Effects of Pesticide Applications on the Biochemical Properties of Transgenic cry 2A Rice and the Life History Parameters of Nilaparvata lugens Stl (Homptera: Delphacidae)

Effects of transgenic Bt rice on non-target pests following pesticide applications plays an important role in evaluating the ecological safety of transgenic rice. Changes of the life history parameters of laboratory population of Nilaparvata lugens feeding on transgenic Bt rice T2A-1 and its parental line cv. MH63 as the control, and the contents of oxalic acid and soluble sugar following three pesticides （triazophos, jinggangmycin and chlorantraniliprole） treatments were investigated in this paper. Results showed that the population parameters of N. lugens and the physiological and biochemical parameters of rice did not differ significantly between T2A-1 and MH63 without pesticide application. But, the emergence rate （ER）, the nymphal number of next generation （NN）, and the index of population trend （IP） on T2A-1 treated with 10 mg L^-1 of triazophos were significantly higher than those on MH63, respectively, while the hatchability （HB） on T2A-1 treated with the three pesticides were obviously lower than those on MH 63. Furthermore, the content of oxalic acid in MH63 treated with 20 mg L^-1 triazophos and, 40 and 80 mg L^-1 chlorantraniliprole was significantly higher than that in T2A-1, while the content of soluble sugar in T2A-1 treated with 400 mg L^-1 jinggangmycin was significantly higher than that in MH63. The results above indicated that triazophos in a low dose could cause a more favor of T2A-1 to population growth of N. lugens compared with MH 63.     

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St(a)l)肌动蛋白基因3'-RACE及基因表达的RT-PCR检测

通过锚定的3'-RACE筛选实验,确定锚定效率最好的下游引物,用于褐飞虱各发育期肌动蛋白基因表达的RT-PCR检测.结果表明:3个锚定引物中,0422-7(5'＞TCA CAC AGG AAA CAG CTA TGA CTTTTTTTTTTTTTT A＜3')的锚定效率最好,可以扩增出5条褐飞虱的肌动蛋白基因3'末端片段,依其大小命名为BPH-A、BPH-B、BPH-C、BPH-D、BPH-E.RT-PCR检测表明:BPH-A从3龄开始到成虫期都有常量表达;BPH-B、BPH-C、BPH-E从2龄开始到成虫期都有表达;BPH-D在整个幼虫期都有表达,而在成虫期则检测不到.     

Molecular Characterization and SNP Markers of the β-purothionin Gene in Einkorn Wheats

Forty-three gene sequences encoding purothionin were characterized from the three species or subspecies of einkorn wheats. These sequences contained 887 bp, among which 92 SNPs including 29 indel loci were detected, giving an average SNP frequency of one SNP per 9.64 bases. According to these sequences, 5 SNP markers were successfully designed, which were used to mine the variations ofpurothionin genes of 102 einkorn wheat accessions. Based on the 5 detected SNP loci, 102 einkorn wheat accessions could be divided into 21 haplotypes, among which 11 haplotypes contained a single sample. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the purothionin genes from einkorn wheats were more closely related to those from D genome than B genome. Seven out of the 43 gene sequences were assumed to be pseudogenes by the definition of containing in-frame stop codons and small insertions/deletions leading to frameshift. In the remaining 36 amino acid sequences, the 8 Cys and Tyr-13 loci in the mature thionin domain which played important roles in the biological activities were all conserved, whereas there were some varieties occurred in some other important amino acid residues such as Lys and Arg.     

Effects of 70％ thiamethoxam WS on strengthening rice seedling and controlling planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)

[目的]研究70％噻虫嗪WS不同处理方式对水稻的壮苗效果及对稻飞虱的防治效果,以期获得该药剂对水稻种子的最佳处理剂量和处理方法,为水稻安全生产提供科学依据.[方法]70％噻虫嗪WS:水稻种子按照20 g:100kg、40 g:100 kg和80 g:100 kg分别采用先包衣后浸种和先浸种后包衣的处理方式,以空白为对照,测定不同处理方式水稻种子发芽率、稻根长、叶片宽度、根数及对稻飞虱的防治效果.[结果]70％噻虫嗪WS按照药剂/种子为40 g/100kg,采用先包衣后浸种处理方式的综合效果最佳,处理后4d室内发芽率稳定为96.00％,30 d平均根长为4.93 cm,40 d水稻1～5叶位叶片宽度明显较对照宽,45 d的平均根数为54.0条,处理后15、30、45 d对稻飞虱的防治效果均高于96.00％.[结论]采用70％噻虫嗪WS按照药剂/种子为40 g/100 kg先包衣后浸种的处理方式对水稻秧苗及稻飞虱的综合效果最好,可以在生产中推广应用.     

