广西兴安地区中稻田白背飞虱若虫空间分布研究

【目的】研究广西兴安地区中稻田白背飞虱空间分布格局,为提高其监测预警及有效防控提供依据。【方法】采用GS+软件建立不同时期中稻田白背飞虱若虫种群密度的半方差函数模型,并利用ArcGIS软件普通克立格插值法对白背飞虱若虫种群密度进行插值和模拟。【结果】广西兴安地区中稻田白背飞虱若虫种群密度从7月初中稻分蘖期到9月上旬中稻收获,随时间呈现双峰型。田间分布格局随时间表现出聚集分布-随机分布-聚集布集-随机分布的趋势。在呈现聚集分布的各次调查中,白背飞虱若虫空间相关范围为7.32～36.93m,结构性强度为50.5%～97.4%,具有较强的空间相关性。【结论】白背飞虱若虫种群具有空间异质性和时间异质性。     

转cry1C和cry2A基因Bt水稻对白背飞虱生长、发育及繁殖的继代影响

转Bt基因水稻对非靶标节肢动物的影响是转基因水稻安全性评价的重要组成部分。目前,已开展了大量关于转Bt基因水稻对非靶标害虫安全性评价的研究,但多限于1代,不能完全反映田间情况。试验以转Bt基因水稻T1C 19(含cry1C基因)和T2A 1(含cry2A基因)以及其亲本非Bt水稻MH63为材料,在室内条件下连续饲养白背飞虱4代,研究转Bt水稻对非靶标害虫白背飞虱生长发育和繁殖的继代效应,以明确T1C 19和T2A 1水稻对白背飞虱的潜在影响。结果表明,白背飞虱在3种水稻品种上连续取食4代以后,其生长发育(若虫发育历期、若虫存活率、雌成虫体重)和繁殖(产卵量和卵孵化率)指标均没有受到水稻品种的显著影响。可见,供试的T1C 19和T2A 1对白背飞虱无显著影响。     

Bt转基因抗虫水稻的研究进展及其对家蚕的风险评估

Bt基因是目前农业上使用最广泛的抗虫基因。近年来,Bt基因已广泛用于转基因抗虫水稻的研究,进展极为迅速。我国在Bt转基因抗虫水稻的培育方面处于世界领先水平,且有可能成为世界上率先商品化种植Bt转基因抗虫水稻的国家之一。为此,概述了Bt基因的发展状况、国内外Bt转基因抗虫水稻的研究进展及其对非靶标经济昆虫家蚕的生态风险,以期为Bt转基因抗虫水稻的商品化种植和重要经济昆虫的合理保护提供科学依据和理论参考。     

Thrips-mediated impacts from transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab on ecological fitness of non-target predator Orius tantilus(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)

Various rice lines have been genetically modified with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) to continuously produce Bt insecticidal proteins against lepidopteran larvae. The Bt insecticidal protein constantly expresses in the plants to create an opportunity for non-target herbivores to acquire and convey the protein to their predators or parasitoids across trophic levels. This paper evaluates the effects of Bt rice(namely, Kemindao 1(KMD1) and Kemindao 2(KMD2)) expressing Cry1 Ab as compared to its non-Bt control line, Xiushui 11 on non-target predator Orius tantilus(a generalist predatory anthocorid of thrips) under laboratory and field conditions. To measure several biological parameters such as total nymphal duration and fecundity of this bug, it was reared on thrips and pollens of KMD1 and KMD2 as compared to their control under laboratory conditions. By comparison with the control, Bt rice did not significantly affect main life-history characteristics(total nymphal duration, female adult longevity, oviposition period and fecundity) of this anthocorid preying on Bt rice-fed thrips along with Bt rice pollens, except that the fecundity of this predator for KMD1 was distinctly lower as compared with KMD2 or the control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) results showed that no Cry1 Ab protein was detected in this predator fed on thrips or rice pollen from Bt rice but was in Bt rice pollens. With the beat plate, plastic bag and color trap sampling methods, two-year field monitoring of O. tantilus abundance demonstrated that Bt rice had no significant detrimental effects on the population dynamics and seasonal average densities of this predatory anthocorid as compared with the control. Thus, it is suggested that growing our tested Bt rice(KMD1 and KMD2) producing Cry1 Ab will pose a negligible risk to the anthocorid, O. tantilus.     

