马铃薯地膜覆盖及绿农素喷施栽培技术研究

试验研究了地膜覆盖及绿农素喷施对马铃薯生长发育及产量等的影响。结果表明 :马铃薯地膜覆盖比露地 5cm日平均土温提高 3 2 7℃ ,0～ 2 0cm土层含水量提高 1 8个百分点 ,成熟提早 10～ 15d左右 ,商品薯率等经济性状有明显改善 ;绿农素喷施能克服地膜覆盖后追肥难及沙地保肥性差所造成的脱肥、早衰问题。地膜覆盖 +绿农素喷施能大幅度提高马铃薯产量 ,分别较地膜覆盖、绿农素喷施、露地增产 11 93%、 17 2 5%和 2 7 89%。     

马铃薯、玉米套作模式下田间配置及群体优化

马铃薯、玉米套作是西南山区主要的种植模式,但是各地的厢宽和行比很不规范,导致玉米和马铃薯竞争关系明显,限制了产量的进一步提高。为获得综合增产的最优厢宽行比及马铃薯群体控制技术,研究了马铃薯、玉米套作模式下田间配置及烯效唑对马铃薯产量的影响。试验结果表明:1.5 m开厢,马铃薯和玉米行比2:2的总产量最高,与当地1.5 m开厢,马铃薯和玉米行比1:2相比,马铃薯增产64.3%,玉米减产6.3%,全年总增产粮食14.3%,增收20.4%;盛花期马铃薯叶面喷施15 mg·kg-1烯效唑能增产21.4%,增产的直接原因是增加了马铃薯大薯率和大薯产量。大幅增产的合理使用浓度为10～15 mg·kg-1,可作为高密度、高肥水条件马铃薯高产的重要技术措施。     

宁南山区马铃薯叶面喷施稀土旱地宝增产试验

试验分别用400倍,600倍,800倍的稀土旱地宝和清水喷施马铃薯,研究经试剂处理后马铃薯的产量性状变化。结果表明,在马铃薯现蕾期和块茎膨大期喷施400倍液稀土旱地宝,植株地上茎部增粗,分枝增多,地下部大中小薯块数比例显著增加,产量明显高于其它处理。喷施稀土旱地宝是一项省工省力,高产高效的增产技术。     

马铃薯微肥拌种与叶面喷施增产效果的研究

为探讨马铃薯高产栽培中的配套措施,试验筛选并研究了两种微肥在马铃薯种植上进行拌种与叶面喷施试验。结果表明:微肥拌种与叶面喷施有利于种薯切块后伤口愈合,能提前出苗、开花,缩短生育期,提高大薯率,增产明显。大西北牌多元微肥拌种与叶面喷施每667 m2增收251.9元,稀土旱地宝增收210.1元。     

农丰宝对杂交水稻增产效果初步试验

喷施浓度和喷施次数试验结果初步表明,农丰宝高效叶肥在杂交水稻上施用有一定增产效果。喷施浓度１∶６ ０００（药水的质量比）比１∶８ ０００ 效果好,喷施２ 次较喷施１ 次增产更显著。     

覆膜马铃薯叶面喷施隆丰98对其生长及产量的影响

试验结果表明:在覆膜马铃薯现蕾期叶面连续喷施2次560倍液的高效有机肥隆丰98,能使覆膜马铃薯较对照:株高增长22.08%,叶面积增加26.32%,经济产量增加25.27%,生物产量增加30.80%,大薯率增加21.3%,商品率增加13.2%,结薯总数减少10.7%。高效有机肥隆丰98对覆膜马铃薯的生理生化影响较为明显。     

不同生育时期叶面喷施奇善宝对冬小麦产量及品质的效应

为了解海洋寡糖复合制剂奇善宝在小麦上的应用效果,2011-2013年以小麦品种中麦349为材料,研究了返青、拔节和孕穗期叶面喷施奇善宝对冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施奇善宝使冬小麦增产2.9%~11.3%,效果明显,增产的主因是显著增加了穗粒数和千粒重。喷施奇善宝对冬小麦部分品质性状影响显著,其中使籽粒容重、硬度、蛋白质含量和面粉湿面筋含量分别较对照提高0.1%~0.8%、1.0%~5.3%、0.3%~3.3%和0.4%~5.1%,使面团稳定时间和延展性分别下降3.5%~5.8%和2.3%~5.2%。增产效果以返青期和拔节期喷施最佳,返青期喷施对改善品质效果最佳。     

沼渣、沼液对马铃薯增产及抗逆性试验研究

马铃薯是定西市的优势产业,为了研究沼液沼渣对马铃薯的增产及抗逆性,经对比试验表明:沼渣、沼液能明显提高马铃薯幼苗生长,延长枯萎期,提高光合效率。喷施沼液可提高马铃薯的抗逆性,改善经济性状。喷施沼液的马铃薯植株生长健壮,叶色深绿,薯块大而整齐,黑胫病,晚疫病病情指数分别降低1.6和10.6个百分点,沼渣做基肥、沼液做叶肥在马铃薯上施用具有显著的增产效果,增产1884.2 kg/667m2,增产达37.9%。     

