Population abundance and habitat preference of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the highest density section of the Yangtze River

1. Habitat loss and degradation together represent one of the five major factors contributing to the rapid decline of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze River. Protecting key habitat patches and maintaining migration corridors between habitat patches are major conservation objectives to ensure the in situ viability of the Yangtze finless porpoise. Baseline information essential for addressing these two objectives includes that pertaining to distribution and habitat preference.
2. To investigate the distribution and habitat preferences of the Yangtze finless porpoise, five transect surveys were conducted in the Anqing section of the Yangtze River, which has the highest porpoise density among all sections of the river. Porpoise abundance estimates were calculated, and preferences for different habitat types were evaluated.
3. The calculated porpoise abundance in the Anqing section was 181 (95% CI 125–239) animals on average. The inter‐annual and inter‐seasonal differences in porpoise abundance estimates were not significant. The natural river banks and sandbar shores were the most preferred habitats, representing 46.3 and 29.8% of the porpoise observations, respectively. In contrast, 8.1% of the porpoises were observed in habitats along reinforced river banks, which account for 38.7% of the total coastline. In subsections with natural habitat patches, porpoises were observed in almost every survey, while porpoise occurrence became highly stochastic in subsections with long reinforced river banks. These results indicate a significant tendency of the Yangtze finless porpoise to prefer natural habitats with natural river bank or sandbars but to keep away from reinforced river‐bank habitats.
4. According to porpoise density in different subsections, free migration may be impeded or only one migration corridor remains in some subsections.
5. Although protecting finless porpoise habitats has become a primary conservation objective, this study highlights the need to protect frequently used habitat patches and migration corridors, particularly those near natural river banks and sandbars, and to restore ecological environments along reinforced river banks.

     

海洋江豚的研究概述

近年来随着国家政策的重视,人们环保意识的提高,针对珍稀濒危水生野生动物,尤其是鲸类动物的保护工作受到越来越多的关注。截至目前,国内相关研究单位针对鲸类动物开展了大量研究,但研究对象主要局限在中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)和长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)。相比较而言,在我国分布范围更广的海洋江豚得到的研究和保护远远不够,亟需开展系统深入的研究工作。鉴于此,本文对江豚的记载、分类和海洋江豚的研究进行了回顾,重点总结了海洋江豚的生态学、生物学、遗传学、声学以及摄食和繁殖等方面的研究进展,对今后的研究和保护重点提出了建议,包括注重基础研究、强化保护区建设、注重保护技术研发和加强宣传教育,以期对未来的工作提供借鉴。     

海洋江豚的研究概述

近年来随着国家政策的重视,人们环保意识的提高,针对珍稀濒危水生野生动物,尤其是鲸类动物的保护工作受到越来越多的关注。截至目前,国内相关研究单位针对鲸类动物开展了大量研究,但研究对象主要局限在中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)和长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)。相比较而言,在我国分布范围更广的海洋江豚得到的研究和保护远远不够,亟需开展系统深入的研究工作。鉴于此,本文对江豚的记载、分类和海洋江豚的研究进行了回顾,重点总结了海洋江豚的生态学、生物学、遗传学、声学以及摄食和繁殖等方面的研究进展,对今后的研究和保护重点提出了建议,包括注重基础研究、强化保护区建设、注重保护技术研发和加强宣传教育,以期对未来的工作提供借鉴。     

鄱阳湖长江江豚同步监测及种群动态分析

为支撑鄱阳湖长江江豚保护方案制定,及时准确掌握鄱阳湖长江江豚种群动态,2019年11月-2021年11月开展了4次同步监测,并采用 Distance 7.4 软件估算了其种群数量和密度。研究结果表明,总有效航程为1846 km,累计在429个位点观测到长江江豚,累计观测到长江江豚1001头次,母子豚130对次。2021年11月在139个位点观测378头个体,2019年11月仅在123个位点观测到225头。两年间鄱阳湖长江江豚观测个体数量增长了68%,观测位点数量增长了13.0%,估算的种群密度也增长49.2%。鄱阳湖长江江豚在集群规模方面,1-2头个体组成群体的频次最大,占比60.43%-90.24%,年际间差别较大,占比逐年下降;5头（含）以上群体,占比4.88%-12.20%,占比逐年上升,均与水位关系不明显。鄱阳湖长江江豚平均遇见率为 0.418-0.804头/ km,不同水位差别较大,低水位遇见率高,2021年11月长江江豚以及母子豚遇见率和幼豚所占比例均最高,说明长江江豚种群数量、幼体和可育雌性群体在种群中所占比例均呈现稳中有增趋势,表明鄱阳湖长江江豚种群可能已经实现了正增长。     