转Bt基因抗虫杂交棉的应用技术研究

从转Bt基因抗虫棉田主要害虫的发生规律、棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉的为害损失及其防治指标、适合本农区种植的转Bt基因抗虫棉品种、转Bt基因抗虫棉不同种植比例对棉铃虫发生程度的影响、转Bt基因抗虫棉田天敌种群的消长动态、主要害虫的监测要点及棉铃虫的综合防治措施等7个方面,探讨了转Bt基因抗虫棉在江苏沿海地区的应用技术。     

Effects of Transgenic Bt+CpTI Cotton on Field Abundance of Non-Target Pests and Predators in Xinjiang,China

Transgenic insect-resistant cotton is being increasingly planted in Xinjiang cotton-planting regions, where geographical climate conditions and species composition of pests and natural enemies are greatly unique in China. Limited studies have been conducted on the ecological impacts of transgenic insect-resistant cotton, especially for transgenic double genes (Bt+CpTI) cotton, in this region. In this study, the potential effects of transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton on the seasonal abundance of non-target pests and predators were assessed from 2009 to 2011 in Korla, Xinjiang. The results showed that species composition and seasonal abundance of 5 groups of pests and 5 groups of predators were not significantly different between transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton and non-transgenic cotton every year. It suggests that transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton per se does not affect the population dynamics of non-target pests and predators on this crop in Xinjiang.     

Effects of Pesticide Applications on the Biochemical Properties of Transgenic cry 2A Rice and the Life History Parameters of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homptera: Delphacidae)

Effects of transgenic Bt rice on non-target pests following pesticide applications plays an important role in evaluating the ecological safety of transgenic rice. Changes of the life history parameters of laboratory population of Nilaparvata lugens feeding on transgenic Bt rice T2A-1 and its parental line cv. MH63 as the control, and the contents of oxalic acid and soluble sugar following three pesticides (triazophos, jinggangmycin and chlorantraniliprole) treatments were investigated in this paper. Results showed that the population parameters of N. lugens and the physiological and biochemical parameters of rice did not differ significantly between T2A-1 and MH63 without pesticide application. But, the emergence rate (ER), the nymphal number of next generation (NN), and the index of population trend (IP) on T2A-1 treated with 10 mg L^?1 of triazophos were significantly higher than those on MH63, respectively, while the hatchability (HB) on T2A-1 treated with the three pesticides were obviously lower than those on MH 63. Furthermore, the content of oxalic acid in MH63 treated with 20 mg L^?1 triazophos and, 40 and 80 mg L^?1 chlorantraniliprole was significantly higher than that in T2A-1, while the content of soluble sugar in T2A-1 treated with 400 mg L^?1 jinggangmycin was significantly higher than that in MH63. The results above indicated that triazophos in a low dose could cause a more favor of T2A-1 to population growth of N. lugens compared with MH 63.     

Bt转基因抗虫粳稻品种选育中若干问题研究

以Bt转基因水稻"克螟稻"为供体,与农艺性状优良的粳稻品种杂交,对杂交后代抗虫品种选育中GUS组织染色辅助选择、农艺性状选择对Bt基因纯合影响、混合选择与外源基因传递、及自然抗虫鉴定选择效果等方面作了研究,结果发现采用系谱法并结合GUS组织染色辅助选择的Bt转基因粳稻育种效果为最佳.经8代系谱选择,育成了3 个集高产和抗虫于一体的优良粳稻新品系.     

