The third-party regulation on food safety in China:A review

Stakeholders in the field of food safety management in China can be classified into three categories,government,food producers(farmers and enterprises),and the third-party regulatory bodies. The third-party regulation has experienced rapid development in past twenty years,and recently received considerable attention from consumers and the central government. This paper provides a review about the development,problems and future trend of the third-party regulation on food safety in China. To be specific,five forms of the third-party regulation are assessed,including media exposure,the third-party certification,regulation by consumer associations,social movements promoted by non-governmental organizations(NGOs),and regulation by industry associations. The study concludes that media and consumer associations are the major players in the third-party regulation and are highly repudiated among customers. The food certification industry has developed rapidly,but is now facing crises of confidence among consumers because of its lack of self-regulation. NGOs and industry associations still remain in the early development stages of food safety management,and therefore,are of little importance in current regulatory bodies.     

Consumer confidence and consumers' preferences for infant formulas in China

A series of safety incidents related to domestically-produced infant formulas(DIFs) almost destroyed Chinese consumer confidence in domestic dairy products. Understanding consumer confidence and its effect on consumption behavior is important to restore consumer confidence and enhance the competitiveness of domestic dairy industry. This article first measures Chinese consumer confidence in DIFs safety using a two-dimension scale(optimism and pessimism) and then investigates its effect on consumers' preferences for DIFs through a choice experiment. Involving 450 consumers residing in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, the experiment elicited information on their preferences for DIFs with six attributes(organic raw milk, farm-to-table traceability, region of origin, quality certification, animal welfare, and price). Our analysis yields four findings. First, Chinese consumers still lack confidence in DIFs safety. Second, quality certification is the most preferred product characteristic, followed by organic raw milk and farm-to-table traceability. Third, serving as a signal of high quality, price exerts a positive impact on choices of DIFs for pessimistic consumers. Finally, consumer preferences for farm-to-table traceability and region of origin are significantly influenced by consumer confidence.     

基于食品安全的中国动物福利立法可行性分析

对我国动物福利立法做一些有益的探索,为健康中国成为国家战略奠定行之有效的实践基础。基于《中华人民共和国食品安全法》对“食品安全”的定义以及对食品生产的各种规定,纵览中国动物福利立法的发展观,系统分析我国动物福利立法的可行性。认为以农场动物福利为抓手,循序渐进的创设中国动物福利法是可行的。     

欧洲有机食品概述

通过对近年来欧洲有机食品的生产、消费、市场驱动因子、市场大小及趋势、销售渠道、市场细分及主要的市场障碍等进行了概括,认为影响欧洲有机食品发展的因素主要包括政治、经济和社会等,即消费者关心的食品安全、动物福利、环境,统一认证标准的制定及政府的支持等方面。按照消费者的消费特征和购买行为,将有机消费者分为五种类型包括青年人和老年人、受过良好教育者、城市居住者、有规律或偶然或不购买者及利益寻求者。此外,还指出了有机食品市场的主要障碍,并对我国有机食品经营提出了一些策略性建议,以更好地促进有机食品市场的发展。     

我国非传统食品安全问题研究

结合我国现阶段发生的食品安全事件,从食物供应链的构成环节分析我国食品安全问题特点,引出非传统食品问题。分析研究非传统食品问题产生的原因及其应对措施,并在认证体系上研究了从传统食品安全问题到非传统食品安全问题的防护措施的变化及其发展,浅析我国非传统食品安全问题的应对策略。     

台湾食品安全监管法律制度及其借鉴意义

我国大陆近来频发的食品安全问题暴露出食品监管法律制度的缺陷,亟待解决。台湾地区的食品安全监管制度相对大陆来说比较完善,有比较健全的监管机构和法律制度、强有力的社会团体监督以及严厉的违法处罚措施。目前,我国大陆食品安全监管缺乏完善的食品安全认证和法律制度,应该借鉴台湾食品安全的监管经验,通过完善食品安全立法制度和法律制度,发挥食品行业协会的作用,以及制定严格的违法处罚措施来健全大陆的食品安全监管法律体系。     

