximum shoot dry weight (SDW) with 64% of its maximum root length (RL), while cv. PDW 233 produced only 25% of its maximum SDW with 11% of its maximum RL. The other wheat cultivars were between these extremes. Manganese deficiency caused a reduction in shoot growth, but more strongly reduced root growth. The low Mn efficiency of T. durum cv. PDW 233 was related to a strong depression of its root growth. Manganese influx was similar for all cultivars. In solution culture below 1 μM Mn, under controlled climate‐chamber conditions, Mn influx was linearly related to Mn concentration. Both the efficient cv. PBW 343 and the inefficient cv. PDW 233 had a similar influx. Uptake kinetic parameters from the solution experiment together with soil and plant parameters from the pot experiment were used in a mechanistic nutrient‐uptake model. Calculated values of Mn influx for wheat grown in soil were 55% to 74% of measured values. A sensitivity analysis showed that increasing C_Li or the slope of the uptake isotherm by about 30% would be enough to reach the observed influx. The results of this research indicate that an increase of Mn solubility by microbial or chemical mobilization would increase Mn uptake. But on the other hand, no chemical mobilization would be required to increase Mn uptake if the plant improved its uptake kinetics. Low Mn efficiency of some wheat cultivars was related to their reduced root growth at low soil Mn supply.     

VARIATION IN PHOSPHORUS EFFICIENCY AMONG BRASSICA CULTIVARS II: CHANGES IN ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND CARBOXYLATE EXUDATION

Increased phosphorus (P) efficiency is needed to sustain agriculture productivity on soils with low available P. Significant differences were found among Brassica cultivars for growth, P utilization, and remobilization under P deficiency (see our companion paper, Aziz et al., 2011a). To identify the possible mechanisms of P acquisition from low soluble P compounds, four cultivars (‘Rainbow’, ‘CON-1’, ‘Dunkeld’, and ‘Peela Raya’) were selected to ascertain the relationship of their differential P acquisition and growth with their root length in soil and with organic acid release pattern in solution culture experiments. For this purpose their growth and P acquisition from phosphate rock (PR) was compared with calcium di-hydrogen phosphate (Ca-P) when adding uniform dose of 100 mg P kg^?1 soil separately from the two sources. Biomass accumulation, root length, root fineness, plant P uptake and ash alkalinity was significantly (P < 0.01) different in plants of all the four cultivars when supplied with PR or Ca-P in soil. Minimum biomass produced by ‘Peela Raya’ grown with either P source was followed by ‘CON-1’, ‘Dunkeld’, and ‘Rainbow’ in ascending order. Shoot dry matter production had a significant positive correlation with root dry matter production (r = 0.85, P < 0.01), root length (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) and root P uptake (r = 0.95, P < 0.01). Cultivars varied significantly for organic acid secretion in solution culture experiment. Higher quantities of secreted citric acid, malic acid and tartaric acid in solution culture experiment were measured for ‘Rainbow’ and ‘Dunkeld’ cultivars. Efficient performance of these two cultivars for growth and P uptake was associated with their longer roots and more secretion of organic acids especially citric acid.     

Bedeutung von Kaliumaufnahmerate,Wurzelwachstum und Wurzelhaaren für das Kaliumaneignungsvermögen verschiedener Pflanzenarten

Effect of K uptake rate, root growth and root hairs on potassium uptake efficiency of several plant species Pot experiments with maize, rape, tomato, rye-grass and onion plants were carried out to evaluate the influence of – rate of K uptake per cm of root, – cm root per mg shoot dry weight and – mean root age (as a measure of the time roots absorb potassium) on potassium uptake efficiency of these plants. Percent K in shoot dry matter was used to indicate K uptake efficiency. No close correlation was observed between one of these factors to K concentration in shoot dry matter. The product of K uptake rate and root-shoot ratio was closely related to the K concentration of shoots. However, regression lines for maize, rape and onion were different. One single regression line was found when K concentration in shoot was related to the product of K uptake rate, root-shoot ratio and mean root age. It is therefore concluded that K uptake of plants depends on all three of these factors. In different species the proportion of these factors were markedly different. The plant factors in turn were affected by the K nutritional status of the plants. K uptake rate increased whereas root-shoot ratio and mean root age decreased with increasing K supply of the soil. K uptake rate per cm root was strongly affected by root hairs. The radial distance of the K (Rb) depletion zone of the soil adjacent to the root surface also increased with the length of the root hairs. It is therefore concluded that root hairs substantially affect the spatial access of potassium in soil by the plant.     

Effect of root morphological traits on zinc efficiency in Iranian bread wheat genotypes

Zinc (Zn) has a vast number of functions in plant metabolism, the lack of which had dramatic effects on growth and yield of plants. Plants have morphological and biochemical responses to enhance mineral solubility in the soil and facilitate uptake, such as root plasticity, secretion processes and symbioses. Root architecture modification is an important plant response to nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to identify root morphological reactions to Zn efficiency in Iranian bread wheat genotypes. Soil and solution cultures were used to survey Zn efficiency. In soil culture, six and seven genotypes with high and low Zn contents were selected among 110 Iranian bread wheat genotypes, respectively. The solution culture experiments were set up in a completely randomized block design and plants fed with Johnson’s grass solution. All traits were assessed at 30 and 60 DAPs (days after planting). Our results showed a significant difference between two groups of efficient and inefficient genotypes only at 60 DAP, and Zn-efficient genotypes showed 1.63-, 1.50-, 1.69- and 1.92-fold increases in root diameter, surface area density, shoot and root dry weight, respectively, compared to inefficient genotypes. In contrast, Zn-inefficient genotypes had 1.20- and 2.62-fold more root length and fineness, respectively, than efficient genotypes. The positive significant correlations were observed between shoot and Zn uptake as well as root dry weight and Zn uptake at both stages. Furthermore, shoot and root dry weight showed a significant correlation with root fineness, diameter and surface area density at both stages. The path analysis showed indirect effects on Zn uptake through root traits. Our results showed that roots have a major role in Zn efficiency. Therefore, the better growth and greater Zn uptake in efficient genotypes, compared to inefficient ones, can be attributed to greater root diameter and surface area density, and lower root fineness in these genotypes.     

植物根际钾富集及钾分布的基因型差异

Plant genotypic difference of potassium-enrichment capability and potassium (K) distribution at root-soil interface of different plant genotypes were studied by using seven plant species and eight varieties of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The results indicated that K enrichment capability was: Ethiopian guizotia (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.)>feather cockscomb (Celosia argentea L.)>alligator alternanthera (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.)> tobacco>sesbania (Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.)>wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)>broadbean (Vicia faba L.). Ethiopian guizotia showed very high K-enrichment capability at different soil K levels, and the K content in its dry matter was over 110 mg kg^-1 when soil K was fully supplied, and about 60 mg kg^-1 when no K fertilizer was applied. For alligator alternanthera, the capability to accumulate K was closely related with its growth medium. When it was grown on soils, both the K content and K uptake rate of the plant were similar to those of tobacco. Evident K depletion was observed in the rhizosphere of all plant species, and the depletion rate was related to the capability of K enrichment of plant.