Contour grass strips for soil erosion control on steep lands: a laboratory evaluation

Abstract. The effectiveness of Festuca ovina and Poa pratensis as contour grass strips for erosion control was examined in a laboratory experiment for an crodible sandy loam soil on 21, 25 and 29% slopes. No significant differences P <0.05 were observed in runoff between the plots with grass strips and bare soil but significant differences in soil loss were recorded. Both grasses reduced crosion in the early part of the simulated storms by ponding water behind the barrier, filtering sediment and causing deposition within the ponded area. The P. pratensis barrier was less rigid and became flattened under submergence in the later part of the storms. Runoff flowed over the grass strip forming rills on the slope below, which then cut back and undermined the barrier. These barriers resulted in as much soil loss as bare soil towards the end of the storms on all three slopes. The F. ovina was effective in controlling erosion on the 21% and 25% slopes but not on the 29% slope.     

Effectiveness of tropical grass species as sediment filters in the riparian zone of Lake Victoria

The effectiveness of tropical grass species in strips of different length in trapping sediment from cropland was assessed, and the influence of filter length was determined. The assessment was made under natural rainfall which induced sheet and rill erosion in run‐off plots and then using simulated run‐off which caused concentrated erosion. The evaluated grasses were elephant grass, lemon grass, paspalum and sugarcane. Run‐off plots were on a 10% slope in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Filter lengths were 2.5, 5 and 10 m against a 10‐m‐long sediment source area planted with maize on a clay loam soil. The results show that sediment trapping effectiveness (TE) increases nonlinearly with increasing filter length for all grasses. Under natural rainfall, more than 70% of sediment was trapped in the first 5 m, and lengthening the strip to 10 m only resulted in a marginal increase in TE. With concentrated run‐off, more than 70% of sediment was trapped in the first 5 m and lengthening the strip to 10 m resulted in a significant increase in TE. Paspalum and lemon grass performed significantly better than other grasses (P < 0.05), owing to their spreading growth pattern over the soil surface. Paspalum also has the highest root density in the upper 0.3‐m layer of the soil followed by lemon grass, hence offering the greatest resistance to erosion from concentrated flow. The results demonstrate that tropical grass filter strips provide a viable means for reducing the sediment flux from cropland.     

Use of integrated weed management tools in crop rotations with grass seed production

This paper presents the results of studies quantifying the effect of some of the tools available in an integrated weed control strategy focusing on problematic annual grasses in crop rotations with grass seed production. The paper presents the results of experiments demonstrating the influence of competitiveness of the crop on the development of annual grass weeds. The experiments quantify the influence of establishment at different row distance, plant density, sowing depth and cultivar type. The paper further presents the results showing how a change in establishment time from autumn to spring influences the germination rate of four important annual grasses. The study demonstrated that springtime establishment offers the opportunity to reduce problems with Apera spica-venti and Poa trivialis and to a lesser extent with Alopecurus myosuroides and Vulpia myuros. The study further showed that the false seedbed technique can be a very effective tool to reduce problems with annual grasses. The populations of two of the investigated species, P. trivialis and V. myuros, were reduced by almost 80% applying the false seedbed technique. Dependent on the density and species composition of annual grasses expected these IWM tools can be used in strategies to secure a high quality in grass seed production.     

Nutrients in runoff from a clay loam soil protected by narrow grass strips

Nutrient loss from water erosion is a major contributor to negative nutrient balance in most sub-Saharan African countries. Due to their low-cost, narrow grass strips are becoming popular as means of controlling soil erosion. There is a need to study the effectiveness of narrow grass strips in controlling nutrient loss due to water erosion. Performance of narrow strips of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) and Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) grass in controlling nutrient loss and runoff was determined on a clay loam soil in Kenya. Grass strips were planted in March 2000, and nutrient loss and runoff measurements were carried out from June 2000 to August 2001 (15 months). Compared with the control, Napier grass reduced PO₄-P, NO₂-N, NO₃-N and NH₄-N by 55, 70, 45 and 47%, respectively, while Vetiver grass reduced them by 11, 35, 11 and 0%, respectively. Napier grass and Vetiver grass reduced runoff by an average of 54 and 12%, respectively. Napier grass was more effective, since it formed a barrier faster than Vetiver grass.     

