饲养密度对西门塔尔公牛增重和动物福利的影响

[目的]为了研究饲养密度对西门塔尔公牛增重及抗氧化能力的影响。[方法]试验选择黑龙江省某种牛场健康的11～13月龄西门塔尔公牛24头,并按照体重分层随机分组,每组8头,组间始重无显著差异,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组饲养密度分别为8 m²/头、10 m²/头、12 m²/头,试验预饲期10 d,试验期40 d,共50 d。[结果]在试验结束时,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组试验牛体重无显著差异(P>0.05)。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组试验牛均表现随投料后时间延长,趴卧率逐渐增高,Ⅲ组试验牛晨饲后和晚饲后2 h的趴卧率显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。在试验开始时,Ⅰ组血液CREA水平显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),其他指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验结束,Ⅰ组血液CREA和HSP-70水平显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),其他指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。[结论]在相同增重水平下,西门塔尔公牛由420 kg育肥至490 kg,饲养密度为8 m²/头时,牛舍空间利用效率更高,但长期饲养有威胁...     

Effects of different stocking densities on growth performance,antioxidant ability,and immunity of finishing broilers

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of broilers. One thousand four hundred and forty 22‐day‐old Lingnan Yellow broilers were randomly allotted to five different stocking density groups (8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 birds per m²). Each group consisted of three replicates. The results showed that 8 and 10 birds/m² groups had higher average daily feed intake (ADFI) than the others (p < 0.05). Heat shock protein 70 (HSP₇₀) in the group of 16 birds/m² had the highest levels (p < 0.05). The group of 16 birds/m² had the lowest total antioxidant capability (T‐AOC) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activities in blood serum (p < 0.05), and significantly increased interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) concentration compared to the groups of 8 and 10 birds/m² (p < 0.05). In liver, the group of eight birds/m² had higher T‐AOC levels than that of 12, 14, and 16 birds/m² (p < 0.05) and also higher catalase (CAT) activities than that of 14 and 16 birds/m² (p < 0.05); the group of 10 birds/m² had the highest T‐SOD activities among all groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the above results suggest that stocking density of broilers up to 8 or 10 birds/m² can prevent the negative effects on growth performance and welfare parameters in broilers.     

Effects of stocking density,light and perches on broiler growth

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stocking density, light intensity and light color on broiler growth. The experiment consisted of four 35‐day phases during each of which 320 chickens were surveyed. The research was performed at stocking densities of four and six birds/m². Illuminances of 15 and 30 lx were obtained through commercial lamps with 4000 K and 6000 K color temperatures. Lighting was used 17 h a day, between 06.00 and 23.00 hours (17 L:7 D). The results showed a decrease in body, carcass, breast and thighs weight (P < 0.05) with the increase in stocking density. Body weight decreased by 10.5% and carcass weight decreased by 9.4% at six birds/m² stocking density. Contrastingly, no differences were found for the tested light colors. Increasing illuminance from 15 to 30 lx caused a 1.9% decrease in body weight. The analysis of the effect of perches revealed that using perches significantly increased body (2.5%) and breast weight (11.8%). The interactions between light intensity or color and stocking density and between light intensity and light color were analyzed.     

Impact of cage stocking density on egg laying characteristics and related stress and immunity parameters of Japanese quails in subtropics

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different cage stocking densities on egg production parameters, as well as related stress and immunity indices in Japanese quails under subtropical Egyptian conditions. Two hundred and sixteen birds of Japanese quail at 14th week of age were used in this experiment. The birds were divided randomly into three groups: 60, 72 and 84. Each group subdivided into 4 replicates, where the cages' floor spaces were 200 (S₁), 167 (S₂) and 143 (S₃) cm²/bird, respectively. Birds housed at 200 cm²/bird (S₁) had superior fertility (fertility % (p = 0.013) and hatchability % (p = 0.041)), egg production (egg weight (p = 0.034) and egg mass (p = 0.001)) and immunity parameters (higher geometric mean of antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus, p = 0.024). Furthermore, they had higher internal egg quality score: albumen height (p = 0.003), yolk height (p = 0.023), yolk index (p = 0.006) and Haugh unit (p = 0.035). Birds housed at 143 cm²/bird (S₃) had the lowest total leucocytic count and lymphocyte % (p = 0.022), but the highest H/L ratio (p = 0.001). Corticosterone concentration was lower in S₁ group (p = 0.031) than that in groups housed at higher densities. Japanese quail housed at high densities revealed drop in fertility, hatchability, production and immunity parameters, indicating a detrimental effects on both welfare and economic income.     

