营养导向型的中国食物安全新愿景及政策建议

经过40年显著的经济增长和发展,中国当前的目标是保持经济中高速增长,在提高可持续性和公平的基础上,更好地连接经济与市场,让市场决定最优的生产水平,农业在这一过程中将发挥重要作用。在健康中国2030、国民营养计划（2017—2030）以及乡村振兴战略等中长期战略推动下,政府及学术界对营养问题的关注持续提升,农业与营养的联系逐步增强,但“农业-食物安全-营养”的有机融合与衔接还尚未形成。在中国经济转型过程中,农业和食品行业将发挥至关重要的作用,由中国食物安全战略决定的国民食物营养与健康状况不仅影响中国的国民身体素质,还将在一定程度上影响中国能否顺利转变发展方式、能否成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”。因此,新的发展阶段,中国需要新的食物安全战略提升国民营养水平,并采取系列政策措施加强农业与食物安全和营养的联系。论文基于国际经验的食物安全战略发展思路,梳理中国食物安全面临的新旧挑战,提出食物安全新愿景以及相应政策建议,为营养导向型农业发展的顶层设计提供决策支持。中国食物安全面临的挑战诸多,与食物安全与营养高度相关的挑战主要表现为：耕地资源不足与退化、水资源紧缺与污染、气候变化与极端天气影响等自然资源和环境压力,农业生产补贴提高带来的财政支出压力,膳食能量摄入不足、微量元素缺乏以及膳食能量和营养摄入过剩的营养不良“三重负担”,食品安全问题以及食物损失与浪费问题。因此中国在经济从注重数量增长转向侧重质量增长的深化过程中,将更加重视结构调整和制度及技术创新,这意味着农业需要生产高价值、营养和安全的食物,更高效地使用水、土地和能源,保护环境和促进平等,因而需要中国食物安全战略顶层设计上的系列转变。据此,本文提出了营养导向型的中国食物安全的新愿景,即将营养指标作为中国食物安全战略的发展目标,到2025年消除饥饿和营养不足,并有效降低食品安全风险和超重率以及肥胖率。为此需要以关键领域的重大改革为基础,改进营养治理、通过市场信号传递营养导向、推动营养目标的农业生产、建立更安全的食品价值链、以政策创新促进可持续的营养饮食、加强营养教育并开展循证发展支持营养导向的食物安全新战略的实施。     

New Vision and Policy Recommendations for Nutrition-Oriented Food Security in China

After four-decade significant economic growth and development, China sets a series of goals aiming at sustainable medium to high speed economic growth,reasonable equity, and better market oriented economy. In this pursue, agriculture will take a crucial role. Under the Health China 2030, National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030) and Rural Vitalization Strategy, more attention has been paid on nutrition both in policy and research field, meanwhile the linkage between agriculture and nutrition is enhancing, but the integration of Agriculture-Food Security-Nutrition system is not yet completed. During the economic transformation, agriculture and food industry will play a key role, especially when considering the nutrition and health status will impact the national physical fitness and therefore influence the economic transformation approach. It may also impact whether China can move out of the Middle Income Trap to some extent. In the new development era, China needs a new food security development strategy to improve the national nutrition status and sets of policies to strengthen the integration of agriculture and nutrition. This paper reviewed the major challenges about China’s food security and put forward a new vision based on international experiences, which aimed at providing recommendations for designing China’s food security strategy. The key food security challenges include natural and environmental pressure, such as insufficiency and degradation of land resources, shortage and pollution of water resources, climate change and extreme disaster, fiscal pressure caused by increasing agriculture subsidy, Triple Burden of malnutrition, food safety issues and food loss and waste. It requires institutional and technical innovations for the transformation of agriculture development which means that more value added, nutritious and healthy food should be produced, the productivity and efficiency of water, land and energy should be improved, and environmentally friendly social inclusive development should be considered. All of those call for a transformation of China’s food security strategy. This paper put forwards a new vision for China’s food security: China should set nutrition-oriented food security strategy with nutrition indicators as key targeted goals, aim to eliminate hunger and undernutrition by 2025 while effectively reducing overweight/ obesity and food safety risks. Therefore policy innovations are recommended including: Improve nutrition governance, Market motivated and nutrition oriented agriculture support system, Promote Nutrition-based Food Production, Establish efficient, safe, and inclusive food value chains, Policy innovation for sustainable nutritious diet and nutrition education, and Evidence based research to support policy making.     

