植物内生细菌在棉花体内的定殖动态及对棉花黄萎病的生物防治效果

为明确植物内生细菌在棉花体内的定殖规律及对棉花黄萎病防治效果的影响,采用对峙培养法筛选对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.抑菌活性强的植物内生细菌,通过形态及生理生化特征并结合16S r DNA和gyr B基因分析鉴定菌株;利用抗生素标记法及盆栽试验研究其在棉花体内的定殖动态及对棉花黄萎病的防治效果。结果表明:共筛选到3株对大丽轮枝菌具有强抑菌活性的菌株SZ5、DP10和CCM9,其中SZ5为蜡样芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus,定殖在棉花根部、茎部和叶部,DP10和CCM9为枯草芽胞杆菌B.subtilis,定殖在棉花根部和茎部,3株菌在棉花根部的定殖数量均在10~3CFU/g以上;棉花苗沾根分别接入3株内生细菌10 d后再接种大丽轮枝菌孢子悬浮液,对棉花黄萎病的防治效果达79.52%~89.79%,而3株内生细菌沾根接种后立即移栽到含有大丽轮枝菌的土壤中对棉花黄萎病的防治效果为23.77%~36.03%。表明不同内生细菌菌株在棉花体内的定殖规律不同;且在棉苗中定殖一定数量后,才能对棉花黄萎病产生较高的防治效果。     

接种球孢白僵菌提高烟草对蚜虫和白粉菌的抗性

球孢白僵菌既是一种广泛用于农林及卫生害虫生物防治的昆虫病原真菌,也是多种植物的内生真菌。为探索球孢白僵菌的应用新途径,以烟草为供试植物,研究外源接种球孢白僵菌5株不同菌株对定殖以及植株抗虫抗病的影响。结果表明,不同菌株在烟草中的定殖率存在明显差异,且随着时间的延长,植株中定殖菌株的检出率下降。不同接种方法的定殖效果差异明显,其中叶面喷雾接种的定殖效果优于浸根接种。叶面接种的球孢白僵菌可正常萌发和生长,菌丝定殖于叶面组织内部。叶面接种球孢白僵菌对烟蚜产生明显的趋避性,而且提高了烟草对白粉病菌的抗性。     

番茄早疫病生防细菌B731的分离、鉴定及抑菌防病作用

利用对峙培养法,从分离自番茄根部土壤的细菌中筛选得1株对番茄早疫病菌具强拮抗活性的菌株B731.根据形态特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列分析将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis.该菌在初始pH 7.0的NB培养液、装液量25 mL(250 mL锥形瓶)、28℃、120 r/min培养24～48 h抑菌能力最大,抑菌带宽达1.24 cm,且其在番茄植株及根际土壤中有很强的定殖能力.接种15d后,在番茄植株叶片或果实表面,其定殖量可保持在2×102 cfu/cm2以上;而在番茄根际土壤中,其定殖量可达104 cfu/g.菌株B731的代谢产物能有效抑制番茄早疫病菌分生孢子的萌发和菌丝生长,抑制率分别高达89.72％和82.62％.喷施于叶面,具有很好的防病效果,预防处理防效可高达81.83％.     

一株砂生槐内生真菌的鉴定及抑菌活性测定

为研究西藏特有藏药植物砂生槐内生真菌SY01对常见植物病原菌的抑菌效果,采用皿内拮抗试验测定了内生菌SY01菌株及其发酵液萃取物对12种植物病原菌的抑菌效果,并结合形态学特征和ITS序列对菌株SY01进行鉴定。结果表明,菌株SY01对葡萄灰霉病病菌的抑菌效果很好,对峙培养8 d后抑菌率为40%,抑菌带宽度达到4mm;对小麦根腐病病菌、草莓灰霉病病菌的抑菌效果也较好,达到30%以上。菌株SY01的发酵液萃取物(200μg/mL)对供试病原菌均有抑制作用。对峙培养7 d时,对小麦全蚀病病菌、猕猴桃干枯病病菌和稻瘟病病菌的抑菌效果达到55%以上;对番茄灰霉病病菌、苹果褐腐病病菌和小麦根腐病病菌抑菌率达到50%以上;对草莓灰霉病病菌和葡萄灰霉病病菌的抑菌率均达到46%以上;对马铃薯干腐病病菌抑菌率为28.89%;对油菜菌核病、甜瓜镰刀病病菌和棉花黄萎病病菌的抑菌率均达40%以上;其抑菌效果与药剂对照18 mg/mL的多菌灵溶液的效果相当。结合形态学和分子生物学特征将菌株SY01鉴定为黑色毛壳(Chaetomium nigricolor)。     