旅游景观园林早熟禾合理施肥试验研究

大庆市草坪建植4年后会出现明显的退化现象,土壤施肥可以改善早熟禾营养状况,有效延缓草坪退化进程。试验采取测土配方施肥的方法研究早熟禾生长变化规律,结果表明:试验末期施肥处理的有机质降低量少于对照,氮磷钾含量高于对照,pH值略低于对照;氮磷配合处理的分蘖密度7～10月显著高于其他处理;50%饼肥处理的叶片宽度最大,6～7月氮肥处理次之,8～10月氮磷处理次之;氮磷肥处理的叶绿素含量最高,对促进叶绿素含量增加效果最佳;氮磷配合处理生长季节内草坪盖度最高,极显著高于对照,50%饼肥氮处理次之;氮磷配合处理可以显著促进早熟禾生长,50%饼肥处理次之。分析认为,氮磷配合处理对促进早熟禾生长效果最佳,100%饼肥处理最差,发酵饼肥施用比例不宜超过50%。     

Ridge tillage and contour natural grass barrier strips reduce tillage erosion

Large amounts of soil are eroded annually from tilled, hilly upland soils in the humid tropics. Awareness has been increasing that much of this erosion may be due to tillage operations rather than water-induced soil movement. This field study estimated soil translocation and tillage erosion for four tillage systems on Oxisols with slope gradients of 16–22% at Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Soil movement was estimated using ‘soil movement tracers' (SMT) which consisted of painted 12-mm hexagonal steel nuts. The SMT were buried in three replicate plots of the following tillage treatments: (1) contour moldboard plowing in the open field (MP-open); (2) contour ridge tillage in the open field (RT-open); (3) contour moldboard plowing plus contour natural grass barrier strips (MP-strip); and (4) contour natural grass barrier strips plus ridge tillage (RT-strip). Two hundred SMT were placed at the 5-cm depth at 5-cm spacings on 10 rows and 20 columns in two microplots within each plot. The microplots were oriented with the boundaries running downslope and along the contour of each 8-m-wide × 38-m-long (downslope) tillage plot. After tilling the land for four successive corn (Zea mays L.) crops (20 tillage operations), the SMT were manually excavated and their positions recorded. Recovery of SMT ranged from 82% to 85%. Displacement of SMT was directly related to slope length, percent slope, and tillage method. Mean displacement distance of SMT during the four corn growing seasons was 3.3 m for MP-open, 1.8 m for RT-open, 1.5 m for the RT-strip, and 2.2 m for MP-strip. Based on tillage operations associated with two corn crops per year, mean annual soil flux was estimated to be 241, 131, 158 and 112 kg m⁻¹ for MP-open, RT-open MP-strip, and RT-strip, respectively. Compared to the mean annual soil loss for MP-open of 63 Mg ha⁻¹, soil loss was reduced by 30%, 45%, and 53% for the MP-strip, RT-open, and RT-strip systems, respectively. Both ridge tillage and natural grass barrier strips reduced soil displacement, soil translocation flux, and tillage erosion rates.     

修剪留茬高度对北京地区草坪草耗水量的影响

水资源短缺,城市用水紧张,使得草坪灌溉用水管理受到极大关注。为了研究草坪修剪管理的节水效果,采用小型排水式蒸渗仪,通过田间实验研究了充分供水条件下3种草坪草(早熟禾、高羊茅、黑麦)不同修剪高度(留茬高度：5、10、15 cm和不修剪)处理对耗水量的影响,并根据水量平衡原理计算得到了3种草坪草的耗水量。研究结果表明：草坪草的耗水量均随修剪留茬高度增加而增加,不同草种间存在差异。3种草坪草修剪留茬高度为5 cm时较不修剪耗水量减少36.78%(早熟禾)、34.02%(高羊茅)、33.54%(黑麦),平均减少耗水量34.78%。所得参数可以为类似地区3种草坪草灌溉系统的规划设计和节水管理提供基础理论依据。     

