牛常见呼吸系统疾病的诊疗

季节变化以及天气的变化很容易出现呼吸道问题,在牛的饲养上要尤其要注意呼吸系统疾病的诊断和治疗。因此,本文将对牛常见呼吸系统疾病症状以及其诊疗方法进行分析。     

牛常见呼吸系统疾病的诊疗

伴随畜牧业的高速发展,畜牧业经济对推动国民经济的发展发挥着重要作用,其中牛的规模化、科学化、现代化养殖受到饲养者的广泛关注。本文就牛养殖过程中的常见呼吸系统疾病的预防、诊断与治疗展开论述,提出必要的实施策略。     

牛鼻咽微生物与呼吸系统疾病发生的辩证关系

牛鼻咽等上呼吸道黏膜定殖的细菌等微生物群落,在与机体的相互作用中保持动态平衡,与呼吸系统疾病的发生、发展、愈后有密不可分的联系。本文初步分析了牛鼻咽微生物群落（MNG）的组成及作用,辩证阐释了其引发牛呼吸系统疾病（BRD）的潜在机制,并从牛鼻咽微生物稳态与机体健康的角度入手,提出综合防治举措,旨在帮助养殖从业者增强对牛鼻咽微生物与呼吸系统疾病辩证关系的理解,降低治疗成本、提高防控效率。     

牛呼吸疾病综合征防治

在牛养殖中,牛呼吸疾病综合征可能导致比较严重的经济损失,需重视疾病防治工作。该疾病主要分为3种类型,主要是由于病原微生物感染引发的,日常饲养过程中饲养环境、应激及牛的营养状况均会影响疾病的发生和发展。感染牛呼吸疾病综合征的病牛,会出现流鼻涕、拉血便、关节炎症等表现,一旦病情进一步发作,还可能导致死亡,如果未及时做好防控措施,甚至导致疾病大范围传播,造成无法挽回的损失。通过改善饲养环境、加强饲养管理等方式,预防疾病感染和扩散,疾病早期及时使用药物治疗,也能在一定程度上减少疾病带来的危害。     

牛呼吸系统疾病的病因与防治措施

牛呼吸系统疾病的发生给养牛业带来严重的经济损失,阻碍了我国牛业的发展。本文分析了牛呼吸系统疾病中常见的牛呼吸道合胞体病毒感染、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染、牛副流行性感冒等4种病毒性疾病和牛支原体肺炎、牛溶血性曼氏杆菌感染、牛多杀性巴氏杆菌病等3种细菌性疾病的发生原因、特点及相关症状,并概述了这7种呼吸系统疾病的主要防控措施及当前的研究进展,以期为该类疾病的综合防治提供参考。     

牛呼吸疾病综合征及其防治

对牛呼吸疾病综合征的临床特点进行了介绍,并提出了相应的防治措施,旨在提高牛群免疫力,减少牛呼吸疾病综合征的发生。     

头孢噻呋晶体注射液在治疗牛呼吸系统疾病上的研究进展

本文详细阐述了头孢噻呋晶体注射液的作用机制、药代动力学、临床应用和残留研究等内容。头孢噻呋晶体注射液在治疗由溶血性曼氏杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和睡眠嗜血杆菌引起的牛呼吸系统疾病上有较好的应用前景,本文为其研究与开发提供一定的参考。     

禽类呼吸系统综合征的病因及防治

近几年,禽类感染呼吸系统疾病比较严重,严重影响了禽类的增重及饲料利用率,甚至造成相当数量的死亡。1禽类呼吸系统综合征的病因1.1环境和管理因素如环境潮湿或干燥,通风不良,饲养密度过大,温度过高或过低,VA、Vc等维生素以及微量元素的缺乏,日粮中蛋白与能量的比例失衡,霉菌毒     

牛呼吸疾病综合征诊治研究

牛呼吸疾病综合征多以病毒感染为发病诱因,为了保证养牛户的经济效益,应重视此类疾病防治效果.在此之上,本文简要分析了牛呼吸疾病综合征的诊断方法,并通过采用自养自繁模式、有针对性用药治疗、定期清理牛舍卫生、无公害化处理病牛等措施,以此提升牛呼吸疾病综合征诊治质量.     