三个拮抗菌株对辣椒青枯病的作用机制

对辣椒青枯病菌生物防治机制的研究中发现，J2菌株(沙雷氏菌)的无抑菌能力突变株只保留了15．5％的防病效果，比野生型J2菌株的防效降低了77．6％，推测其生物防治功能主要依赖于抑菌能力。未检测出其定殖的J3菌株(假单胞菌)突变株，对青枯病的防治效果只有7．7％，比野生型J3菌株下降了90．0％，推测J3菌株主要依赖于在植株根部的定殖竞争能力。分根试验表明，BB11菌株(芽孢杆菌)的防病功能主要依赖于诱导抗性作用，亦有抑菌作用的因素。菌株J2、J3和BB11在灭菌土和自然土中均有良好的定殖表现。     

枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394的GFP标记及其定殖能力

为探明枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394在番茄根围的定殖能力,采用电转化法获得绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）标记菌株PTS-GFP,构建其生长曲线,采用对峙生长法评价其室内抑菌活性,并应用抗生素平板回收结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察标记菌株在番茄根围的定殖数量。结果显示：与原始菌株PTS-394相比,标记菌株PTS-GFP的生长、对青枯病菌和4种病原真菌的室内抑菌能力无明显差异。标记菌株PTS-GFP和青枯病菌菌液单独或混合处理番茄苗,灌根当天标记菌株初始菌量接近10⁸ CFU/g,处理3 d后种群数量迅速下降,约10⁶ CFU/g,随后缓慢下降,处理10 d后种群数量约10⁴ CFU/g,处理30 d后,标记菌株仍然能被检测到,约20 CFU/g。表明枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394在番茄根际土壤中具有一定的定殖能力。     

雷帕霉素对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌活性,比较了嘧菌酯、丙烷脒及雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果,并通过电子显微镜观察了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:雷帕霉素对供试4种植物病原真菌菌丝均表现出了极强的抑制活性,其中对油菜菌核病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50值为2.23×10-4μg/mL,对番茄灰霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的EC50值分别为1.32×10-3、4.05×10-3及3.82×10-3μg/mL;雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝的抑制活性显著高于嘧菌酯(EC50值为3.24μg/mL)和丙烷脒(EC50值为3.81μg/mL)。电镜观察发现,经雷帕霉素处理后,番茄灰霉病菌菌丝表现出提前衰老等症状。研究结果可为深入探讨雷帕霉素对植物病原真菌的作用机制奠定基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-15在枣树体内和土壤中的定殖及其对土壤微生物多样性的影响

为明确枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-15在枣树定殖能力及其对土壤微生物多样性的影响,本研究通过盆栽试验研究了菌株Bs-15在枣树体内和土壤中的定殖情况,通过固体平板法和Biolog方法分析了菌株Bs-15对土壤微生物种群数量和功能多样性的影响。结果显示,通过浇灌法和涂抹叶片法,菌株Bs-15均能在枣树根、茎、叶和土壤中成功定殖,定殖量达到104 cfu/g以上的水平。接种菌株Bs-15后,土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量略有增加,而真菌数量的增长速度极显著下降。Biolog ECO微生物平板分析结果显示,菌株Bs-15提高了土壤中微生物的每孔颜色平均变化率,72 h后达到极显著差异;提高土壤微生物多样性指数,其中Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和McIntosh多样性指数的差异达到极显著水平,Simpson均匀度和McIntosh均匀度的差异达到显著水平。本研究结果表明菌株Bs-15具有良好的定殖能力,提高了土壤微生物的整体活性以及土壤微生物种群和功能多样性。     

抑菌圈－定殖力双重测定法筛选青枯病生防细菌

本研究首先用平皿抑菌圈法筛选出５５个拮抗青枯菌的细菌菌株，将番茄幼苗在各菌菌悬液中浸根１２ｈ后栽种于温室未灭菌的土壤中，结果发现，有２２个菌株在幼苗根部的定殖能力较强（终定殖密度大于１０４ｃｆｕ／ｇ根），其中革兰氏阴性土壤细菌占同类菌的８６．３％，革兰氏阳性土壤细菌占同类菌的１３．０％，１０个无致病力产细菌素的青枯菌菌株在根部的终定殖密度均低于１０４ｃｆｕ／ｇ根，其定殖能力弱于致病青枯菌。有１７个拮抗菌菌株在番茄幼苗根部的定殖密度超过所有致病菌。温室生防结果证明，抑菌圈－定殖力双重测定法对于筛选生防菌株是一种行之有效的方法     

番茄茎叶提取物对8种植物病原菌的生物活性初步研究

采用6种溶剂对番茄茎叶进行平行提取,以葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌和番茄早疫病菌为供试菌,对番茄不同提取液进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明,各溶剂提取液对特定病菌都有极好的抑制作用,对葡萄白腐病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制率均为100%,对其它病菌也都有很好的活性。番茄茎叶的水提取液对供试8种病原菌的综合抑制效果最好,对葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制作用高达100%,对瓜类枯萎病菌抑菌效果最差也为67.74%。,因此,水应作为番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质提取的首选溶剂,石油醚可作为有机溶剂提取番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质的溶剂。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.