苹果园生草对土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及碳组分的影响

  【目的】  果园种植生草能够改善土壤肥力与土壤结构。研究种植不同生草对果园土壤微生物多样性和土壤生物学性状的影响,为果园高效绿色管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2017年山东省泰安市马庄试验基地多年生苹果行间进行生草试验,供试草种为白三叶草(Trifolium pratense)、垂穗草(Bouteloua gracilis)、沙画眉草(Eragrostis trichodes)、弯叶画眉草(Eragrostis curvula)和加拿大披碱草(Elymus canadensis),以清耕自然生草为对照(A_CK),研究不同生草处理在连续3年内对果园土壤环境的影响。  【结果】  1) 从6个土壤样品中共得到31459个细菌操作分类单元和5021个真菌操作分类单元,6个土壤样品中共有1019个相同细菌群落(OTUs)和108个相同真菌群落(OTUs)。Alpha 多样性分析可知,弯叶画眉草处理后的土壤中细菌的Shannon、Simpson和Chao1指数高于Ack处理,比Ack分别增加了4.61%、7.01%和27.44%,尤其加拿大披碱草处理后土壤真菌的Chao1指数是对照的1.31倍(P<0.05)。在门分类水平变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)是优势细菌,这8个细菌门在各自处理中占比超过95%,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)是优势真菌,这4个优势真菌门在各自处理中占比超过80%。弯叶画眉草处理可提高土壤中细菌丰富度和多样性,沙画眉草处理土壤中的细菌芽单胞菌门、浮霉菌门、绿弯菌门相对丰度降低;5个生草处理提高了土壤中真菌群落担子菌门的相对丰度,垂穗草子囊菌门相对丰度降低明显,垂穗草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草提高了土壤中的球囊菌门相对丰度。2)果园生草提高了土壤中微生物的数量,且随着生草时间的延长微生物数量增加明显,2020年9月份的弯叶画眉草处理土壤微生物数量高于清耕处理。3) 生草提高了果园土壤总有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量,弯叶画眉草、加拿大披碱草和沙画眉草处理效果显著好于清耕,弯叶画眉草的效果尤为突出,而三叶草的效果不显著。相应地,沙画眉草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于清耕处理。4)相关性分析结果表明,果园生草处理土壤的碳组分(除DOC外)、酶活性与微生物数量之间存在极显著或显著正相关。  【结论】  种植沙画眉草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草均可显著增加土壤中总有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量,随着生草年限的增加,提高幅度也在增加,进而显著增加了土壤中微生物数量,并不同程度地改变了细菌和真菌的丰富度和多样性。弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草对土壤影响效应优良,极具推广价值。     

再生水灌溉对草坪草生长和土壤的影响

随着城市绿地与人争水的问题日益突出,再生水作为替代水资源在草坪草上的应用日益广泛。本试验于2003-2005年用3种类型灌溉水(清水、“清水+再生水”、再生水)处理5种草坪草(草地早熟禾、高羊茅、结缕草、野牛草和山麦冬),从观赏品质和生长指标方面进行耐污性评价,并分析再生水对土壤的影响。结果表明:本研究使用的再生水对所供测试绿化草种的颜色、覆盖度、质地和均匀性无不良影响,再生水灌溉条件下,高羊茅表现出了最强的综合耐污能力,其次是结缕草和野牛草。灌溉水类型对于草坪草的生长指标的影响具有种的特异性。再生水灌溉和“清水+再生水”交替灌溉提高了土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)和总孔隙度,有利于土壤物理性状的改善。     

草被减流减沙效应及其力学机制分析

 利用人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究不同降雨强度下20°坡面草地的减流减沙效应,探讨草被坡面固土作用的力学机制。结果表明:在45、87和127mm/h降雨强度下,草地坡面土壤的平均入渗率是裸地坡面入渗率的2.1～4.2倍;与裸地相比,草地径流流速减少77.3%～79.8%,径流量减少51.9%～99.1%,产沙量减少93.6%～99.2%;从力学角度分析坡面土壤颗粒的受力情况,建立的坡面产沙量与径流切应力的关系模型可用于草被坡面土壤流失量预测;试验条件下,草地临界径流切应力值为2.857N/m2,裸地临界径流切应力值为0.861N/m2,坡面产沙量随径流切应力的增大而增大。研究结果对定量评价草被减流减沙作用和深化土壤侵蚀力学过程有一定的参考意义。     