蔗丰灵、九二○喷施甘蔗试验结果分析

通过试验表明。喷施蔗丰灵与九二○的混合液对提高甘蔗产量的效果最佳，增产11．1％。喷施蔗丰灵可以提高甘蔗的蔗糖分、成茎率和降低还原糖。     

甘蔗喷施蔗丰灵液肥试验

甘蔗喷施蔗丰灵液肥试验结果表明：于甘蔗拔节伸长初期喷施叶面,可使甘蔗植株增高、茎径增粗,提高蔗茎产量和含蔗糖分。比喷清水(对照)增产15.96%,提高蔗糖分1．29%;比喷等值尿素增产6．20%,提高蔗糖分0．05%。     

马铃薯生产的氮肥管理策略

氮是影响马铃薯产量和品质的重要因素,多年来中国马铃薯生产过程中氮肥管理始终缺乏科学的指导,导致许多优质马铃薯品种的产量优势和品质优势难以得到充分的发挥。通过合理施用氮肥,协调马铃薯茎叶生长与块茎生长,促进块茎的形成和膨大,减少氮肥损失,提高氮肥利用率,是马铃薯氮肥管策略的重要内容,同时也是农业可持续发展的重要保障。针对氮肥施用量和施用时期对马铃薯生长与块茎产量的影响及马铃薯氮素营养诊断措施,综述国内外马铃薯氮肥管理的研究结果,以期为中国马铃薯养分管理提供研究思路,同时也为马铃薯生产的氮肥施用策略提供参考。     

The effect of an alternate weed host,hairy nightshade,Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) on green peach aphid distribution and Potato leafroll virus incidence in potato fields of the Pacific Northwest

Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) is an annual solanaceous weed prevalent in potato farmlands of the Pacific Northwest. S. sarrachoides is also a reservoir for Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and its most important vector, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Green peach aphids prefer S. sarrachoides than potato, Solanum tuberosum (L.), and produce more nymphs on S. sarrachoides than on potato. Increased green peach aphid preference for S. sarrachoides and greater fecundity on this plant could lead to overcrowding and movement toward neighboring potato plants. To test our hypothesis, field trials were conducted at Kimberly, Idaho during the summers of 2003 and 2004. A row of S. sarrachoides seedlings was planted in the middle of potato plots and naturally occurring green peach aphid populations were monitored weekly on potato plots with and without S. sarrachoides. More aphids were consistently found on S sarrachoides plants than on potato plants. More aphids were found on potato plants in plots with S. sarrachoides plants than without S. sarrachoides. Targeted insecticide applications on S. sarrachoides rows alone reduced the number of aphids on potato plants in those plots, suggesting that insecticide sprays prevented aphid movement from S. sarrachoides to potato. Testing of potato tuber sprouts 90 days after harvest by double antibody sandwich ELISA indicated a greater PLRV infection rate on plots with S. sarrachoides than plots without S. sarrachoides. Therefore, the presence of S. sarrachoides in potato plots will likely increase aphid populations and PLRV incidence on neighboring potato plants.     

Glandular pubescence,glycoalkaloid composition,and resistance to the green peach aphid,potato leafhopper,and potato fleabeetle inSolanum berthaultii

Fifteen accessions ofSolarium berthaultii Hawkes andS. berthaultii xS. tarijense Hawkes were assessed for resistance to field infestations of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), and potato fleabeetle,Epitrix cucumeris (Harris). Accessions bearing both Type A and Type B glandular trichomes were much more resistant to the green peach aphid and potato leafhopper than accessions bearing Type A hairs alone. All accessions had significantly smaller populations of these 3 pests than S.tuberosum cultivars. Total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content of foliage and tubers was not correlated with insect populations. Foliar TGA levels of field-grown plants varied among accessions, ranging from < 2–240 mg/100 g fresh wt. Solasonine and solamargine were the major foliar glycoalkaloids while solamarines predominated in tubers.     

湖南冬闲田马铃薯氮吸收分配规律研究

试验采用“3414”设计方案,分析冬闲田马铃薯在不同肥料水平下氮肥吸收分配规律。结果表明：马铃薯地上部全氮含量在全生育期间其动态变化呈现为苗期低,块茎形成期高,而在块茎成熟期缓陧下降的趋势,且在整个生育期内,氮素浓度的变化表现为地上部〉块茎;块茎中氮的含量均在块茎形成期最高,块茎成熟期下降。     