Influence of probiotic supplementation on immune response in broilers raised under hot climate

1. The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential effects of dietary probiotic supplementation and stocking density and their interaction on growth performance, humoral and cellular immune responses of broiler chickens raised under hot climate conditions.

2. A total of 1800 1-d-old unsexed broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated in a completely randomised 3 × 2 factorial design, with three concentrations of dietary probiotic (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg) containing 4 × 10⁹ cfu/g of Bacillus subtilis and two stocking densities (12 or 18 birds/m²) in a total of 6 treatment subgroups.

3. Dietary probiotic and stocking density had no significant effect on live body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio.

4. Dietary probiotic supplementation had a positive effect on serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and cell-mediated immunity when compared to the control at 6 weeks of age, whereas serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin Y (IgY) were improved, but not significantly so. Dietary probiotic and stocking density had no effect on relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen.

5. Dietary probiotic supplementation had a positive significant effect on serum IgM concentration and cell-mediated immunity without penalising growth performance in broilers raised under high ambient temperature.     

环境富集材料对不同饲养密度条件下肉鸡生产性能的影响

选择21日龄健康的AA肉公鸡816只,研究环境富集材料对不同饲养密度条件下肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。试验采用3(饲养密度)×2(环境富集材料)设计,每个处理4个重复。试验结果表明:随着饲养密度的增加,肉鸡日增重和采食量极显著地降低(P<0.01),料肉比明显增加(P<0.01),添加环境富集材料除能使高饲养密度组的死亡数大幅度降低外,对生产性能的其他指标影响不明显(P>0.01);添加环境富集材料能使不同饲养密度水平下饲养的肉鸡的腹脂率明显下降(P<0.05)。研究表明:高饲养密度降低了肉鸡的日增重和采食量,增加了料肉比;在肉鸡舍中添加环境富集材料降低了肉鸡的腹脂率,且在一定范围内可提高屠体率。     

杆菌肽锌和喹乙醇对肉鸡生产性能的影响

选用600只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡,随机分成3组,每组2个重复。第1组基础日粮＋30×10－6杆菌肽锌,第2组基础日粮＋20×10－6喹乙醇,第3组喂基础日粮为对照组,试验期42天。结果表明,第1和第2组鸡全或平均日增重较第3组分别提高8．12％（P＜0．05）和6．49％（P＜0.05）,料肉比分别下降10．85％（P＜0．05）和9．43％（P＜0．05）,死亡率分别下降3.97个百分点（P＞O．05）和4.76个百分点（P＞0．05）。第1组与第2组相比各指标差异不显著（P＞0．05）。     

Effect of dietary l-carnitine supplementation and energy level on oxidant/antioxidant balance in laying hens subjected to high stocking density

This study aimed to investigate the effect of l -carnitine and energy level and on oxidant/antioxidant balance in laying hens subjected to high stocking density. A total of 176, 32-week-old laying hens were assigned to eight groups with four replicates and hens in four groups were placed at the normal stocking densities of 500 cm²/hen (four hens per cage) and in the remaining four groups were placed at the high stocking densities of 287.5 cm²/hen (seven hens per cage). Hens received diets of high (2,850 kcal/kg ME) or normal (2,650 kcal/kg ME) energy which are supplemented with 0 or 200 mg/kg l -carnitine for 70 days. Results showed that exposure to high stocking density increased (p < .05) plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and decreased (p < .05) erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (GPx) activities. l -carnitine supplementation increased (p < .05) erythrocyte SOD, CAT and GPx activities, and decreased (p <.05) MDA and NO level in high stocking densities. The oxidan/antioxidan balance of birds was not influenced by increasing dietary energy level. The results of the present study indicate that the supplementation of l -carnitine to the birds subjected to high stocking density could effectively reverse the negative effects of high stocking density by improving oxidant/antioxidant balance. Therefore, l -carnitine supplementation at level of 200 mg/kg to diet may be as a favourable alternative to deal with oxidative stress caused by high stocking density in laying hens.     