四川丘陵区农林系统和农草系统流域的径流和土壤水分特征

A study was conducted in a hilly area of Sichuan Province, Southwestern China, to compare the streamflow and soil moisture in two upland watersheds with different land use patterns. One was an agroforestry watershed, which consisted mainly of trees with alder (Alnus cremastogyne Burkill) and cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) planted in belts or strips with a coverage of about 46%, and the other was a grassland primarily composed of lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb.), filamentary clematis (Clematis filamentosa Dunn) and common eulaliopsis (Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb) with a coverage of about 44%. Streamflow measurement with a hydrograph established at the watershed outlet showed that the average annual streamflow per 100 mm rainfall from 1983 to 1992 was 0.36 and 1.08 L s^-1 km^-2 for the agroforestry watershed and the grass watershed, respectively. This showed that the streamflow of the agroforestry watershed was reduced by 67% when compared to that of the grass watershed. The peak average monthly streamflow in the agroforestry watershed was over 5 times lower than that of the grass watershed and lagged by one month. In addition, the peak streamflow during a typical rainfall event of 38.3 mm in August 1986 was 37% lower in the agroforestry watershed than in the grass watershed. Results of the moisture contents of the soil samples from 3 slope locations (upper, middle and lower slopes) indicated that the agroforestry watershed maintained generally higher soil moisture contents than the grass watershed within 0-20 and 20-80 cm soil depths for the upper slope, especially for the period from May through July. For the other (middle and lower) slopes, soil moisture contents within 20-80 cm depth in the agroforestry watershed was generally lower than those in the grass watershed, particularly in September, revealing that water consumption by trees took place mainly below the plow layer. Therefore, agroforestry land use types might offer a complimentary model for tree-annual crop water utilization.     

Use of palm-mat geotextiles for soil conservation: I. Effects on soil properties

Despite geotextile-mats having the potential for soil conservation, field studies on the effects of geotextiles on soil properties are limited. Hence, the utilization of palm-mat geotextiles as a potential soil conservation technique was investigated at Hilton, east Shropshire, U.K. (52°33′5.7″ N, 2°19′18.3″ W). Geotextile-mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Field experiments were conducted at Hilton during 2007–2009, to study the impacts of Borassus and Buriti mats on selected properties of the topsoil (0–5 cm). Ten fixed plots (10 × 1 m on a 15° slope) were established, with duplicate treatments. The treatments were: (i) bare soil; (ii) permanent grassed; (iii) bare soil with 1 m Borassus-mat buffer strips (area coverage ~ 10%) at the lower end of the plots; (iv) bare soil with 1 m Buriti mat buffer strips (area coverage ~ 10%) at the lower end of the plots; and (v) completely-covered with Borassus mats. Initial and final soil samples of the topsoil were collected and analysed for bulk density, aggregate stability, soil organic matter (SOM), total soil C (TSC), total soil N (TSN) and pH. Results indicate that, apart from Borassus completely-covered plots, soil bulk density increased and aggregate stability decreased in all plots after two years. Despite decreases in SOM contents in bare plots, SOM content did not change after two years in the grassed and geotextile treated plots. Treatments had no effects on changes in pH, TSC or TSN. Both Borassus and Buriti mat-covers within the buffer strip plots had little impact on SOM, TSC and TSN changes compared with bare soils within the same plots. Thus, Borassus buffer strip plots were very effective in maintaining some soil properties (i.e. SOM, TSC, and TSN) after two years of erosion by water. In summary, utilization of Borassus mats as buffer strips was very successful in conserving soil properties on a loamy sand soil.     

叶面喷施有机硅对草地早熟禾幼苗生长的影响

为明确有机硅对草地早熟禾幼苗生长的影响,以草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)品种"午夜"为参试材料,设置7个有机硅肥梯度(0、1、2、2.5、3、4、5 mmol·L~(-1))进行叶面喷施,研究了不同浓度的有机硅对草地早熟禾苗长、苗干重、根长、根干重、根系总长、根系总表面积、根头数、叶片相对电导率及地上部硅含量的影响。结果表明,添加一定浓度的有机硅可以增加草地早熟禾的苗长、苗干重、根长、根干重、根系总长、根系总表面积和根头数,其中施有机硅2.5 mmol·L~(-1)处理表现最佳,显著高于对照,对根系平均直径有促进作用,但不显著;干旱胁迫下喷施有机硅能够减少叶片细胞电解质的渗漏,保持叶片细胞膜的完整性,提高草地早熟禾抗逆性;喷施不同浓度的有机硅均能显著提高草地早熟禾地上部含硅量,其中喷施3 mmol·L~(-1)有机硅制剂含硅量最高。可见,适宜浓度的有机硅显著促进了草地早熟禾的生长。     