2016-2017年广西牛呼吸道疾病综合征病原学的调查研究

为了解广西地区牛呼吸道疾病综合征（bovine respiratory disease complex,BRDC）的病原情况,本研究通过RT-PCR/PCR方法和细菌分离鉴定方法对2016-2017年送检的117份患有呼吸道疾病的病料进行病原诊断,并对主要分离菌进行药物敏感性试验。结果显示,RT-PCR/PCR方法检测的肺炎克雷伯氏菌、牛支原体、化脓隐秘杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒（IBRV）、溶血性曼氏杆菌的检出率分别为41.0%（48/117）、28.2%（33/117）、20.5%（24/117）、15.4%（18/117）、12.8%（15/117）、5.1%（6/117）,而细菌分离鉴定方法检测的肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠杆菌、牛支原体、化脓隐秘杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、溶血性曼氏杆菌的检出率分别为41.0%（48/117）、33.3%（39/117）、17.1%（20/117）、7.7%（9/117）、2.6%（3/117）、2.6%（3/117）,牛副流感病毒3型、牛呼吸道合胞体病毒和牛病毒性腹泻病毒未检出,且PCR方法更敏感。药敏试验结果显示,20株牛支原体对β-内酰胺类、磺胺类、多肽类药物的耐药率为90.0%~100.0%,对喹诺酮类、庆大霉素、阿米卡星和卡那霉素敏感（耐药率为在10.0%~25.0%）;30株大肠杆菌和30株肺炎克雷伯氏菌除了对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松和头孢他啶敏感外（耐药率分别为13.3%~20.0%、10.0%~30.0%）,对其他15种药物均具有耐药性（耐药率分别为50.0%~100.0%、40.0%~100.0%）。综上所述,广西地区牛呼吸道疾病主要以牛支原体、大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌引发的混合感染为主,且分离菌均已出现不同程度的耐药性。     

Pathogen Analysis of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

To investigate the pathogen of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) of a dairy farm in Guangxi, a strain of Mycoplasma and a strain of gram-negative pathogenic bacterium were isolated and identified by the means of field surveys, clinic observation, pathological examination, isolation studies and so on.Treatments were taken according to drug sensitivity test results.The Mycoplasma strain, growing on PPLO medium, formed typical "fried egg" colonies.A 448 bp of oppF fragment was amplified by PCR from the strain and had 98.4% nucleotide identity with Mycoplasma bovis reference isolate PG5 of USA.The biochemical features of the gram-negative bacterial isolate were same with Serratia marcescens.The PCR amplified 16S rDNA of the gram-negative pathogenic bacterium strain was 1 400 bp.It shared 99.0% nucleotide identity with other Serratia marcescens reference strains obtained from GenBank.Animal experiment showed that the gram-negative pathogenic bacterium isolate could cause the mice to die.The drug sensitivity tests showed all isolates were sensitive to spectinomycin, azithromycin, amikacin, gentamicin and neomycin.It was effective to treat with dexamethasone and spectinomycin.Pathogen analysis and drug treatment showed that the BRDC was caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Serratia marcescens.     

牛呼吸道疾病综合征病例的病原分析

本试验旨在查清广西某牛场1起牛呼吸道疾病综合征(BRDC)病例的病原,指导牛场进行疾病防控。采取现场调查、临床症状与病理变化、病原分离鉴定等方法对病例病原进行分析,根据病原药敏试验结果进行治疗。从病例的肺脏组织中分离到1株支原体和1株革兰氏阴性致病杆菌。支原体分离株在PPLO固体培养基上可见典型的"煎蛋样"菌落,PCR扩增出牛支原体oppF基因特异性的448 bp目的片段,其oppF基因序列与美国分离的牛支原体国际标准株PG45的核苷酸序列同源性为98.4%。革兰氏阴性细菌分离株生化特性符合黏质沙雷氏菌特性,其16S rRNA基因PCR扩增出1 400 bp的目的片段,测序结果与GenBank上登录的黏质沙雷氏菌的核苷酸序列同源性达到99.0%,对小鼠具有致病性。牛支原体和黏质沙雷氏菌分离株均对壮观霉素、阿奇霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素和新霉素高度敏感,用高敏药物壮观霉素联合地塞米松等相关措施进行治疗,收到良好效果。结果表明,引起这次牛呼吸道疾病综合征的病原为牛支原体和黏质沙雷氏菌。     

Seroprevalence to bovine virus diarrhoea virus and other viruses of the bovine respiratory complex in Venezuela (Apure State)

Six hundred and fifteen serum samples obtained from cows in five districts of Apure State, Venezuela, were tested by ELISA for antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The same samples were also ELISA-tested for antibodies to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Additionally, the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was used for detecting antibodies to parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3). Overall, seroprevalence to BVDV was 36±7% (SE); seroprevalence varied by district (19–42%). BHV-1 seroprevalence was 67±4%; variation by district was similar to that of BVDV. However, the first 80 serum samples tested by BHV-1 ELISA all had a strong background reaction with the control antigen. Therefore, these sera were adsorbed to a homogenate of non-infected bovine kidney cell line (MDBK) and re-tested by ELISA. The non-specific reactivity was significantly reduced (p < 0.001 by Wilcoxon's signed-rank test). Compared to the virus-neutralisation (VN) test, the adsorbed BHV-1 ELISA showed 94% agreement and gave a κ value of 0.84, indicating that the adsorption did not interfere with test accuracy. Seroprevalence against BRSV was 85±3%, and showed differences across districts. Most of the cows (94±2%) were seropositive to PIV-3, and there were no significant differences among districts.     