群体规模和地面空间占有量对猪的福利和生产性能的影响

猪是一种群居性很强的哺乳动物。在野生状态下,它们可以根据需要自己调整群体的大小来适应自然环境。可是在集约化生产条件下,猪被限定在一定的群体规模下高密度饲养,它们不能自由地进行调整。密度过大可引起争斗、咬尾等异常行为的发生;群体规模的大小可影响猪争斗行为的发生频率等,这样势必会影响到猪的福利和生产性能。作者综述了地面空间占有量和群体规模对猪的福利和生产性能的影响。在研究群体规模和地面空间占有量时,很容易混淆二者的影响作用,以前出现过很多把群体规模和地面空间占有量搞混现象。所以针对以前的研究中出现的混淆地面空间占有量和群体规模的现象,作者提出了避免或减少这些混淆发生的一些方法。     

Digestive evaluation of soy isolate protein as affected by heat treatment and soy oil inclusion in broilers at an early age

Soy protein isolate (SPI) mixed with soybean oil (SPIO) incubated at 100°C for 8 h was used to evaluate changes of solubility and digestibility of SPI in vitro and digestive function in broilers at an early age. Arbor Acres broilers were allocated to three groups with six replicates of 12 birds, receiving basal diet (CON), 8 h heat‐oxidized SPI diet (HSPI) and 8 h heat‐oxidized mixture of SPI and 2% soybean oil diet (HSPIO) for 21 days, respectively. Nitrogen solubility index (NSI) declined and soybean oil accelerated the decline of NSI during incubation (P < 0.05). Decreased in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were observed in SPIO (P < 0.05). HSPI and HSPIO decreased body weight gain, relative jejunum weight and pancreatic trypsin activity at day 21 (P < 0.05). HSPIO decreased anterior intestinal trypsin activity at day 14 and amylase and trypsin activity at day 21, pancreatic amylase activity at day 21 and apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter and CP of broilers from days 18 to 20 (P < 0.05). Heat treatment and soybean oil could induce oxidative modification of SPI, and oxidized SPI negatively affected growth and digestion of broilers. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

Effects of stocking density on growth performance,meat quality and tibia development of Pekin ducks

This study was performed to investigate the effects of stocking density on performance, meat quality and tibia development in Pekin ducks reared on a plastic wire floor. A total of 372 healthy, 21‐day‐old, male ducks with similar body weight (BW) were randomly allotted to stocking densities of five (low), eight (medium) and 11 (high) birds/m². Each group had six replicates. Results showed that compared with the low density group, medium and high stocking density caused a decrease in final BW at 42 days old, and in average daily gain, European performance index (p < .01) and meat pH at 45 min postmortem (p < .001), and an increase of meat drip loss (p < .01). High stocking density resulted in an increase of feed/gain ratio (p < .001), but a decrease of tibia calcium (p < .01) and phosphorus content (p < .05). Meat color, shear force values, tibia size (weight, length, and width) and breaking strength were not significantly influenced by stocking density. In conclusion, stocking density over eight birds/m² negatively affects growth performance, but meat quality and tibia development are not dramatically influenced. Based on this study, the stocking density of male Pekin ducks should be adjusted between five and eight birds/m².     

饲料中添加维生素E对不同养殖密度鲤鱼生产性能的影响

以建鲤为研究对象,采用2×3双因子试验设计,在基础饲料中分别添加0、62.5、187.5mg/kg维生素E,分别在两个养殖密度(15g/L和60g/L)下进行饲喂,探讨饲料中添加不同水平维生素E对不同养殖密度鲤鱼生产性能的影响。试验期为8周。结果表明:(1)养殖密度对鲤鱼的生长、摄食率和重量变异系数具有显著影响(P0.05)。高密度各组的特定生长率和摄食率均显著低于低密度组(P0.05),但是高密度组重量变异系数显著高于低密度组(P0.05)。(2)维生素E显著影响特定生长率(P0.05),对摄食率和重量变异系数无显著影响(P0.05)。同一养殖密度下,维生素E对低密度各组的生长无显著影响(P0.05);在高密度下,维生素E组的生长显著高于对照组。(3)维生素E和养殖密度的交互作用对鲤鱼的生长、饲料系数和重量变异系数影响显著(P0.05)。可见,在本试验条件下,随着鲤鱼养殖密度的增加,应适当增加维生素E的添加量来调控其摄食,进而促进生长和降低个体分化。     