生草改善果园土壤肥力和苹果树体营养的效果

  【目的】  果园生草在促进树体生长发育、改善土壤理化环境和土壤肥力等方面起着重要作用,本研究旨在解决我国果园普遍存在的立地条件差和土壤改良困难、有机质含量少且缺乏补充途径等问题,为果业可持续发展提供重要的技术支撑。  【方法】  以美国引进的格兰马草 (Bouteloua gracilis)、粗燕麦草 (Sporobolus asper)、小须芒草 (Schizachyrium scoparium)、宠禾草 (Eragrostis trichodes)、弯叶画眉草 (Eragrostis curvula)、柳枝稷 (Panicum virgatum) 和加拿大滨麦 (Elymus canadensis) 为试验材料,以清耕和白三叶草 (Trifolium pratense) 为对照,于2017年春季在山东省泰安市马庄镇实验基地一年生苹果幼树行间进行生草试验,研究不同生草处理在连续两年内对果树生长发育和果园土壤环境的影响。  【结果】  1) 8种处理草的生物学性状各不相同,其中弯叶画眉草的高度和叶片宽度、密度、盖度、地上和地下生物量表现最佳。2) 7个生草处理对改善土壤环境都具有显著效果,6、7月份,弯叶画眉草处理的土壤温度下降幅度最大,生草一年较清耕分别下降了23.62%和27.45%;6、7、8月份,小须芒草处理两年的土壤pH最低,较同月清耕处理分别降低了6.83%、7.07%、7.19%;弯叶画眉草处理两年的土壤孔隙度增幅最大,较清耕处理分别增加了6.76%、8.35%、9.09%;3) 果园生草提高了土壤中微生物的数量,且随着生草时间的延长提高效果越明显。生草两年的弯叶画眉草处理土壤中的真菌和放线菌数量最多;生草两年的粗燕麦草处理土壤中的细菌数量最多;宠禾草处理两年的细菌OTU数量最大,为5323个,比清耕处理高7.93%。4) 不同生草处理均显著改善了果园的土壤养分。弯叶画眉草处理的土壤有机质含量最高,且生草两年比生草当年的有机质含量提高了23.53%;不同生草处理后土壤中的有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的含量较清耕处理均有显著提高。5) 不同生草处理的果树叶片矿质元素含量较清耕有显著差异,显著降低了叶片氮元素的含量,显著提高了叶片磷、钾、镁、铁、铜、锌等元素的含量。  【结论】  果园内不同生草处理对苹果幼树树体、土壤环境和土壤养分产生重要影响,可不同程度地改善幼树的叶片矿质元素含量,降低土壤温度和pH,提高土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质和土壤微生物数量,果园生草处理是有利于改良果园园土和树体的方法,可推动我国果业可持续发展。     

Effect of soil temperature on evapotranspiration by C3 and C4 grasses

The relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) and soil temperature was studied for two C3 and two C4 grasses grown in 20-cm diameter plastic containers and managed to provide 10-cm high dense leaf canopies. Soil temperature treatments were 13, 21, and 29°C while leaf canopies were exposed to ambient climate conditions. Except for one C3 grass at the highest soil temperature, all grasses had higher ET as soil temperature increased. The C4 grasses averaged 30% lower ET than the C3 grasses at 13°C soil temperature, but the relative difference decreased to only 10% lower than the nonstressed C3 grass at 29°C soil temperature. Canopy temperature showed no statistical relation to soil temperature. Soil heat flux differences appeared to have a greater influence on ET than plant resistance changes due to the influence of soil temperature on roots.     

枣园生草处理对土壤养分和细菌群落的影响

为了明确枣园种植长柔毛野豌豆(Vicia villosa Roth.)对土壤养分和细菌群落的影响,本试验以5年生金丝4号(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)为试材,研究了枣园不同生草处理(清耕、自然生草、长柔毛野豌豆)对土壤基本理化指标和土壤细菌群落的影响.结果表明,与清耕(对照)相比,枣园生草提高了 土壤含...     