Welfare and Market Impacts of Food Safety Measures in China：Results from Urban Consumers’ Valuation of Product Attributes

This study provides an economics assessment of various food safety measures in China. A choice experiment approach is used to elicit Chinese consumer preferences for various food safety attributes using data from a 2008 urban consumer survey. An alternative welfare calculation is used to model aggregate market impacts of select food safety measures. Our results show that the largest welfare gains are found in the current government-run certiifcation program. The implementation of a third-party certiifcation system, a traceability network and a product label would generate signiifcant value and would help reduce current system inefifciencies in China. This study builds on previous research and provides an alternative approach for calculating consumer valuation of safety and quality attributes that can be used to estimate aggregate economic and welfare impacts.     

中国畜牧业的“动物福利”

畜牧业中的动物福利影响着动物源食品的质量安全,进而影响人们的健康。中国的动物福利发展落后于西方发达国家,体现在人们对动物福利的态度、立法、科学研究、教育及生产实践等诸多方面,这与中国现阶段的畜牧养殖发展水平有关,也与中国国情现状有关。近年来,随着广大消费者对畜产品质量安全的关注,政府、学界及企业界开始重视养殖过程中的动物福利问题,以动物福利理念为指导的健康养殖快速发展,建立健全的福利标识机制和法律规范,引导人们重视动物福利。     

Food safety regulatory systems in Europe and China:A study of how co-regulation can improve regulatory effectiveness

Food safety has received a great deal of attention in both developed and developing countries in recent years. In China,the numerous food scandals and scares that have struck over the past decade have spurred significant food safety regulatory reform,which has been increasingly oriented towards the public-private partnership model adopted by the Europe Union's(EU) food safety regulatory system. This paper analyzes the development of both the EU's and China's food safety regulatory systems,identifies the current challenges for China and additionally considers the role of public-private partnership. The success of co-regulation in the food regulatory system would bring significant benefits and opportunities for China. Finally,this paper recommends additional measures like training and grants to improve the private's sector effectiveness in co-regulating China's food safety issues.     

我国的食品安全质量控制体系及认证

阐述了食品安全和质量控制的概念和含义,简要介绍了我国的食品安全现状,并详细论述了食品安全质量控制体系及认证在国内的应用发展。     

我国安全食品战略体系及其存在问题的对策研究

介绍了我国安全食品发展状况及其演变过程，分析了我国各类安全食品之间的相互关系，并针对我国的具体国情提出了目前发展安全食品的类型与建立我国食品安全战略体系的对策建议。     

绿色食品认证信息系统建设

本文在对国内外有关认证机构认证信息系统建设调研的基础上,提出了绿色食品认证信息系统的建设思路。重点介绍了绿色食品认证信息系统的结构、功能和应用情况。绿色食品认证信息系统的建成将进一步方便企业申请认证绿色食品、便于客户在网上查询相关信息,同时也将从一定程度上提高绿色食品的认证效率。     

我国食品安全控制体系及其发展方向分析

在分析我国食品安全控制体系现状的基础上,借鉴国际经验,指出我国食品安全控制体系应向国际化方向发展,并提出了完善我国食品安全控制体系的一些政策建议。     

食品安全管理与科技研究进展

从全球食品安全事件出发,说明食品安全已成为全球的热点问题;针对新世纪食品安全管理部门面临的挑战,系统总结并分析了国际食品安全科技与管理研究的进展情况。强调了食品安全科学与技术研究在建立、强化或改进国家食品安全体系中的重要作用,指出以风险分析为核心,以风险评估为科学依据的食品安全体系已基本形成。阐明必须进行国家食品管理机构改革,通过实施国家食品安全战略,建立统一、连续、高效的国家食品安全管理体系来保障食品安全。文章还说明为应对全球食品安全紧急突发事件及公共健康必须建立有效的食品安全预警系统,应通过加强食品安全的公共教育和消费者参与来维护和保持消费者对食品安全的信心。     