Effect of Bt traits on transgenic rice’s growth and weed competitiveness

Transgene escape could lead to genetically modified rice establishing wild populations in the natural environment and competing for survival space with weeds. However, whether the expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene in rice will alter the relationship between transgene plants and weeds and induce undesirable environmental consequences are poorly understood. Thus, field experiments were conducted to investigate the weed competitiveness and assess the ecological risk of transgenic Bt rice under herbicide-free and lepidopterous pest-controlled environments. Results showed that weed–rice competition in the direct-sowing (DS) field was earlier and more severe than that in the transplanting (TP) field, which resulted in a significant decrease in biomass and yield in DS. However, conventional Bt and non-Bt rice yield was not significantly different. The weed number, weed coverage ratio, and weed diversity of conventional Bt rice were significantly higher than those of non-Bt rice at the early growth and mature stages, especially in DS plots, suggesting that Bt traits did not increase the weed competitiveness of transgenic rice and had no negative effect on weed diversity. Grain yield and weed number varied between different hybrid rice lines, but those differences were insignificant between Bt and non-Bt rice. The number of insects increased with the increase of weeds in hybrid rice plots, whereas the insect number and diversity did not display a significant difference between Bt and non-Bt rice. Therefore, the ecological risk of transgenic Bt rice is comparable to non-Bt rice.     

水稻品种抗虫性对白背飞虱种群的控制作用

本文在白背飞虱实验种群及自然种群生命表数据的基础上,应用状态空间分析法,研究水稻品种抗虫性对白背飞虱种群的控制作用.实验种群的研究表明,白背飞虱在不同品种上的产卵过程均有差异,且其产卵量高于田间实际卵量,这是由于天敌引起白背飞虱成虫非正常死亡与其逐日产卵概率的联合作用.以田间品种为标准品种,把水稻品种抗虫性对白背飞虱存活率、发育历期、生殖力的影响转化成控制指数,进而预测不同品种上白背飞虱的种群动态,给予水稻品种抗虫性对白背飞虱种群的控制作用比较合理的评价.     

白背飞虱若虫空间格局的地统计学分析

【目的】研究白背飞虱[Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)]迁入后其后代若虫在稻田间的聚集与扩散的动态过程和空间分布规律,为综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】本文根据2008年在秀山县的系统调查资料,运用地统计学中的半方差函数,建立了秀山县水稻栽插至成熟10次调查时间在东西和南北2个方向上白背飞虱若虫的空间变异曲线模型,并利用Surfer8.0软件对空间分布数据进行插值和模拟。【结果】白背飞虱若虫密度越高,空间变量的变化幅度越大;由随机因数引起的空间变异平均为38.7%,由自相关因数引起的空间变异为61.3%,且空间变异的随机程度有随水稻生育期而逐渐增高的趋势;各调查时间东西方向的空间相关范围都小于南北方向,前者平均为18.99m,后者为25.09m;空间插值表明白背飞虱若虫种群在稻田的聚集斑块南北方向比东西方向长。【结论】白背飞虱若虫种群的空间分布主要呈聚集分布;在研究尺度下,南北方向是白背飞虱若虫种群聚集和扩散的主要方向。     

Bt稻Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水体中的残留和Bt稻田三类水生昆虫数量调查

以转Btcry1Ab基因水稻克螟稻1号(KMD1)和克螟稻2号(KMD2)黄熟期的茎叶为材料,室内测定了其经浸水处理后(28℃,L16∶D8)残体和水体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的含量;测定了KMD1与早籼稻嘉早935培育成的Bt稻华池B6分蘖期稻田水体中Cry1Ab蛋白的含量,同时调查了该Bt稻和对照稻嘉早935在分蘖初期、盛期和末期稻田3类水生昆虫的数量。结果表明,KMD1和KMD2茎叶经浸水100d后,水体中残留有Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。华池B6分蘖期稻田水体中没有检测到Cry1Ab蛋白;除分蘖末期华池B6稻田中的蜉蝣目昆虫个体数量显著高于对照田嘉早935外,其他2类水生昆虫摇蚊(spp.)和鞘翅目甲虫(sp.)在两类稻田间均无显著差异。     