植被恢复对侵蚀坡地表层土壤性质的影响

为了评价表层土壤有机碳和养分对放牧和不同植被类型互作的反应,选择四川省西昌市西溪乡牛郎村马家松坡放牧丘陵坡地,分别在坡顶、上、中、下部各层采集有乔木(桉树)、灌木(米油枝)、草本3种类型植被覆盖以及无植被覆盖的0—5 cm表层土壤,测定分析了土壤容重、土壤有机碳、速效氮含量。结果表明,植被对改善表层土壤有机碳和速效氮含量的作用大小顺序为:米油枝>草本植物>桉树。米油枝、草本植物能显著提高土壤有机碳和速效氮含量,桉树改善表层土壤有机碳和速效氮含量的作用则比较小。不同坡位对土壤有机碳、速效氮含量无显著影响。不同植被类型下表层土壤容重变化为:米油枝下土壤<桉树下土壤<草地<裸地。米油枝能显著降低表层土壤容重,而在不同坡位间无显著差异。不同植被类型下表层土壤对放牧的反应不同。放牧显著降低了桉树林下表层土壤有机碳和速效氮的含量,对米油枝和草本植物覆被下表层土壤性质的影响不显著。     

Effects of vertical hedge interval of vetiver grass on erosion on steep agricultural lands

Vetiver grass is widely used to reduce soil erosion and has been applied in many areas of the world. However, studies of the effect of vertical hedge intervals on runoff, soil loss and outflow sediment size distribution under a steep slope area are rare. The vetiver grass system (VGS) with three vertical hedge intervals (0·75, 1·5 and 3 m) and no hedgerow were tested at three land slopes (30, 40 and 50 per cent) under three simulated rainfall intensities (60, 85 and 110 mm h⁻¹). It has been observed that vetiver grass (Vetiveria nemoralis) has great potential for reducing runoff and soil loss by about 38·7–68·6 and 56·2–87·9 per cent, respectively. The vetiver strips delayed incipient runoff and reduced peak runoff rate and steady erosion rate. The land slope affected soil loss but did not have a significant effect on runoff. A narrow vetiver hedge interval slightly reduced runoff and soil loss more than a wider one. The soil loss equation obtained in this study revealed that runoff has a higher effect on soil loss. The median sediment size that passed through the vetiver strip increased with rainfall intensity and was mostly dominated by very fine sand, silt and clay. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of grass filter strips length on exported dissolved masses of metolachlor,atrazine and deethylatrazine: a four‐season study under natural rain conditions

Herbicides atrazine and metolachlor have been detected in water bodies across the world. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of 0‐m, 3‐m, 6‐m and 9‐m grass filter strips to reduce masses of dissolved metolachlor, atrazine and deethylatrazine (a degradation product of atrazine) exported in runoff. For that purpose, 16 uncultivated plots (3‐m wide × 65‐m long) with 0‐m‐, 3‐m‐, 6‐m‐ and 9‐m‐long grass filter strips were setup in a completely randomized block design. During four seasons, masses of dissolved atrazine, metolachlor and deethylatrazine were determined for the first four to five rain events, under natural rain conditions, after atrazine and metolachlor application. Generally, grass filter strips reduced exported herbicide masses by more than 90% and influenced atrazine and metolachlor dissipation kinetics in the field. The 3‐m grass filter strip (area ratio source/strip of 22:1) usually provided a reduction in exported herbicide masses similar to the 6‐ or 9‐m grass filter strips. Therefore, under the present experimental soil and climate conditions, a grass filter strip of 3 m would be a good compromise between environmental protection of surface waters against atrazine and metolachlor contamination and conservation of agricultural land use. Such an approach contributes to the acceptability by producers to implement optimized best management practices such as vegetated filter strips for the preservation of the quality of water resources.     

草带宽度对紫色土坡面细沟形态及水土流失特征的影响

为了解不同草带宽度对紫色土坡耕地水土流失的影响,以铺设四季青草带的紫色土坡面为研究对象,采用放水冲刷模拟试验,以裸坡为对照组,研究不同放水冲刷流量和草带宽度条件下坡面细沟形态变化和减沙减流效应.结果表明:(1)沟深随草带宽度增大呈先减小后增大趋势,而沟宽、沟长和沟宽深比均随草带宽度呈先增加后减小趋势;此外,沟宽、沟深和...