广西规模猪场猪呼吸道疾病综合征的病原学调查

为了解猪呼吸道疾病综合征(PRDC)在广西规模场猪群中的感染状况,采用PCR和RT-PCR方法,对2007～2009年期间采自广西13个市65个规模猪场的281份疑似PRDC感染组织样品进行了12种病原体检测。结果显示:73.85%(48/65)的猪场和71.87%(202/281)的组织样品为PRDC感染,其中,被猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪链球菌(SS)、猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、败血性波氏杆菌(Bb)、猪附红细胞体(E-su is)、猪流感病毒(SIV)、产毒素多杀性巴氏杆菌(T+PM)、副猪嗜血杆菌(HP)、猪细小病毒(PPV)和猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)感染(包括混合感染)的阳性样品分别占49.11%(138/281)、34.52%(97/281)、9.60%(27/281)、8.19%(23/281)、6.41%(18/281)、6.41%(18/281)、6.05%(17/281)、6.14%(15/281)、4.63%(13/281)、3.91%(11/281)、0.36%(1/281)和0.00%(0/281);单纯感染占28.11%(79/281);混和感染占43.77%(123/281)。二重、三重和四重混合感染分别占28.11%(79/281)、12.46%(35/281)和3.20%(9/281)。其中,以PRRSV+PCV2(+其他)混合感染形式较多见,占所有混合感染样品的52.03%(64/123)。细菌性病原体感染样品占20.28%(57/281),其中19.22%(54/281)为混合感染。可见:广西地区规模猪场普遍存在PRDC感染,其中PRRSV和PCV2是引起PRDC的主要病原;感染类型复杂多样,以PRRSV+PCV2(+其他)混合感染最为常见。     

The effect of an outbreak of respiratory disease on herd-level milk production of Norwegian dairy farms

This study was done to evaluate the effect of an outbreak of acute respiratory disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on the daily milk yield per cow in Norwegian dairy-cattle farms. Retrospective data from 184 dairy herds located in two neighbouring veterinary districts during the study period (December 1994–May 1995, during which an epidemic of acute respiratory disease associated with BRSV occurred in this area) were analysed. Data on the bulk-milk deliveries and the date of the outbreak were collected at herd level, whereas information on calving dates and parity was collected at cow-level. The effect of the herd outbreaks on the daily milk yield was analysed with a repeated-measurement approach. The average daily milk loss was estimated to be 0.70 kg per cow for 7 days after a herd outbreak (compared with the period >1 week prior to an outbreak), adjusted for the herd-level lactation stage, parity and their interaction term. We consider the estimated milk loss associated with a herd outbreak of epidemic respiratory disease to be of minor importance.     

Acute phase protein changes in calves during an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Bovine acute phase proteins (APPs), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and alpha₁-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were evaluated as inflammatory markers during an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Calves (n = 10) presented mild to moderate signs of respiratory disease. Secondary bacterial infections, Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma dispar as major species, were detected in tracheobronchial lavage samples. Concentrations of SAA and LBP increased at week 1 had the highest values at week 3 and decreased at week 4 of outbreak. Some calves had high Hp concentrations at week 3, but AGP concentrations did not rise during respiratory disease. Higher SAA, LBP and Hp concentrations at a later stage of BRD (week 3) were associated with the low BRSV-specific IgG₁ production, suggesting that these calves had enhanced inflammatory response to the secondary bacterial infection. In conclusion, APPs (especially SAA and LBP) are sensitive markers of respiratory infection, and they may be useful to explore host response to the respiratory infections in clinical research.     

The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex causes considerable distress to domestic livestock and economic hardship to the beef industry. Furthermore, the resulting extensive use of antimicrobial treatments is a growing concern from the perspective of facilitating antibiotic resistant microbes. The earlier detection of BRD would enable an earlier, more targeted treatment regime and earlier isolation of infected individuals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of non-invasive infrared thermography in the early detection of BRD in cattle. Studies were conducted on 133 head of weaned calves. Data demonstrated that infrared thermography was able to identify animals at early stages of illness, often several days to over one week before clinical signs were manifest. Data indicated that 4-6 days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD, greater positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency for infrared thermography (80%, 65% and 71%, respectively) compared to the industry standard practice of clinical scoring (70%, 45% and 55%, respectively).