Characterization and functional analysis ofβ-1,3-galactosyltransferase involved in Cry1Ac resistance from Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Carbohydrate chains are the principal antigens by which Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) identify receptor proteins. The interaction between the antigen and Bt causes a pore in the membrane of midgut epithelial cells of insects. Receptor proteins, such as aminopeptidase N and alkaline phosphatase, are glycoproteins. Cadherin is another cell surface receptor protein which has potential glycosylation sites. Glycosyltransferase is very important for the synthesis and modification of receptor proteins. It can indirectly influence the function of Bt. The 1 950 bp full-length c DNA encoding β-1,3-galactosyltransferase was cloned from the the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera by degenerative PCR combined with RACE techniques(GAL-Harm, Gen Bank accession no.: GQ904195.1) with two potential N-glycosylation sites(157NNTI160 and 272NKTL275). Protein sequence alignments revealed that H. armigera β-1,3-galactosyltransferase shared high identity with β-1,3-galactosyltransferase in other insect species. The expression level of the β-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in Cry1Ac-resistant H. armigera larvae was 9.2-fold higher than that in susceptible strain. The function of β-1,3-galactosyltransferase was investigated using RNAi technique. The result showed Cry1 Ac enhanced the toxicity against the si RNA-treated larvae compared with non-si RNA-treated ones, which indicated β-1,3-galactosyltransferase played an important role for the insecticidal toxicity of Cry1 Ac in H. armigera.     

Characterization and functional analysis of β-1,3-galactosyltransferase involved in Cry1Ac resistance from Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

Carbohydrate chains are the principal antigens by which Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) identify receptor proteins. The interaction between the antigen and Bt causes a pore in the membrane of midgut epithelial cells of insects. Receptor proteins, such as aminopeptidase N and alkaline phosphatase, are glycoproteins. Cadherin is another cell surface receptor protein which has potential glycosylation sites. Glycosyltransferase is very important for the synthesis and modification of receptor proteins. It can indirectly influence the function of Bt. The 1 950 bp full-length c DNA encoding β-1,3-galactosyltransferase was cloned from the the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera by degenerative PCR combined with RACE techniques(GAL-Harm, Gen Bank accession no.: GQ904195.1) with two potential N-glycosylation sites(157NNTI160 and 272NKTL275). Protein sequence alignments revealed that H. armigera β-1,3-galactosyltransferase shared high identity with β-1,3-galactosyltransferase in other insect species. The expression level of the β-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in Cry1Ac-resistant H. armigera larvae was 9.2-fold higher than that in susceptible strain. The function of β-1,3-galactosyltransferase was investigated using RNAi technique. The result showed Cry1 Ac enhanced the toxicity against the si RNA-treated larvae compared with non-si RNA-treated ones, which indicated β-1,3-galactosyltransferase played an important role for the insecticidal toxicity of Cry1 Ac in H. armigera.     

Analysis of sex pheromone production and field trapping of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) in Xinjiang,China

Identifying the sex pheromone systems of local pest populations facilitates their management, especially for moth species that show significant geographic variation in sex pheromone communication. We investigated the pheromone production and behavioral responses of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée; ACB) in Xinjiang, China. The ACB produces three compounds:(Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(Z12-14:Ac) and(E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(E12-14:Ac)which are two sex pheromone compounds, and n-te...     

Correlation Analysis of Rice Seed Setting Rate and Weight of 1 000-Grain and Agro-Meteorology over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, China

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of historic climate change on rice yield over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, and to better adapt to climate change in the future. This study presents the relation of temperature and precipitation and rice components from 1981 to 2003 at 48 early rice stations and 30 middle rice stations. It focuses on an analysis of three stages： flowering, pre-milk, and late milk. The results show that mean maximum temperature and mean daily precipitation at the stages of flowering and pre-milk are most related to early rice yield. Yield change of middle rice is mainly because of mean precipitation change at the flowering stage. Furthermore, percentage of undeveloped grain increases as mean maximum temperature rises at the flowering stage. Over-precipitation in the reproductive stage is a major reason for reduction in yield of early rice. Consecutive rainfall and continuous high temperature can have negative effects on middle rice yield. Global warming would affect middle rice more seriously than early rice.     