The prospects for China's food security and imports: Will China starve the world via imports?

China's food supply and demand have significant implications for both China's own national food security and that of the world. This study reviews China's food security prospects and their implications, focusing on international trade in the coming decade. The results show that China's policies for ensuring food security will be enhanced and China will move to sustainable agriculture. Most studies anticipate that China will increase its food and feed imports in the coming decade. China's overall food self-sufficiency is likely to fall from 94.5% in 2015 to around 91% by 2025. The greatest increases in imports are likely to be soybean, maize, sugar, and dairy products. However, within the production capacity of the major exporting countries and of many food-importing developing countries, China's additional imports of 3 to 5% of its total food consumption in the coming decade are unlikely to threaten global food security. Indeed, the projected imports of feed and several foods could provide opportunities for many exporting countries to expand their production and save global resources.     

Telecoupled land-use changes in distant countries

International food trade has become a key driving force of agricultural land-use changes in trading countries,which has influenced food production and the global environment. Researchers have studied agricultural land-use changes and related environmental issues across multi-trading countries together,but most studies rely on statistic data without spatial attributes. However,agricultural land-use changes are spatially heterogeneous. Uncovering spatial attributes can reveal more critical information that is of scientific significance and has policy implications for enhancing food security and protecting the environment. Based on an integrated framework of telecoupling(socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances),we studied spatial attributes of soybean land changes within and among trading countries at the same time. Three distant countries- Brazil,China,and the United States- constitute an excellent example of telecoupled systems through the process of soybean trade. Our results presented the spatial distribution of soybean land changes- highlighting the hotspots of soybean gain and soybean loss,and indicated these changes were spatially clustered,different across multi-spatial scales,and varied among the trading countries. Assisted by the results,global challenges like food security and biodiversity loss within and among trading countries can be targeted and managed efficiently. Our work provides simultaneously spatial information for understanding agricultural land-use changes caused by international food trade globally,highlights the needs of coordination among trading countries,and promotes global sustainability.     

大数据推动农业现代化应用研究

中国农业发展面临资源环境约束日益趋紧,农产品国内外市场“双重挤压”,农业稳产、农民增收困难等严峻挑战,亟需转型升级、优化结构和提质增效。大数据作为一种与材料和能源一样的新型战略资源,在生产要素耦合、农业系统协同等方面发挥着重要作用,正成为驱动农业现代化发展的重要力量。目前,大数据技术在农业信息获取、分析处理和综合服务等方面取得了多方面的研究进展,并在精准生产决策、食品安全保障、消费需求挖掘和市场贸易引导等方面开始应用。面对当前及未来一段时期内农业转型升级的艰巨性和漫长性,应该建立大数据技术创新与组织创新的双重驱动机制。技术上,重点加强数据科学与农业科学交叉融合,夯实现代农业基准数据基础,快速突破适农智能模型分析处理技术以及推动数据服务持续创新;组织上,树立数据意识,加强数据立法,完善数据顶层治理结构,尤其要处理好数据安全与数据开放共享等关系。     

农村空心化对我国未来粮食安全的影响研究

为了解复杂的世界粮食安全环境下中国面临的粮食安全形势,必须对中国粮食安全的影响因素进行分析。而从农村发展现状来看,劳动力大量外出带来了农村“空心化”的现象,农业生产主体呈现女性化、高龄化,对粮食安全产生一定负面影响。通过参与式农村评估和问卷调查等方法,对江西、辽宁、贵州、河北4省的9个村庄进行实地调查,发现“空心化”的农村正面临着耕地被抛荒、土地流转不畅、农业科技难以发挥作用等问题,对粮食产量的提高和粮食安全无疑是一种威胁。为解决农村“空心化”对粮食安全的不利影响,应大力发展乡镇企业,加强农业科技投入,推动农业产业化发展。     

多边机制下的国际农业合作与治理模式探析*——以欧洲—地中海对话网络和金砖国家机制合作为例

随着全球粮食安全、营养、可持续发展等挑战的多元化趋势显著,单边主义和保护主义越来越无法有效地解决上述长期困扰农业发展的矛盾。而丰富多样的多边机制为解决上述挑战带来了新思维和解决之道。意大利欧洲—地中海对话网络作为一个新兴的地区间多边力量,在新形势下在地区间的农业合作方面可以通过与金砖国家机制等多边力量合作发挥出独特的作用。文章以该地中海对话机制近年来积极参与世界粮食安全等议题为基础,结合金砖国家合作机制的优势,分析了上述两种机制开展合作的前景,提出了我国今后加强多边机制下参与全球农业治理行动的有关建议。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下粮食保障应对策略分析与建议