转Bt基因棉花对新疆棉田主要害虫和天敌种群的影响

2002和2003年通过对新疆库尔勒垦区主栽转Bt基因棉(抗9)和常规棉(20-1-4) 的定点、定株调查,分析转基因对棉田主要害虫和天敌的种群数量影响.结果表明, 两类棉田主要害虫发生期、发生量存在显著差异性,但发生趋势基本一致.靶标害虫棉铃虫卵期发生量在两类棉田无差异性(P＞0.05);在幼虫的发生量上,常规棉田显著大于转Bt基因棉田( P＜0.05).非靶标害虫棉蚜、棉叶螨、牧草盲蝽象的发生量转Bt 基因棉田显著高于常规棉田 (P＜0.05),两种类型棉田中主要天敌瓢虫、草蛉、食蚜蝇、食虫蝽、蜘蛛在发生期内发生量均无显著差异性(P＞0.05).     

转基因抗虫水稻对二化螟幼虫和田间节肢动物群落的影响

通过室内和网室以及田间调查评价了转Bt基因水稻材料对二化螟幼虫的抗性,分析了转基因抗虫水稻对节肢动物群落结构和功能团优势度的影响。结果表明：转Bt基因水稻对二化螟幼虫致死率在90%以上,显著高于对照品种; 转Bt基因水稻田间二化螟幼虫发生和危害情况均低于对照稻田,转Bt基因水稻田间节肢动物群落结构物种数、优势集中度、香农指数和均匀性指数与对照相比,均无显著差异; 转Bt基因水稻田间节肢动物5类功能团的优势度与对照稻田均无显著差异。由此可见,转Bt基因水稻对其靶标害虫具有高抗作用,且对田间节肢动物群落结构和功能团的优势度均无明显不利影响。     

转基因水稻环境安全研究进展

随着抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆境和高产优质的转基因水稻从实验室逐渐走向开放环境,转基因水稻可能带来的环境安全问题已引起了广泛的关注。本文就近年来我国转基因水稻环境安全方面的研究工作进行了综述,主要包括转基因漂移及其生态风险,转基因对非靶标生物和生物多样性的影响,转基因对土壤生物群落的影响及转基因水稻本身杂草化风险等方面,旨在为转基因水稻的生物安全研究和转基因水稻商品化提供科学参考。     

The Influence of Transgenic crylAb/crylAc,crylC and cry2A Rice on Non- Target Planthoppers and Their Main Predators Under Field Conditions

Transgenic Bt rice has been shown to be an effective means of controlling Lepidoptera pests of rice. However, the potential roles of transgenic rice on planthoppers and their predators need to be investigated before its commercialization. Population density, species dominance and population dynamics are important parameters of arthropods populations in field. So the impacts of three transgenic Bt rice strains expressing cry1Ab/cry1Ac, cry1C and cry2A on population density, species dominance and population dynamics of three species of planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera and Laodelphax striatellus) and their three main predators (Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Pirata subpiraticus and Theridium octomaculatum) were evaluated at three sites in Hubei Province, China, in the current study. The results showed that among three species of planthoppers, both in transgenic and non-transgenic rice field, the predominant species of planthoppers within phytophagous guild was S. furcifera at any site either growing season (46–50%). Significantly higher population density of N. lugens was observed in T2A-1 field relative to Minghui 63 field at Wuxue in 2010. The species dominance of predator, P. subpiraticus, in TT51 field was significantly higher than that in T1C-19 and T2A-1 fields in 2009 at Xiaogan site. Sampling date significantly influenced six arthropods except for P. subpiraticus in 2010. The interaction between rice strain×sampling date had no significant adverse effects on the population dynamics of three species of planthoppers and their predators, except for several individual species in 2009. The interaction among rice strain×sampling date×sampling site also had no significant effect on six arthropods except for S. furcifera in 2009. The results indicated that transgenic Bt rice expressing cry1Ab/cry1Ac, cry2A and cry1C had no significant adverse effects on the population dynamics of three planthoppers and their predators in most investigated data and sampling site.     