Molecular Identification and Expression Analysis of GhHYDRA 1 Gene,a Homologue of HYDRA1 Gene From Upland Cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.）

Beside as precursors of BRs biosynthesis,more and more evidences supposed that phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development.To investigate the effects of phytosterols on the fiber development of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)and the molecular base of sterol regulating cotton fiber growth,a homologue of HYDRA1 was cloned from upland cotton(cv.Xuzhou 142)by screening cotton fiber EST database and contigging the candidate ESTs.The GhHYDRA1 encoded a polypeptide of 218 amino acid residues and the deduced amino acid sequences had high homology with the members of HYDRA1 in Populus trichocarpa,Solanum tuberosum,and Arabidopsis thaliana.Moreover,GhHYDRA1 had comparable transmembrane regions to AtHYDRA1 in sequence,length,order,and spacing,except for a C-terminal polylysine cluster.Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the higher expression levels of GhHYDRA1 gene were detected in 6 to 12 DPA(days post anthesis)fibers,while the lower levels were observed in 0 DPA ovule(with fibers)and 16 to 18 DPA fibers.These results indicated that GhHYDRA1 is the homologue of HYDRA1 gene and plays a crucial role in fiber elongation.Furthermore,auxin and BL up-regulated the expression level of GhHYDRA1 while ABA and KT down-regulated the expression level of GhHYDRA1 in cotton ovule and fiber growth.The result suggested that phytosterols play a role in the interaction of plant hormones.     

Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand and Security of Water Resources Development in Irrigation Regions of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Based on the data for meteorology, hydrology, soil, planting, vegetation, and socio-economic development of the irrigation region in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, Northwest China, the model of balance of water supply and demand in the region was established, and the security of water resource was assessed, from which the results that the effects of unified management of water resources in the Heihe River basin between Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia on regional hydrology are significant with a decrease in water supply diverted from Heihe River and an increase in groundwater extracted. In addition, it was found that the groundwater level has been steadily decreasing due to over pumping and decrease in recharges. In present year （2003）, the volume of potential groundwater in the irrigation districts is far small because of the groundwater overdraft; even in the particular regions, there is no availability of groundwater resources for use. By 2003, water supply is not sufficient to meet the water demand in the different irrigation districts, the sustainable development and utilization of water resources are not secured, and the water supply crisis occurs in Pingchuan irrigation district. Achieving water security for the sustainable development of society, agriculture, economy, industry, and livelihoods while maintaining or improving the abilities of the management and planning of water resources, determining of the reasonable percentage between water supply and groundwater utilization and water saving in agricultural irrigation are taken into account. If this does not occur, it is feared that the present performance of water development and planning may further aggravate the problem of scarcities of water resources and further damage the fragile ecological system.     

Evaluation of the Pathotypes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Preliminary Analysis of the Resistant Reactions of Main Japonica Rice in the Yunnan Plateau, China

The pathogenicity of 36 isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, which were collected from japonica rice varieties in the Yunnan Plateau, China, was evaluated. It was evaluated on 29 rice varieties including a set of seven varieties to identify pathogenicity, i.e., Haonuoyang, TN1, Kogyoku, Zhenzhu＇ai, IR26, Nanjing 33, and Kinmaze, which may be considered as a set of differential varieties for Xoo races from Yunnan japonica rice. The efficiency of the seven varieties was further confirmed. The results showed reversible and specific interactions between isolates and varieties. The isolates were classified into nine pathotypes from pathotyp Ⅰ to Ⅸ according to their pathogenic reactions on the seven rice varieties. The pathotype V was the epidemic, whereas pathogen Ⅶ was the most pathogenic. Most japonica varieties grown in the Yunnan Plateau were susceptible to Xoo. The rice lines IRBB21 （Xa-21）, Zhachanglong （Xa-22,, Xa- 24,）, and IR1545-339 （xa-5）, which were resistant to all the isolates tested, can be used as donors of resistant genes for bacterial blight in japonica rice breeding in the Yunnan Plateau.