香梨振动模态分析及硬度评估指标构建

为了实现香梨硬度这一重要内部品质的无损检测评估,该文结合有限元模态和试验模态分析方法,以了解香梨果形对不同振动模态频率的影响,并基于模态频率建立适于不同果形香梨硬度评估的指标。研究结果表明,扁圆-扁椭模态和第一类球形模态的频率可用于检测分析,信号感测适宜位置分别为香梨的梗端和赤道部,所获得的频率随香梨纵横比增大分别呈线性递减和递增趋势,根据这2种模态频率建立了新的硬度指标,与传统硬度指标比较,应用香梨硬度评估新指标计算时,香梨2种模态频率的有限元结果与试验结果的比值更接近1,分别为1.0050±0.0042和1.0000±0.0043。因此,硬度评估新指标可以准确地评估香梨的硬度,并且成功消除了果形的影响,研究结果对今后香梨果实硬度振动法无损检测技术开发更具有实际指导意义。     

多缸柴油机机体试验模态研究

用试验模态分析方法确定了CZ480柴油机机体各阶振动频率，运用动态分析软件对机体在各阶振动频率下的变形进行了计算。结果表明：第一、四阶模态的振型以机体的扭转振动为主要特征；第二、三、五、六阶模态以机体弯曲、弯曲与扭转相结合振动为主要振型特征，这几阶振型对发动机的正常工作影响较大。振动频率较高时，在机体的上部(即活塞在缸套内的运动位置处)平面会产生沿机体轴向的振动，表现为椭圆振型特征。机体在该处的振动变形会导致气缸漏气、窜机油等现象，也是产生拉缸的主要因素之一。     

玉米根茬收获系统的有限元模态分析与试验

针对研制的集铲挖和脱土于一体的玉米根茬收获系统,为进一步优化该系统的作业性能,采用有限元模态分析与试验模态分析相结合的研究方法,获得了该系统的前20阶的固有频率,以及各主要工作部件的典型振型。研究结果表明：系统的1～4阶（8.5～29.6?Hz）模态主要表现为升运链的整体弯振;5～14（44.1～124?Hz）阶模态表现为各主要功能部件的横梁及主轴的弯曲、扭转振动;15～20阶模态（135～190?Hz）则主要表现为各功能部件的末端振颤,上述系统模态属性,可为系统结构振动特性的描述及整机作业性能的优化提供依据。     

基于模态的玉米收获机车架振动特性分析与优化

为研究玉米收获机车架振动特性及其优化方法,该文通过振动测试与模态分析方法,分析车架田间振动特性,并以提高1阶扭转频率为目标优化车架结构。首先,通过有限元建模及模态分析,提取车架固有频率与振型,其次,通过整机田间振动试验,获取车架4个测点处振幅统计特征及功率谱,分析其对车架振动特性的影响,最后,研究车架壁厚和刚度与固有频率的关系,以提高车架1阶扭转频率为目标优化车架。研究结果发现,测点振幅大小依次为:车架后桥上方、发动机横梁位置、发动机纵梁位置、车架前桥上方,其中车架后桥上方振幅已超过发动机振幅,发生共振;模态振型与田间振动试验对比发现,1阶扭转和2阶弯曲模态对车架振动影响较大,引起车架共振主频为9.79 Hz,接近1阶扭转共振频率;发现优化后车架1阶扭转振型位移由7.778下降到3.768,1阶弯曲振型位移由6.83下降到3.651,显著改善了车架振型,1阶扭振频率由15.9927提高到22.4595 Hz,提高车架1阶扭转频率。田间耐久试验表明优化后车架无故障时间由20提高到60 h。该研究可为农机装备的振动特性分析与减振设计提供参考。     

行星排式混合动力汽车传动系扭转振动分析

为了对行星排式混合动力汽车的扭转振动进行分析,以MEEBS混合动力汽车传动系为研究对象,分析了该车传动系统的转速特性,根据传动系各部件的动力学方程,计算了传动系的固有频率及其振型,并通过在发动机和电机激励下的强迫扭振计算,找到了影响传动系扭振的主要因素,结果表明：传动系的低阶固有频率以整车和车轮振动为主,中高频主要是差速器、减速器及行星轮的耦合振动;同时还得出扭转减振器的阻尼和刚度取为15 N·m·s/rad和618 N·m/rad,飞轮的转动惯量取0.42 kg·m2时对改善传动系统扭振响应较好。该研究可为混合动力汽车的振动及噪声性能改善提供参考。     