在新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情背景下,全球的粮食保障面临前所未有的挑战。为掌握全球粮食状况,保障我国粮食安全,分析了全球和中国的粮食供应情况,并提出了粮食保障应对策略。通过分析发现,疫情之下全球粮食生产预期总体平稳,具有较强地抗冲击能力,中国的主粮供给有保障,但大豆等进口商品受到一定的影响。由于各国形势差异,不同国家采取了多种措施保障本国粮食供应,例如增加财政和政策支持、加大粮食库存、建立绿色通道、限制粮食出口、减免进口关税、进行价格管制等。在此基础上,建议通过破解供应瓶颈来稳定粮食生产、通过加强调控力度来稳定粮食价格、通过有效引导市场来稳定社会预期,以保障我国的粮食安全和粮食供应链的稳定运行。     

Food safety regulatory systems in Europe and China:A study of how co-regulation can improve regulatory effectiveness

Food safety has received a great deal of attention in both developed and developing countries in recent years. In China,the numerous food scandals and scares that have struck over the past decade have spurred significant food safety regulatory reform,which has been increasingly oriented towards the public-private partnership model adopted by the Europe Union's(EU) food safety regulatory system. This paper analyzes the development of both the EU's and China's food safety regulatory systems,identifies the current challenges for China and additionally considers the role of public-private partnership. The success of co-regulation in the food regulatory system would bring significant benefits and opportunities for China. Finally,this paper recommends additional measures like training and grants to improve the private's sector effectiveness in co-regulating China's food safety issues.     

广东鳗鱼产业集群发展现状与对策

香蕉是热带亚热带地区重要的经济作物和粮食作物,是世界鲜果中产量、贸易量和贸易额最大的 水果。香蕉产业的可持续发展对于促进我国热区乡村振兴乃至世界热区农业经济发展具有重要意义。香蕉主产 国和出口国主要集中在亚洲和美洲。2020 年世界香蕉收获面积和产量分别为 520.35 万 hm2 、11 983.37 万 t,比 2001 年分别增长 24.58%、72.57%,主要生产国为印度、中国、印度尼西亚、巴西和厄瓜多尔。目前,世界约有 200 个国家或地区进口香蕉,2020 年世界香蕉进口量和进口额分别为 2 337.61 万 t、156.07 亿美元,比 2001 年 分别增长 71.42%、165.06%,主要进口国为美国、中国、俄罗斯、德国和芬兰。2020 年世界香蕉出口量和出口 额分别为 2 449.70 万 t、133. 56 亿美元,比 2001 年分别增长 67.93%、218.03%,主要出口国为厄瓜多尔、哥斯 达黎加、危地马拉、哥伦比亚和菲律宾。我国是世界第二大香蕉生产国和进口国,2020 年香蕉产量和进口量分 别为 1 187.26 万 t 和 181.92 万 t,分别占世界的 9.91% 和 7.78%。根据联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）的香蕉生 产贸易数据预测,世界香蕉产量和贸易量呈稳步增长趋势,预计 2030 年世界香蕉产量、进口量和出口量将分别 达 15 964.48 万 t、3 105.14 万 t 和 3 219.41 万 t,比 2020 年分别增长 33.22%、32.83% 和 31.42%。同时,世界香 蕉产业正面临全球气候变化以及香蕉枯萎病和香蕉种植地土壤酸化等挑战,开展抗病抗逆高产香蕉品种育种合 作,加强绿色优质高效香蕉生产技术联合研发,将有助于香蕉产业可持续发展,并促进香蕉质量安全和世界粮 食安全。     

欧盟的粮食安全政策及对我国的启示

分析探讨了欧盟国家对粮食安全的认识,介绍和分析了欧盟国家在粮食安全问题上的政策和措施,通过与我国农业发展现状的比较,揭示了欧盟食物安全政策对我国粮食安全和现代化农业建设所具有的重要启示作用,提出了加强粮食安全和农业发展的建议和措施.建立符合中国国情的粮食预警体系;实施农业保护政策,提高农业综合生产能力;深化粮食流通体制改革,建立安全可靠的粮食储备系统;建立食物安全生产的诱导机制;生态建设要与粮食生产能力建设和储备相结合.     

