农村变电站无功优化的控制策略

农网改造以来农村变电站的无功电源合理补偿一直是被关注的热门课题。结合当前农村配电网无功潮流现状,提出变电站二次侧采样折合到一次侧功率因数,由二次侧控制电容器投切方式。基于主变压器二次侧功率因数和无功缺额,同时考虑主变的有功、无功损耗的基础上,采用最优补偿容量的方法在二次侧动态补偿,实现了最大负荷时主变压器一次侧功率因数达到0.95以上的考核标准,研究对农村配网无功电源的充分利用具有现实意义。     

配电线路无功优化就地控制与系统控制效果比较

针对就地控制策略的不足,该文提出一种系统控制策略,即一种采用考察整条线路无功补偿效果的控制策略。在补偿容量和补偿位置确定的条件下,通过控制电容器的投切达到配电线路无功运行优化的目的。对基本TS算法作了改进,以网损最小为目标进行无功优化控制。用.NET编写程序,比较了2种控制策略下,某条10 kV线路日无功负荷水平时段的电容器投切、有功损耗以及电压情况。计算结果表明,在相同的安装位置和补偿容量下,系统控制策略对配电线路的降损节能效果更显著。     

基于最佳配置负载率的配电变压器容量优化与配置

为实现配电变压器容量的最佳配置以及配电网的经济运行,配电变压器的容量选择研究具有重要意义。该文借鉴选择导线时经济电流密度的思想,提出了基于最佳配置负载率的配电变压器容量优化配置方法。利用该方法对变压器容量的优化配置进行建模,并以年综合费用最小为目标,模型中不仅考虑投资、运行维护费和损耗费用,还计入了变压器停运造成的经济损失。经优化计算,得出选择1台、2台及3台配电变压器时的最佳配置负载率推荐值。利用此推荐值选择配电变压器容量简便可行、可为电网建设中配电变压器容量的选择提供技术支持。     

风光互补发电系统中混合储能单元的容量优化

通过配置容量合适的蓄电池-超级电容器混合储能单元,可以提高风光互补发电系统供电的连续性和可靠性。该文在风力发电、光伏发电、蓄电池和超级电容器的稳态模型基础上,建立了蓄电池-超级电容器混合储能系统的容量优化模型,提出了混合储能单元的多目标优化函数,并对各种约束条件进行了探讨,采用遗传算法对目标函数进行了求解。通过对算例系统的求解,证明了该文所建模型和算法的正确性。结果表明,该文提出的方法可为风光互补发电系统中混合储能单元的容量优化提供参考。     

负载敏感变量泵结构建模与性能分析

作为现代农业装备液压系统关键零部件,负载敏感变量泵为农业绿色生产提供了保障。为深入研究负载敏感变量泵的工作性能,该文重点分析了其内部机械结构和工作机理,充分考虑了各运动部件的有效行程范围,应用现代控制理论状态空间法建立了基于边界条件的负载敏感变量泵非线性数学模型,基于Matlab/Simulink软件,采用四阶龙格-库塔算法对其稳态和动态性能进行了仿真分析,并搭建闭心式负载敏感液压系统试验平台,完成其性能试验,通过对比分析负载敏感变量泵动态特性试验与仿真结果,得到负载补偿压力误差约为0.1 MPa,验证了负载敏感变量泵非线性数学模型的正确性。试验结果表明:负载敏感变量泵输出流量和压力可实时与负载相适应,补偿压力约为1.5 MPa,可有效提高液压系统效率,减少系统发热,满足现代农业装备作业机组的田间作业需求。     

渠系前馈蓄量补偿控制时滞参数算法比较与改进

输水明渠系统控制算法主要由前馈及反馈模块组成,其中前馈模块较大程度上影响了系统控制性能。基于蓄量主动补偿的前馈控制算法受时滞参数影响较大,为比较现有多种算法实际控制性能优劣,并寻求不依赖复杂数值计算的简化时滞参数算法,该文进行了横向的算法比较与优化开发。文章基于蓄量阶跃补偿及蓄量二次补偿2类算法,结合改进比例-积分(proportional-integral,PI)反馈控制器,对典型测试渠系及实际工程渠系建模仿真,选取稳定时间、最大超调流量、绝对值误差积分(integral of absolute magnitude of error,IAE)和绝对流量变化积分(integrated absolute discharge change,IAQ)指标分析了蓄量阶跃补偿、动力波原理、水量平衡模型3种时滞参数算法的控制效果。结果显示,在实际工程渠系中,小流量工况下,蓄量阶跃补偿算法的稳定时间比水量平衡模型算法的稳定时间减小40.42%;大流量工况下,蓄量阶跃补偿算法的最大超调流量最小,仅比目标流量高3%,该算法的稳定时间比水量平衡模型算法的稳定时间减少25.45%。结果表明蓄量阶跃补偿算法控制效果较好,但该算法在推求渠池所需蓄量补偿值时需进行水面线推求,文章依据渠道蓄量变化与流量变化间的线性关系,提出简化的时滞参数显式算法。较传统数值算法,时滞参数显式算法与蓄量阶跃补偿算法的时滞参数差值百分比小于8%,在满足实际工程需求的同时,可明显减少推求所需蓄量补偿值的计算量。文章的比较结论及所提出的简化算法对输配水渠道系统,尤其是大型渠道系统调度具有一定的理论价值和应用前景。     