Bt水稻对蜘蛛优势类群及其与猎物相关性的影响

以转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻汕优63（以下简称Bt水稻）为供试材料,亲本汕优63（非Bt水稻）为对照,在田间自然条件下研究了Bt水稻对稻田蜘蛛优势类群消长动态及其与猎物相关性的影响。结果表明,Bt和非Bt稻田中蜘蛛优势类群发生数量相对大小依次为：皿蛛〉狼蛛〉园蛛〉肖蛸。2种类型稻田中蜘蛛优势类群消长动态基本一致,早期狼蛛和肖蛸占优势,随后园蛛和皿蛛成为田间优势蜘蛛类群,但Bt水稻田各类优势蜘蛛数量都显著高于相应非Bt水稻田。2种类型稻田中蜘蛛优势类群与2类主要害虫稻飞虱和叶蝉消长动态相关性存在一定差异。其中,狼蛛与2类主要害虫消长动态相关性在非Bt水稻上达到显著或极显著水平;而在Bt水稻上相关性不显著;肖蛸与2类主要害虫消长动态相关性在2类型稻田中都不显著。     

GUS组织化学染色法——一种快速筛选抗二化螟转Bt cry1Ab基因水稻的方法

The time-consuming in vitro bioassay is the frequently used method to screen insect resistant transgenic rice and often remains a tedious task for us. Here we reported the resistance of Bt transgenic rice to striped stem borer by means of field natural infestation and in vitro bioassay. We found that there was a significant correlation between the number of GUS positive plants and the number of insect resistant plants, thus GUS histochemical assay could be used as a rapid and convenient method to screen insect resistant plants...     

抗真菌转基因水稻对稻田靶标病害和非靶标病虫害的影响

【目的】评价抗真菌转基因水稻对靶标真菌病害的抗性和稻田非靶标病虫害发生的影响。【方法】以过表达水稻酸性几丁质酶基因（RAC22）和水稻碱性几丁质酶基因（RCH10）及转化苜蓿β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因（β-Glu）和大麦核糖体失活蛋白基因（B-RIP）的四价抗真菌转基因水稻品系E122-1和E127-1以及对照非转基因亲本E32为材料,通过温室接种和田间调查开展E122-1和E127-1对稻瘟病、稻曲病和胡麻叶斑病等靶标真菌病害的抗性和对白叶枯病、细菌性条斑病、三化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等非靶标病虫害的影响。【结果】E122-1和E127-1对稻瘟病菌株的抗性比对照明显提高,同时,E122-1和E127-1田间发生稻曲病和胡麻叶斑病的带病株率和病情指数比对照显著降低,而两者田间发生白叶枯病和细菌性条斑病的感病株率和病情指数,发生三化螟的枯心株率和发生稻纵卷叶螟的卷叶株率与对照相比无显著差异。在抗白叶枯病的抗性植株中,E122-1和E127-1的0级植株数量显著高于对照,3级植株数量显著低于对照。【结论】E122-1和E127-1对稻瘟病、稻曲病和胡麻叶斑病具有较好的抗性水平,田间种植,相比对照,不会显著引发白叶枯病、细菌性条斑病、三化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等非靶标病虫害的上升。     

Effects of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystems: a review of a ten-year research in China

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton is the unique Bt transgenic crop planted on a large scale in China, and its commercialized varieties and hectareage had increased rapidly in China during the past decade (1997–2006) with broad geographic distribution for the economic, environmental, and health benefits. In 2004, the planting area of Bt transgenic cotton in China ranked first worldwide with up to 370 × 10⁶ hm². In addition, Bt transgenic rice varieties in field tests have been close to approval for commercialization. However, ecological risks, a complex issue of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystem is urgently faced in China due to more than 60 varieties transferred single or bivalent Bt genes grown under diverse geographic regions. Two main pathways, biomass incorporation and root exudates, are involved in the effects of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystems. In this paper, the research results in recent years in China involved in the effects of Bt transgenic crops (Bt transgenic cottons and rice) on soil ecosystems were summarized with special attentions paid to the release and persistence of Bt toxins, and the toxicology to microorganisms, as well as the change of soil biochemical properties in soils where Bt transgenic crops were planted or incubated with their biomass. In addition, the complexity and current research defaults of ecological risk evaluation of Bt transgenic crops in China were highlighted.