Social and environmental attributes of food products in an emerging mass market: Challenges of signaling and consumer perception, with European illustrations

This paper focuses on the environmental and ethical attributes of food products and their production processes. These two aspects have been recently recognized and are becoming increasingly important in terms of signaling and of consumer perception. There are two relevant thematic domains: environmental and social. Within each domain there are two movements. Hence the paper first presents the four movements that have brought to the fore new aspects of food product quality, to wit: (1) aspects of environmental ethics (organic agriculture and integrated agriculture), and (2) social ethics (fair trade and ethical trade). Next, it describes how the actors in the movements (producers, retailers, NGOs, and governments) are organized and how consumers perceive each of the movements. From the perspective of the actors in the movements themselves, the movements are grouped into two “actors’ philosophies.” The first is a “radical” philosophy (the organic production and fair trade movements that arose in radical opposition to conventional agriculture or unfair trade relations), and the second is a “reformist” philosophy (the integrated agriculture and ethical trade movements that arose as efforts to modify but not radically change conventional agriculture). From the point of view of consumers, the classification of the movements is based on perceptions of the “domain” of the movements. That is, consumers tend to perceive the organic production movement and the integrated agricultural movement as a single group because they both deal with the environment. By contrast, consumers tend to group the fair trade movement and the ethical trade movement together because they both deal essentially with social ethics. Recently, key players such as large retailers and agribusinesses have adopted as part of their overall quality assurance programs both environmental and ethical attributes. Their involvement in and adoption of the goals of the movements have, however, generated tensions and conflicts. This is particularly true within the radical movements, because of concerns of cooptation. Finally, the paper identifies challenges faced by those promoting food products with environmental and social/ethical attributes as they attempt to communicate coherent signals to consumers at this crucial moment in the emergence of a mass market for these products. Jean -Marie Codron is a Senior Researcher at INRA and co-director of MOISA, a public joint research laboratory involved in the social sciences. His research interests focus on three main lines of research: economics of contracts, economics of the firm, and economics of market institutions, with applications to “complex” food sectors, where product quality is difficult to measure and/or to signal to the consumer. Lucie Sirieix is Professor of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour at SupAgro Montpellier, France, a national higher education establishment under the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Within the MOISA research unit, her main research topics are variety seeking, risk and trust, environmental and ethical consumer concerns, and sustainable consumption. Her specific research areas include organic products, fair trade, and regional products. Thomas Reardon is Professor of Agricultural Economics at Michigan State University. His work focuses on globalization, consolidation in the retail and processing sectors, and their effects on agrifood systems and trade as well as on the economics of private quality and safety standards.     

中日水产品贸易的变化及我国的应对措施

中日之间水产品贸易关系一直十分密切,并且互为对方最大的贸易伙伴。然而近年来,其贸易量却出现了下降趋势。为促进水产品贸易的恢复,两国都进行了诸多研究。通过总结中日水产品贸易的发展历程、背景,并分析两国采取的贸易措施可以看出,新中国成立以来,中日间的水产品贸易经历了扩大期、成长期、减少期三个阶段。影响其发展的主要因素有生产量与消费量的变化、水产品加工技术的发展、以及食品安全标准的强化等。对于中日之间水产品贸易量下降的现象,我国采取的应对措施主要包括法律及食品安全标准的强化和出口管理体系的完善等。此外我国与日本开展了食品安全推进会,以有效应对两国水产品贸易中出现的问题。上述管理措施对于两国水产品贸易量的下降起到了一定的控制作用,然而其中尚存有很多未解决的问题,要实现中日水产品贸易的恢复,仍然任重而道远。     

我国核技术的农业应用

介绍了中国核农学的现状、发展以及应用,提出了中国核农学的发展应从总体上提高我国核农学的技术创新能力,继续保持我国核农学的综合优势。     

Food sovereignty or the human right to adequate food: which concept serves better as international development policy for global hunger and poverty reduction?

The emerging concept of food sovereignty refers to the right of communities, peoples, and states to independently determine their own food and agricultural policies. It raises the question of which type of food production, agriculture and rural development should be pursued to guarantee food security for the world population. Social movements and non-governmental organizations have readily integrated the concept into their terminology. The concept is also beginning to find its way into the debates and policies of UN organizations and national governments in both developing and industrialized countries. Beyond its relation to civil society movements little academic attention has been paid to the concept of food sovereignty and its appropriateness for international development policies aimed at reducing hunger and poverty, especially in comparison to the human right to adequate food (RtAF). We analyze, on the basis of an extensive literature review, the concept of food sovereignty with regard to its ability to contribute to hunger and poverty reduction worldwide as well as the challenges attached to this concept. Then, we compare the concept of food sovereignty with the RtAF and discuss the appropriateness of both concepts for national public sector policy makers and international development policies. We conclude that the impact on global food security is likely to be much greater if the RtAF approach predominated public policies. While the concept of food sovereignty may be appropriate for civil society movements, we recommend that the RtAF should obtain highest priority in national and international agricultural, trade and development policies.     