Buck变换器扰动补偿控制算法及实现

农业装备中普遍存在多种扰动,这些扰动对Buck变换器的输出电压影响很大,传统的比例积分PI(proportional integral)控制方法较难取得满意的控制效果。针对这一问题,该文基于扰动观测理论,提出了一种抗扰动控制方法。首先,采用变参数PI控制器代替传统PI控制器,作为改进的PI控制器。该变参数PI控制器不仅具有传统PI稳定简便的特点,而且通过实时调整PI参数可使系统在不同阶段都具有较高的性能。然后,设计扰动观测器(disturbance observer,DOB)观测出参数摄动与负载变化所带来的系统扰动,将其作为补偿量补偿到前馈通道,形成复合控制器,提高系统的收敛速度与抗扰动能力。最后,通过仿真和试验,分别验证了该算法的有效性。试验证明,采用这种基于扰动补偿的复合控制器可使Buck变换器在负载突变时,恢复时间缩短了71.4%,输出电压误差减小了20.8%。在输入突变时,恢复时间缩短了58.3%,输出电压误差减小了30.0%,有效地提高了Buck变换器的稳定性和抗扰动性。该研究为提高Buck变换器的控制性能提供了参考。     

考虑分布式电源影响的配电网降损分析

配电网的降损节能始终是电力行业业内人士关注的重要问题之一。该文研究通过分布式电源（distributed generation,DG）的配置实现配电网降损的方法。首先,在不考虑DG接入最大容量限制的前提下,在负荷均匀分布条件下的配电网,以降损效果最明显为原则,确定了配置DG的“2/3原则”。对于负荷非均匀分布条件的配电网,根据“2/3原则”确定DG的初始配置点,然后在满足功率平衡、节点电压、线路传输功率、DG接入容量限制的条件下,以负荷的平均功率因数为基准,以配电网的损耗最小为原则确定DG配置容量和位置。以实际配电网为例,进行计算、分析和比较,结果表明,该文提出的方法在不同负荷情况下降损效果非常明显。利用该文提出的方法,可以有效地实现配电网降损节能的目标,而且在实际配电网中非常容易使用。     

农村电网配电变压器选址优化模型改进与系统开发

农村电网多分布在山地、丘陵等地区,负荷点的海拔高度对变压器选址结果有着重要的影响,同时由于在布线过程中弧垂的存在,输电线长度实际并不是直线距离,该文对配电变压器选址优化传统模型进行了改进,引进由于弧垂存在的线路修正系数,并考虑海拔高度对距离计算公式进行了修正,提出了一种配电变压器选址优化改进模型（M-TLOM,modified-transformer location optimization model）,并在Visual Basic 6.0软件下开发了一套配电变压器选址优化系统（DTLOS 1.0）。通过实例分析表明,配电变压器选址优化改进模型可以降低农网配网损耗。     

连续体采摘机械臂末端静态承载姿态等效模型建立与验证

针对连续体采摘机械臂收获作业中末端负载时的姿态变形问题,该文提出一种求解连续体采摘机械臂末端负载姿态变形的等效方法,结合大挠度变形理论和单位力原理建立了连续体采摘机械臂负载姿态变形的标准数学模型函数,通过建立系统性多参数承载性能试验,验证了所提出的弯曲姿态变形函数模型的准确性,其误差均在7.8%范围内。分析归纳了连续体采摘机械臂在不同弯曲角参数和末端负载质量参数对模型误差的影响规律,并根据负载性能试验结果得出分析可知,连续体采摘机械臂末端负载时为50 g时,其理论模型姿态与试验姿态末端位置误差最小可至3.8%,负载质量的增加至150 g时,其误差最小可至7.2%,该研究可为连续体采摘机械臂收获作业的准确定位提供可靠的控制理论基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.