路基土壤固有频率与密实度关系的测试分析

明确路基土壤固有频率与土壤密实度的关系是准确建立振动压路机振动轮振动信号与被压实材料压实度关系的基础,也是通过在线检测振动轮加速度、实时了解路面的压实状况、进一步有效调整振动压路机振动参数的必要条件。该文针对特定路基土壤,自制螺旋压实机构压制路基土壤圆柱试样,依照模态分析法,采用INV306DF便携式智能信号采集处理分析系统进行了不同压实度圆柱试样的固有频率测试,获得了路基土壤固有频率与土壤密实度的函数关系表达式,研究结果可为完善振动压路机智能化控制系统设计提供依据。     

基于有限元方法的整形果树振动收获机理分析

为提升振动式采收机械的设计效率,该文在分析常见振动收获机工作机理的基础上,建立了3种典型整形果树实体模型,利用有限元方法得到其在1~50 Hz低频范围内的固有频率和模态振型,并进行了振动响应特性仿真试验。结果表明,整形果树固有频率和模态振型受果树形态影响较大,3种典型整形果树的低阶固有频率主要集中在7~11阶范围,分别在13.5、12.0和7.5 Hz时振动响应最为剧烈,且一致性较好;同时,不同加载方式对于整形果树振动响应特性具有较大影响,其中双体多向加载较为适合于纺锤形果树,而单体回旋型加载则更适合于自然开心型和直立平面形果树。该方法可为不同类型整形果树振动式收获机械的设计提供参考。     

黑加仑干枝的试验模态分析

为研究黑加仑振动采收时果枝的运动规律,该文根据果树在田间的实际情况,假设果枝为固定支撑的悬臂梁结构,采用步进式正弦激励,单点激振多点测量的方法进行试验模态分析,使用加权最小二乘法,提取果枝的模态参数。研究结果表明：在4～30 Hz范围内,黑加仑干枝存在1个或2个共振频率,干枝的无阻尼固有频率为11.8±4.54 Hz,阻尼比、模态质量和模态刚度差异较大,均值分别为7.08%、0.0686 kg和394.8 N/m。该研究为黑加仑采收系统的研制提供有关参数和设计依据。     

有序抛秧振动输送机构的模态分析与试验研究

该文提出了一种有序抛秧机的振动输送机构,通过分析,建立了振动输送机构的有限元模型,用有限元分析软件进行了模态分析计算,并进行了模态试验,仿真计算结果与试验基本一致。通过模态分析,对振动输送机构进行优化设计,振动输送频率可取小于19.12 Hz的值,为防止振动板面的局部振动过大对钵苗输送与分秧的影响,通过改变振动输送板的参数使振动板其它几阶固有频率远离其第一阶固有频率,使振动输送机构达到均匀输送和分秧。     

考虑质量时变的收获机械工作模态分析与试验

为研究复杂开放环境下收获机械田间作业过程由质量时变影响的工作模态及振动行为,该文搭建了一套收获机械工作模态测试系统,以4YZP-4HA型122 k W玉米联合收获机械为研究对象,建立收获机械车架工作模态测点模型,测定工作模态试验下的土壤-机器-植物等边界条件,并进行田间收获作业和运输工况的振动响应数据采集和时频域分析,利用时域随机子空间SSI(stochastic subspace identification)和频域的增强型频域分解EFDD(enhanced frequency domain decomposition)算法,辨识了在质量时变(田间收获作业)和质量非时变(运输工况)影响下的模态参数(模态频率、阻尼比及模态振型),并比较分析了2种算法的工作模态辨识结果。利用时频域分析方法获取了不同测点振动加速度幅值统计特征及频率分布规律,研究结果表明:田间收获作业工况振动强度高于运输工况,振动频率集中分布在20~150 Hz范围内,测点频率之间存在差异主要由不同位置刚度变化所致;通过比较SSI和EFDD方法辨识的模态频率,发现SSI和EFDD方法在相同频率范围内相差较小,且均落入傅里叶变换方法的频率分布区间,表明SSI和EFDD方法计算结果可信,能够较为准确地确定模态频率;质量时变下的收获机械车架模态振型特征主要表现为扭转、弯曲、弯扭和局部模态振型,其中1阶扭转振型频率接近29 Hz(SSI:29.578 Hz;EFDD:29.300 Hz)。研究结果可为复杂农田作业环境下收获机械的工作模态分析与试验提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.