慢行友好型滨水带状公园空间评价研究

滨水带状公园中的慢行活动空间是促进居民健康的重要城市空间。基于层次分析法从慢行路径、慢行设施、慢行景观3个方面和16个评价指标构建慢行友好型滨水带状公园空间评价体系和评分标准,权重结果表明慢行路径对于慢行友好型滨水带状公园最为重要,出入口、道路连通性、无障碍设计、水岸与边坡防护设施对慢行活动影响较大。并以海口市西海岸带状公园为例,计算公园各区段综合得分和各指标得分,得到各区段在打造慢行友好型滨水带状公园方面的评价及改造方向。     

广州市社区绿道可行性策略研究

社区绿道具有功能多样化、服务均等性和系统关联性等特性,应大力支持。针对广州社区绿道建设现在存在的问题和难点,本文提出的应对策略为:社区应建立并完善城市公园绿地系统与城市慢行道系统,合理布局社区绿道网络布局并对服务半径分等级设置,且应该根据广州各区县实际条件采取不同建设标准。     

基于微气候调节的盆地城市公园空间营造策略

气候是影响自然环境和人类活动的一个重要因素,不同城市因地形差异产生独特的气候特征。城市公园作为良好的健康载体,分析了盆地地形影响下的景观空间特性及构成要素与微气候要素之间的关系,结合风景园林设计要素构建了基于盆地地形影响下的城市公园空间微气候营造策略:利用地形营造空间关系,合理组织水体的分布状态与形式,构建植物复层配置形式,通过营造城市通风廊道,优化景观空间促进公园内部气流循环,调节局地微气候。研究盆地地形影响下城市公园微气候因子与景观设计要素之间的相互作用肌理,营造景观空间适宜性小气候,对于促进区域发展、提升城市空间活力、发展健康园林城市具有现实意义。     

基于"城市双修"理念的泰州滨河绿道品质提升研究

分析了水城泰州城市核心功能区滨河绿道存在的问题,主要涉及规划设计、生态环境保护、人流交通、地域文化开发等方面的不足.基于"城市双修"理念提出了对滨河绿道进行品质提升完善的策略:渗透文化元素构建功能多元化的滨河绿道、因地制宜构建自然生态的滨河绿道、增加绿色空间、建设交通便捷的滨河慢行步道体系、建设水城共融的连通开放空间等...     

基于赛克法则的城市公园绿地类公共空间活力营造策略探究——以保定府河公园为例

随着数字化时代的到来,城市公共空间的传统功能逐渐被剥离、消解,已无法满足人们的使用需求。因此,以保定府河公园为研究对象,运用一种有别于前数字化时代的新型公共空间价值观——赛克法则理论,根据其社会互动性、情景体验感和创意趣味性3个评价指标对府河公园空间的魅力所在做出定性考量与综合评析,进而探究提升城市公园绿地类公共空间活力的营造策略。研究结果表明:数字化时代城市公园绿地可通过组织高效便捷的绿色出行网络,优化园内空间道路系统;打造新型创意文化空间,激发使用者创造性思维;巧妙利用空间原有地形地貌,营造趣味性空间;引入数字化科技产品,增强使用者与空间的互动性等策略提升空间活力,以重新获得人们在数字世界中的依赖感。     

基于居民使用特征分析的山水城市休闲慢行系统优化提升策略

福州市休闲慢行系统体现了山水城市的特色。通过问卷调查进行居民使用特征及满意度分析，探讨了山水城市休闲慢行系统优化提升策略。结果表明，福州市居民对休闲慢行系统的总体满意率为95.04%，且具有以下使用特征：山体绿道的人气最高；绿道在晚上和周末的使用频率最高；有65.14%的居民距离绿道在2 km以内；居民的停留时长在3 h内。最后基于以上情况，提出突出品牌特色、强化夜景、完善配套、链接成网、巧设观景设施等适用于以福州为代表的山水城市休闲慢行系统的优化提升策略。     

“慢行”理念下城市街道景观组成要素研究

随着城镇化率逐年增长,城市绿地空间、公共活动空间不断被压缩,城市街道逐步从单一的通勤功能转变为集通勤、休闲、娱乐、运动等功能为一体的公共活动空间,街道规划与街道景观营造就显得愈发重要。以"慢行"为切入点,对城市慢行街道景观的营造及组成要素进行了分类研究,从可步行性的角度研究并指出了慢行街道所存在的问题,提出了慢行街道景观以人为本、传承记忆、景观资源平衡的优化策略,以期为我国城市街道景观的营造与更新提供参考。     

城市慢行空间景观提质改造设计探究

随着绿色出行、慢行理念的逐渐形成,共享单车使用率的也在同步飞速提升。许多城市开始更加重视城市绿道慢行空间景观的提升和改造。本文通过青岛市崂山路为例,总结了现状慢行空间景观的现状问题,探讨如何更好地营造慢行空间景观,突出其地域特色,体现其文化要素,打造文化景观,并在设计细节的处理上体现文化要素。最终实现与文化景观相结合,与山海自然环境想融合的凸显地域特色的慢行景观长廊。     

深圳市光明区公园城市规划建设研究

基于对深圳光明区各类资源进行的详细本底调查,立足于“携光明山水之灵气,建最美公园之城区”的战略目标,以“青山绿水,绿廊连接,以人为本,特色发展”的规划策略,构建区域生态安全格局,融入城市双修理念,积极探索生态绿地公园化,维护山水格局;构建水域蓝脉网、绿道网及修复生态断点,构筑绿色生态网络;完善各级公园服务布局及其与各类公共空间的共建共享,提升生活品质;打造地域特色公园及植物风貌营造,实现多元统一复合,探索新时代公园城市规划建设的路径,以期为我国公园城市规划建设提供借鉴。     

健康城市导向下慢行系统建设初探——以徐汇区桂江路高压绿廊为例

城市居民的健康状况随着城市化进程的推进逐渐成为人类社会发展面临的首要问题,研究促进城市居民健康的环境设计理念和措施也日益受到规划者和决策者的重视,慢行系统作为环境设计的重要组成部分,对人类的健康有着非同寻常的影响。通过梳理健康城市慢行系统的基础理论,总结了健康城市理念下的慢行系统规划要素,以徐汇区桂江路高压绿廊的建设为研究对象,提出了从慢行网络、管理准则、步行设施、步行体验、场所空间五个角度构建促进城市健康的慢行系统规划要素模型,从而全面提升该区域居民健康指数。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.