Performance and carcass characteristics of Delaware chickens in comparison with broilers

The recent resurgence in the popularity of keeping small flocks of chickens has brought with it an interest in the production characteristics of heritage breeds of chicken. The Delaware breed was developed in the state of Delaware for meat production and is considered a heritage breed because it has long been passed over in favor of the Cornish cross. The definition of a heritage chicken breed is one that physically conforms to the standards of the American Poultry Association, mates naturally, has a long, productive outdoor lifespan, and a slow growth rate. Production information on raising meat Delawares is lacking, as recent research has focused on diet formulation and genetics for broiler production. This study was undertaken to determine the production efficiency of Delawares as compared with broilers in BW, feed intake, FCR, and carcass dressing percentage. Significant differences in BW were noted between broilers and Delawares throughout the study; this was evident even with chick weights. Delawares took 15 wk to reach the same live BW as that of a broiler at 6 wk. The feed intake was greater for the broilers over Delawares during their 6-wk grow-out. The Delawares required twice as much feed to reach the same BW as that of the broiler. Significant differences between the 2 breeds were observed with regard to FCR, the broilers being the more efficient breed. The Delawares had a significantly lower carcass dressing percentage, just under 65%, as compared with broilers, just over 68%. It is hoped that this information will aid producers of niche-market heritage chickens in their decision-making when considering this breed for meat production.     

放养密度对泌乳奶牛氧化应激状态和乳腺通透性的影响

研究旨在探讨放养密度对早期泌乳奶牛氧化应激状态和乳腺通透性的影响。试验选择32头泌乳期奶牛,根据奶次和产奶量随机为为2组,每组16头牛,每个重复1头牛。奶牛采用两种放养方式,即75%的放养密度和100%放养密度,试验共开展8周,且试验期间两组奶牛饲喂相同的饲料。结果显示:75%较100%放养密度组显著提高了泌乳量、能量校正乳和4%脂肪校正乳产量(P<0.05),同时75%放养密度组显著降低了乳中尿素氮含量(P<0.05),显著提高了整个试验期间乳中蛋白质含量(P<0.05),而100%放养密度组较75%放养密度组显著提高了奶牛乳中体细胞数量(P<0.05)。75%放养密度组血清乳糖含量显著低于100%放养密度组(P<0.05),75%放养密度组较100%放养密度组显著提高了血清SOD和T-AOC活力(P<0.05)。75%放养密度组血清胰岛素及胰岛素与胰高血糖素比值最低(P<0.05),但催乳素和生长激素最高(P<0.05)。结论:泌乳早期奶牛在75%放养密度条件下氧化应激水平较低,而100%放养密度导致氧化应激水平升高,同时乳腺通透性较高。因此建议泌乳早期奶牛的放养密度应该维持在较低水平,以防止氧化应激。     

添加不同油脂对肉鸡生长性能的影响

本文旨在研究饲喂不同油脂对肉鸡生长性能及油脂酸价对采食量和体重的影响。试验选用1日龄罗斯308商品肉仔鸡2100只,随机分为7个处理组,每个组10个重复。处理1组添加豆油,处理2组添加鸡鸭油,处理3组添加精炼混合油A(酸价1 mgKOH/g),处理4～6组分别添加不同酸价的劣质混合油A、B和C(酸价分别为8、35 mgKOH/g和53 mgKOH/g),处理7组添加劣质脂肪酸。结果表明,日粮添加劣质脂肪酸组可显著增加8～21、36～42日龄及1～42日龄肉鸡日采食量和料肉比(P<0.05)。劣质混合油C组8～21日龄肉鸡的采食量显著低于其他处理组;而与豆油组比,劣质混合油B和C组8～21日龄肉鸡日增重和21日龄体重显著降低。混合油的酸价与肉鸡采食量及42日龄体重呈负相关,随着酸价的升高,1～42日龄肉鸡平均采食量和42日龄体重逐渐降低,其中劣质混合油C组采食量显著降低。