The impact of fisheries management practices on the survival of the Yangtze finless porpoise in China

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Far‐reaching effects of a seal scarer on harbour porpoises,Phocoena phocoena

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Differential population dynamics of a coastal porpoise correspond to the fishing effort in a large estuarine system

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Oxygen consumption and swim speed of the harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena

ABSTRACT: The rate of oxygen consumption and energetic cost of locomotion of captive harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena were studied in Hokkaido, Japan, using respirometry together with externally attached devices (a data logger) that recorded swim speed and dive depth. Harbor porpoises swam freely in a tank at a swim speed ranging 0.5–4.2 m/s. Swimming during most dives was relatively slow with mean swim speed being 0.76–0.91 m/s. Oxygen consumption rate of the swimming harbor porpoise increased with swim speed according to a cubed function. The minimum cost of transport during underwater swimming in the harbor porpoise was 2.39–2.43 J/kg per m at an average swim speed of 1.3–1.5 m/s. However, porpoises usually swam slower to conserve energy and dived aerobically. This explains why harbor porpoises can dive repeatedly and continuously without extended rest at the sea surface.     

不同模拟情景下长江江豚种群生存力分析

为了探讨长江江豚(Neophocaenaasiaeorientalis asiaeoriertalis)种群的生存动态和管护对策,本研究利用漩涡模型(Vortex 10.3.7.0)对长江江豚种群生存力进行了回顾和现状分析.结果发现,以1999年作为回顾分析起点,长江江豚的灭绝概率最可能为0.0754,且不高于0.56...     

Distribution and habitat characteristics of three sympatric cetacean species in the coastal waters of Matang,Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

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网围内长江江豚群体行为的观察

作者先后三次将捕捉到的长江江豚群体,置于干流江豚经常栖息活动的水域内,对其野生行为习性进行了网围观察,累计观察42天。本文根据观察记录,对江豚的集群、抚幼、捕食、性行为、玩耍、利它、避害、歇息等行为作了细致的描述和分析。本项研究不仅有利于江豚的保护和饲养,亦可为白鱀豚的迁地保护、就地保护提供经验。     

Spatial–temporal variations in biosonar activity of Yangtze finless porpoise in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its correlation with underwater noise: Are quieter non-shipping branches the remaining shelters?

1. Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is Critically Endangered, It relies on its biological sonar sensing system for important life activities. The rapid development of the Yangtze valley has brought busy shipping, which has resulted in increased noise.
2. Two locations on the shipping channel and non-shipping branch were selected. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to record the biosonar signals of porpoises and underwater noise. The number of click trains, echolocation encounters, buzzes and buzz ratios were counted and the root mean square sound pressure level of noise was calculated in five diel phases.
3. A non-parametric test was used to analyse the differences among different phases and between different locations. The aim of the study was to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the biosonar activity of YFPs and underwater noise between non-shipping and shipping channels, and to provide scientific advice for YFP conservation.
4. Significant spatial and temporal patterns were observed both in biosonar activity and noise. Average biosonar activity, including click trains, buzzes, buzz ratio and echolocation encounters, was higher in the non-shipping channel than in the shipping channel, whereas the noise level was higher in the shipping channel than in the non-shipping channel.
5. In the non-shipping channel, the buzz numbers and buzz ratios, indicators of porpoise feeding activity, were higher at night than during the day while the noise level was higher during the day than at night.
6. These findings may be associated with the noise avoidance strategies of YFPs to adapt to the busy shipping on the Yangtze River. Maintaining the non-shipping status of some branches of the Yangtze River can provide more shelters for the YFPs. Strengthening the measures for banning navigation at night or reducing the vessel speed at night throughout the entire year would improve the YFPs’ feeding success.