Reweaving the food security safety net: Mediating entitlement and entrepreneurship

The American food system has produced both abundance and food insecurity, with production and consumption dealt with as separate issues. The new approach of community food security (CFS) seeks to re-link production and consumption, with the goal of ensuring both an adequate and accessible food supply in the present and the future. In its focus on consumption, CFS has prioritized the needs of low-income people; in its focus on production, it emphasizes local and regional food systems. These objectives are not necessarily compatible and may even be contradictory. This article describes the approach of community food security and raises some questions about how the movement can meet its goals of simultaneously meeting the food needs of low-income people and developing local food systems. It explores the conceptual and political promise and pitfalls of local, community-based approaches to food security and examines alternative economic strategies such as urban agriculture and community-supported agriculture. It concludes that community food security efforts are important additions to, but not subsitutes for, a nonretractable governmental safety net that protects against food insecurity.     

食物安全的草地农业创新模式刍议

通过分析我国食物消费趋势发现,需求增长较快的饲料用粮将占去70%的食物当量,我国现有的农业结构模式面临巨大挑战。作为构建粮食安全的思路创新,草地农业蕴含着巨大的生产潜力。我国草业工作者经过多年试验研究,提出了南方农区水稻/玉米-黑麦草轮作、南方山区和牧区多年生混播草地栽培、黄土高原粮草轮作、西北绿洲农区“公司+养殖区+农户”肉牛养畜以及农牧交错带多年生牧草栽培-“粮+草+牲畜养殖”系统等草地农业创新模式,对于食物的增产增收、节粮替粮作用明显。因此,可以通过草地农业建立持续高效的农业生态系统来保障粮食安全。     

荷兰温室园艺对上海农业发展的借鉴

上海高效生态农业的发展借鉴荷兰温室园艺的成功经验非常重要。荷兰的温室园艺的成功经验,在于先进的农业装备、高效的园艺产业链和供应链的建设,基于EUREP—GAP的园艺产品质量综合管理体系,以市场为导向的知识创新服务体系和生产生态共荣的绿色理念,体现了物质生产、环境美化、休闲娱乐和文化传承的多种功能。发展上海的创新型农业和园艺业,笔者建议：发展工厂化农业技术,提高生产效率,使农业产业由劳动密集型向技术密集型转型：建设食品生产与环境建设一体化的特色现代农业园区,通过高技术的发展,减轻农业环境资源压力;通过CHINA—GAP标准化体系建设,保障农产品生产安全;通过“绿色区域”规划和农产品供应链建设,发挥上海的区位优势服务全国和世界;依托知识创新,保障农业的可持续发展。     

Community food security and environmental justice: Searching for a common discourse

Community food security and environmental justice are parallel social movements interested in equity and justice and system-wide factors. They share a concern for issues of daily life and the need to establish community empowerment strategies. Both movements have also begun to reshape the discourse of sustainable agriculture, environmentalism and social welfare advocacy. However, community food security and environmental justice remain separate movements, indicating an incomplete process in reshaping agendas and discourse. Joining these movements through a common language of empowerment and systems analysis would strongly enhance the development of a more powerful, integrated approach. That opportunity can be located in the efforts to incorporate community food security and environmental justice approaches in current Farm Bill legislation; in particular, provisions addressing community food production, direct marketing, community development, and community food planning.     

我国大米的外贸竞争力分析

大米是我国人口消费的主要粮食产品,其生产与贸易状况直接关系到我国的粮食安全。从我国大米进出口种类、贸易量、贸易额以及进出口市场的现状出发,采用国际市场占有率和贸易竞争力指数这2项指标分析比较了亚洲4个大米贸易大国(中国、泰国、巴基斯坦和印度)的大米外贸竞争力。结果表明,同泰国、巴基斯坦和印度相比,我国大米的外贸竞争力较弱。同时,从政府政策、出口价格、质量3个方面进行了分析,并提出了提高我国大米外贸竞争力的3点政策建议。