除臭材料及其施用方式对猪舍空气净化效果的研究

选择40日龄的杜长大三元断奶仔猪90头,随机分为3个处理组,每组30头,分别作为对照组,试验1组,试验2组。试验1组饲料中添加1．5％沸石粉,并在猪舍地面撒布煤灰粉（1kg／m^2）,每天撒3次。试验2组在猪舍地面撒布沸石粉＋EM制剂混合物（1kg／m^2）,每天撒3次。结果表明：试验1组和试验2组与对照组相比,NH3、CO2和H2S浓度分别降低27．27％、11．11％和35．00％;45．46％、16．67％和56．67％,除臭效果较好,试验1组与对照组平均日增重差异不显著,而试验2组与对照组的平均日增重差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

半胱胺在育肥猪饲养中的应用效果

在育肥猪饲料中添加不同剂量的半胱胺．探讨半胱胺对育肥猪生产性能的影响。试验选择健康的（杜X长X大）三元杂交育肥猪30头，体重58kg左右，随机分为3组。对照组饲喂基础日粮．试验1组为基础日粮＋130mg／kg半胱胺．试验2组为基础日粮＋200mg／kg半胱胺。结果表明。试验1组和2组与对照组相比。平均日增重分别提高7．13％和7．74％（P〈O．05）差异显著：料重比分别下降2．11％和2．41％（P〈O．05）差异显著；毛利收入增加6．66％和5．4％。试验1组和试验2组相比。试验2组日增重提高O．57％、料重比下降O．31％，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）；而经济收入减少1．16％。表明在育肥猪饲粮中添加130mg／kg和200mg／kg的半胱胺，均可显著提高育肥猪的日增重和饲料转化率，增加经济收入。而以添加130mg／kg半胱胺的综合效果较好。     

低蛋白日粮对生长猪及育肥猪的影响

选取初始体重为25kg的杜×大×长三元健康生长猪176头及初始体重为50kg的杜×大×长三元健康育肥猪144头。采用单因子设计,分为对照组和试验组;对照组中日粮按照NRC（1998）营养需要量推荐配制,试验组在NRC推荐的日粮粗蛋白质水平上降低4个百分点探讨低蛋白质日粮对生长猪和育肥猪生长性能的影响。结果表明：生长猪试验组日增重比对照组增加了46g,提高幅度为6．82％：料肉比比对照组低10．96％：增重成本节约0．89元／kg体重。育肥猪试验1组日增重较高．比对照组增加23g．提高幅度为3．09％。试验2组与对照组日增重相当;试验1组、试验2组料肉比分别比对照组降低1．15％和3．2％;试验1组、试验2组增重成本分别比对照组节约0．44元／kg体重和0．49元／kg体重;试验组瘦肉率与对照组相比没有显著差异。从各指标的趋势上看．试验组的生长表现和经济效益均优于对照组．     

饲用复合酶喂猪的效果试验

试验选用42日龄的杜长金三元杂种猪36头，随机分为3组，试验1组添加0．1％复合酶，试验2组添加0．2％复合酶，对照组为未添加复合酶的常规饲料。经90d饲养试验，结果表明：日增重试验1组比对照组高7．54个百分点（P＜0．01），试验2组比对照组高6.33个百分点（P＜0．05）；饲料报酬，每增重1kg，试验1组比对照组少耗料0.24kg，试验3组比对照组少耗料0.20kg，分别节省饲料成本0.28元和0．18元；试验期间，腹泻猪头数试验1组和2组比对照组分别减少12头次和14头次。     

半胱胺不同添加方式对育肥猪生产性能的影响试验

试验选用体重60kg左右的杜长大三元杂种猪24头，按体重、性别随机分为3组。对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮并持续添加CS150mg／kg；试验Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮并间隔性添加CS150mg／kg。每隔6d添加1d。结果表明，试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组与对照组相比，平均日增重分别提高5．08％和2．73％，料重比下降1．61％和2．14％；头均增收3．07％和1.13％。     