Food safety management and regulation:International experiences and lessons for China

China is experiencing rapid urbanization,changes in diets,and modernization of food retailing and production. In this context,food safety can become a greater concern for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this article is to review the international experiences and lessons regarding food safety management,regulation,and consumer behavior,with the goal of identifying how to improve food safety in middle income countries such as China. International experience in addressing food safety provides two general kinds of lessons. First,a middle-income country such as China needs to develop the capacity to carry out risk analysis in order to better focus public resources on the most important risks. Second,it will be important to leverage market incentives so as to make the best use of limited public capacity to enforce standards. International experiences show that food safety management is feasible where market incentives exist,and that public-private partnerships can support the process of improving food safety management. Market incentives require effective consumer or buyer demand,mechanisms to identify and reward quality,and supply chain coordination. Public efforts can be targeted to supporting these market developments for the risks that are the greatest burden to public health.     

美国食品上市公司召回启动时间影响因素的实证分析

为探究食品召回启动时间的多重影响因素问题,以1994—2017年美国食品上市公司发生的召回事件为研究样本,构建多元线性回归模型,实证分析食品召回启动时间的影响因素。结果表明:召回启动时间的主要影响因素有召回量、分销范围和召回原因(细菌感染和外来物质污染);召回量对召回启动时间具有显著的正向影响;分销范围越小,召回启动时间越短;召回原因为细菌感染或外来物质污染时,召回启动时间相对更短;召回主体对召回启动时间没有表现出显著影响。本研究为完善我国食品召回体系,从公司、供应链和政府层面提出强化食品HACCP认证、完善食品安全溯源监管系统、建立专项储备基金制度等对策建议。     

过期食品逆向流动原因及解决方法探讨

近年来,过期食品逆向流动引发的食品安全事件频发,因此,探讨过期食品逆向流动的原因并采取有效措施避免过期食品逆向流动对于维护我国食品安全具有重要的意义。通过分析我国过期食品回收处理现状及相关规章制度,发现我国过期食品逆向流动主要是由过期食品回收处理无法可依、无章可循,企业诚信缺失,问责制度及监管体系不完善等原因造成的。针对以上原因提出过期食品逆向流动的解决办法和更加合理有效的过期食品市场监管体系。     

Consumer perceptions of food safety risk: Evidence from a segmentation study in Albania

Albania is facing serious problems with the national food safety control system in terms of legislation, control and enforcement. The objective of this paper is to analyse consumer perceptions about safety of small ruminant meat in Tirana, in a context of weak enforcement of the food safety system. Applying two-step clustering analyses, consumers were classified in four socio-demographic clusters, and it was found that the cluster composed of female consumers with lower education and income levels, and the two clusters composed of male consumers perceive consumed meat as safe. Consumers in the cluster composed of females with university education and higher income are, on average, more concerned with current meat safety measures and tend to place more trust in the veterinarian stamp on meat carcasses rather than in local butchers.     

The impact of migration on the food consumption and nutrition of left-behind family members: Evidence from a minority mountainous region of southwestern China

While migration is widely recognized as a valid option for improving farmers' income, the welfare effects of migration on left-behind family members are ambiguous. This study examines the impacts of migration on left-behind family members' food consumption and nutrient intake, particularly in remote rural areas in China. Based on household survey data collected from 611 smallholder rubber farmers in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture of southwestern China, the empirical results suggest that the migration of family members contributes to improving household net income, whereas it negatively affects left-behind family members' consumption of grain and pork. Migration also leads to a decrease in left-behind family members' nutrient intake. Surprisingly, the economic returns of farmers' migration not only do not foster the transformation of household food consumption from a staple food-dominated dietary structure to one including more meat and dairy products but also reduce left-behind family members' nutrient intake. This study adds to the literature on the impact of farmers' migration. The findings have important implications for better understanding the impacts of migration on farmers' livelihood and human capital development in rural China.