     

长江江豚的饲养和观察

本文报道了对饲养下的长江江豚的行为、食物数量的观察和疾病治疗实验结果。在饲养状态下,江豚除正常的游泳姿势外,也表现侧游、跳跃、直立、滚游和滑行等姿态。呼吸间隔大多在10～20秒之间,最短为3秒,最长为43秒。每日3～8时的呼吸间隔均值略大于其它时间。一般游泳速度为1.3米/秒。日投喂量可达其体重的10％左右。对鱼类没有选择性。对疾病治疗可参考家畜的用药种类和剂量。     

Abundance estimates of three cetacean species in the coastal waters of Matang,Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

1. The paucity of baseline data on coastal cetaceans due to a lack of research in developing countries frequently precludes assessment of their status and informed management actions for conservation.
2. This study provides the first abundance estimates of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, Irrawaddy dolphins, and Indo-Pacific finless porpoises in the coastal waters of Matang, Peninsular Malaysia.
3. Boat-based surveys covering 1,152 km² of coastal waters with 4,108 km of survey effort were conducted between 2013 and 2016 to collect data for line transect analysis of Irrawaddy dolphins and finless porpoises. Photo-identification data of humpback dolphins were concurrently collected for mark–recapture analysis.
4. Estimates of abundance from four sampling strata totalled 763 Irrawaddy dolphins (CV = 13%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [588, 990]) and 600 Indo-Pacific finless porpoises (CV = 27%, 95% CI [354, 1,016]).
5. The annual abundance estimates of humpback dolphins ranged between 171 (95% CI [148, 208]) in 2014–2015 and 81 (95% CI [67, 98]) in 2015–2016, likely due to the presence of offshore individuals that moved in and out of the study area. The estuarine strata were inhabited by 68 (95% CI [63, 73]) inshore humpback dolphins in 2013–2014 to 87 (95% CI [78, 97]) dolphins in 2014–2015.
6. As an International Union for Conservation of Nature important marine mammal area, the productive coastal waters of Matang are shown to support a high density of small coastal cetaceans, and the results serve as an important baseline for future studies to identify population trends for conservation management plans.

     

Comparative external morphology of cetacean spermatozoa

SUMMARY: To compare size and morphology of spermatozoa in cetaceans, sperm and epididymis samples were collected from 10 species in four families and spermatozoa were observed with phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopes. According to the average total length of the spermatozoa, the 10 species examined were classified into the following four groups in order of increasing size: (i) Baird's beaked (Ziphiidae) and Bryde's whales (Balaenopteridae); (ii) Dall's and finless porpoises (Phocoenidae); (iii) common, bottlenose, and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Delphinidae); and (iv) killer and short-finned pilot whales, and Risso's dolphin (Delphinidae). Spermatozoa head length of Bryde's whale and the finless porpoise were shorter than those of the other species. Spermatozoa head width was widest in the killer whale and thinnest in the Baird's beaked whale. The lateral aspects of sperm heads from the 10 species were characterized as the 'anterior region of the sperm head is thin and flat while the posterior region is thick.' The dorsal aspects of sperm heads were 'paddle-shaped' in Bryde's whales, 'bowling pin-shaped' in Baird's beaked whales, 'Japanese fan-shaped' in killer whales, an 'elongated ellipsoid shape' in Delphinidae except for killer whales, and 'ellipsoid shaped' in Phocoenidae. Size and morphology of the spermatozoa showed interspecific differences among the 10 species examined, which correspond to cetacean taxonomic classification.     