日粮中添加柑桔皮粉对黄杂肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响

将32日龄黄杂肉用仔鸡240只随机分成4组,每组60只雏鸡。第1组为对照组,第2～4组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础日粮的基础上添加了3．5％,3．0％,2．5％柑桔皮粉的日粮,试验期35天。结果表明,在日粮中添加3．5％的柑桔皮粉组鸡效果最佳,料重比3．09-1,比对照组鸡降低11．71个百分点,饲料转化率提高了13．27％,只均增重0．9345kg比对照组鸡（0．8365kg）提高11．72％（P〈0．05）。经济效益比对照组鸡提高27．35％,增重耗料成本降低了0．55元／kg。     

柑桔皮粉饲料添加剂饲喂生长肥育猪的效果

24头3～4月龄苏白生长肥育猪随机分成3组，每组8头，试验1组、2组在基础日粮中分剐添加3．0％和3．5％的柑桔皮粉，对照组不饲喂。结果表明：头均日增重试验1组、2组分别比对照组提高18．8％和24．8％，料重比分别下降9．7％和18．5％，头均纯收入增加11．78元和17．01元。     

酶和益生菌复合添加剂对仔猪生产性能的影响

本试验的目的是研究饲粮中使用酶和益生菌复合添加剂对仔猪生产性能和健康的影响情况,为仔猪的科学饲养提供依据。试验选用平均体重约6kg、体质健康（杜×长×大）仔猪60头,按单因子对比试验设计分为2组（对照组和试验组）,每组2个重复栏,每重复栏15头,分别喂给对照饲粮（基础饲粮）和试验饲粮（基础饲粮＋0．3％酶和益生菌复合添加剂）。试验结果表明,试验组平均日增重高于对照组27g／头,提高11．1％;试验组耗料增重比为1．25：1,低于对照组的1．42：1;试验组腹泻率为4．50％低于对照组的6．00％,降低了1．50个百分点;试验组每头仔猪比对照组的增加毛利12．69元。结论：仔猪饲粮中使用酶和活菌添加剂在一定程度上改善仔猪的平均日增重和耗料增重比,降低腹泻率,提高了经济效益。     

无公害添加剂组合对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选1日龄商品代艾维因混合健雏480只，按单因子随机试验设计分为4组，每组4个重复，每重复30只进行试验。对照组饲喂基础日粮 5mg／kg维基尼亚霉素；试验l，2，3组鸡21日龄前分别饲喂基础日粮 0．1％生命素 0．5％迈克活菌酶；基础日粮 500玎骧／kg糖萜素 0．5％迈克活菌酶；基础日粮 300mg／／kg糖萜素 0．3％迈克活菌酶 0．06％生命素。21日龄后分别饲喂基础日粮 0．1％生命素 0．3％迈克活菌酶；基础日粮 300叫kg糖萜素 0．3％迈克活菌酶；基础日粮 200mg／kg糖萜素 0．2％迈克活菌酶 0．05％生命素。各组基础日粮完全相同。试验结果表明：3个试验组供试鸡的体增重分别比对照组提高10．24、9．61和12．48％．料重比分别降低7．50、7．08和11．67％，每只鸡实际赢利分别增加0．5ll、0．671和1．019元，生物学综合评定值分别为106．12、105．75和108．56。不同无公害添加剂组合对维基尼亚霉素具有显著替代作用。     

EM发酵鸡粪喂猪试验

为开发鸡粪再生饲料资源、降低饲料成本和研究EM微生物制剂发酵鸡粪的功效，我们对45－90kg阶段的肉猪进行了EM发酵鸡粪饲喂试验。使用25％发酵鸡粪的试验组猪的效果与对照组猪（用100％的饲料）的比较如下：1kg增重耗料3．1kg(除去鸡粪），降低11．4％，日增重638．9g，降低5．7％，1kg增重饲料成本3．88元，降低7．6％，头均增重饲料成本182．94元，降低了43．38元。使用50％发酵鸡粪的试验组猪的效果与对照组猪的比较如下：1kg增重耗料2．4kg（除去鸡粪），降低31．4％，日增重551．4kg，降低18．6％，1kg增重饲料成本3．49元，降低17．1％，头均饲料成本138．07元，降低85．83元。此外，试验猪舍蝇纹减少，臭味减轻。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in