铜陵淡水豚自然保护区江豚迁地保护现状与对策

铜陵江段是长江下游长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asaeorientalis)种群数量最集中、密度最大的江段之一。但随着人类活动的影响,长江江豚的资源保护也凸现出诸多问题。综合已有的研究资料和最新的调研结果,对其存在的问题进行了分析。认为植被人为演替、肆意采挖江砂、大型水利工程建设和江湖通道阻隔等是其面临的主要问题。同时,针对性地提出加强部门协同管理、协调经济发展和生态保护的关系、恢复江湖连通等措施和建议。     

Using T‐PODs to assess variations in the occurrence of coastal bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises

• 1. Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on cetaceans are often constrained by limited data on the extent to which these species use particular areas.
• 2. Timing porpoise detectors (T‐PODs) are autonomous data recorders for detecting cetacean echolocation clicks, potentially providing cost‐effective opportunities for monitoring cetacean occurrence.
• 3. The performance of T‐PODs was assessed in three areas off the Scottish east coast, where the relative occurrence of bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises was known to differ. Land‐based observations in one area compared visual and acoustic detections of dolphins, while direct hydrophone recordings of dolphin echolocation clicks were compared with T‐POD detections during boat surveys.
• 4. Land‐based surveys recorded 89 groups of dolphins within 900 m of the T‐POD. All groups spending >30 min in the area were detected on the T‐POD, and the probability of detection declined in relation to distance from the recording site.
• 5. The number of dolphin clicks recorded on the independent hydrophone system was significantly related to the number detected by a T‐POD. Between pairs of T‐PODs, there was also significant correlation with the numbers of clicks recorded in each hour, both for channels set to detect bottlenose dolphins and for channels set to detect harbour porpoises.
• 6. Year‐round deployments of paired T‐PODs detected significant geographical variation in detections for both bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises. This pattern reflected published data from visual surveys, where dolphins occurred most regularly within the Moray Firth Special Area of Conservation, and porpoises were sighted more regularly in offshore waters.
• 7. T‐PODs do not detect all cetaceans in the area, and care must be taken when interpreting data from mixed species communities. Nevertheless, these results confirm that T‐PODs provide an effective method for monitoring the occurrence of bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises, and provide excellent potential for collecting baseline data from poorly studied areas and monitoring long‐term temporal change in key areas of interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Harbour porpoises exhibit localized evasion of a tidal turbine

1. Tidal energy generators have the potential to injure or kill marine animals, including small cetaceans, through collisions with moving turbine parts. Information on the fine scale behaviour of animals close to operational turbines is required to inform regulators of the likely impact of these new technologies.
2. Harbour porpoise movements were monitored in three dimensions around a tidal turbine for 451 days between October 2017 and April 2019 with a 12-channel hydrophone array.
3. Echolocation clicks from 344 porpoise events were localized close to the turbine. The data show that porpoises effectively avoid the turbine rotors, with only a single animal clearly passing through the rotor swept area while the rotors were stationary, and none passing through while rotating.
4. The results indicate that the risk of collisions between the tidal turbine and porpoises is low; this has important implications for the potential effects and the sustainable development of the tidal energy industry.

     

Seasonal acoustic occurrence of blue,fin, and North Atlantic right whales in the New York Bight

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采用声学方法研究2016年秋季布兰斯菲尔德海峡南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动特征及其影响因素

近年来,南极磷虾渔业过于集中于布兰斯菲尔德海峡,这也使得该海区磷虾资源状况及其生态学特征日益受到关注。南极磷虾群具有较为明显的昼夜垂直移动特征,开展此方面的研究可为探索其渔场形成机制提供基础数据,并为磷虾渔业反馈式管理提供参考。基于磷虾渔船上Simrad EK80记录的相关声学数据,使用Echoview软件判别声学数据中的磷虾群体,对2016年秋季布兰斯菲尔德海峡南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动特征进行分析,并进一步分析影响磷虾群昼夜垂直移动的因素。结果显示,3月和4月磷虾群深度基本维持在250 m以浅,虾群最大深度出现在日升时分的频次最高（22.9%）,而最浅深度出现在夜间时分的频次最高（36.0%）,同时在日升时分,虾群厚度达到最大值;白天磷虾群多集中在较深水层,夜间会上浮到较浅水层。随着月份的推移,磷虾群平均深度总体呈现加深的趋势。光强和海底深度是影响磷虾群深度变化的2个主要因素。