氮肥施用时期对马铃薯氮素积累与分配的影响

以马铃薯克新13号脱毒种薯为材料,在相同氮肥用量下,设置不同生育时期施氮的田间小区试验,通过测定主要生育期植株各器官干物重和含氮量,研究施氮时期对马铃薯不同器官氮素积累、分配及块茎产量和质量的影响。结果表明,马铃薯在营养生长期的吸氮素量仅为全生育期的1/3,块茎形成中期达到马铃薯的吸氮高峰期,块茎增长后期至成熟期块茎中的氮素主要来自营养器官的二次分配。与N 150 kg/hm2全部做基肥相比,将1/3的氮在块茎增长初期追施可使商品薯产量提高25%(P<0.05),达到30.01 t/hm2。氮肥利用率达到44%(P<0.05)。适宜氮肥用量下,基肥和追肥的合理分配是获得马铃薯高产优质的重要条件,基肥氮不足,氮肥集中在苗后施用,则易导致植株贪青。试验在肥力中等的土壤种植马铃薯,150 kg/hm2氮素用量条件下,将2/3的氮作基肥施用,1/3的氮在块茎增长初期追施,较有利于养分在块茎中的分配,同时也能获得最高的块茎产量。     

植物生长物质对马铃薯叶片同化物及产量品质的影响

在大田条件下,于马铃薯块茎膨大期叶面喷施2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯(DTA-6)、烯效唑(S330)7和SOD模拟物(SODM)3种植物生长物质,研究其对马铃薯叶片同化物代谢、产量和块茎品质的影响。结果表明:DTA-6提高了马铃薯叶片淀粉运输速率、可溶性糖和还原糖含量,SODM提高了生育后期马铃薯叶片可溶性糖含量,两种物质均延缓了生育后期可溶性蛋白的下降速率,S3307对同化物代谢的调节作用不明显。综合分析得出:3种物质均提高了马铃薯的产量,改善了块茎品质,其中以SODM作用为最佳,DTA-6次之。     

Insecticides for control of potato tuberworm and green peach aphid on potatoes in California

Six insecticides were evaluated in a replicated field experiment at Gonzales, California, for control of the potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), and the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Azodrin^®, methomyl, Stauffer N 4543 (O-isobutyl ethylphosphonodithioate S-ester with N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide) and azinphosmethyl were applied as foliage sprays by ground sprayer at 2-week intervals. The systemic insecticides, aldicarb (Temik^®) and carbofuran (Furadan^®) formulated as 10% granules, were applied to the soil as side dress treatments on the same day that the spray treatments were begun. Aldicarb granules were also applied topically so that the granules fell on the young plants and on the soil surface. Azinphosmethyl, Stauffer N 4543, Azodrin^® and methomyl effectively controlled the tuberworm larvae in the foliage but effective control of tuberworms in the harvested tubers occurred only where azinphosmethyl, methomyl and Stauffer N 4543 were used. The granule applications of carbofuran and aldicarb were totally ineffective in controlling the potato tuberworm. Effective green peach aphid control was obtained with Azodrin^® spray and the two granular aldicarb treatments. The side dressed application of aldicarb appeared to provide better green peach aphid control than did the soil surface application.     

Potato Early Dying and Yield Responses to Compost,Green Manures,Seed Meal and Chemical Treatments

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a soilborne fungal pathogen of many crops. In potato, it is the major causal agent of Early Dying. In Manitoba, potato fields planted with cv. Russet Burbank are infested with highly pathogenic V. dahliae isolates, which can produce up to 90 % disease severity. The objective of the study was to evaluate selected compost, green manure, and seed-meal treatments, in comparison with the soil fumigant Vapam, for their ability to reduce propagule density of V. dahliae in soil and decrease disease, and to enhance potato yield. Select green manure crops (oriental and white mustard, Canada milk vetch, sorghum-sudangrass, rye, alfalfa, oat/pea mixture), organic amendments (composted cattle manure and mustard seed-meal), and Vapam, and crop sequences that contribute to the suppression of Verticillium, or the improvement of potato yield were used in a 3-year field study initiated in 2006. Survival in soil of microsclerotia was evaluated as a measure of treatments’ success in potentially reducing Early Dying. Compost and seed-meal treatments, compared to an untreated control, reduced incidence to 30 and 40 %, respectively, but only seed-meal reduced V. dahliae propagule density. Overall, green manures over 1 or 2-years were ineffective in reducing propagule density or improving potato yield. Vapam was partially effective in reducing the propagule density only at the beginning of the potato season, but it did not reduce disease incidence compared to the control. Compost and seed-meal are promising as alternative control of V. dahliae. Only compost reduced disease and increased potato yield, which was associated with improved nutrient availability (phosphorus and sulfate) in soil.     

秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培对马铃薯产量及经济性状的影响

地膜覆盖技术的推广应用造成了土壤与环境的污染,对旱作农业的可持续性发展带来严重挑战。为了降低农业生产对土壤、环境的污染,探索寻求新型的绿色环保覆盖高效模式,通过运用粉碎秸秆来代替地膜,设置秸秆粉碎覆盖垄作侧播处理,与当地常规种植模式对比,研究了秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培对马铃薯产量及经济性状的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培处理的保温保墒效果不及黑色全膜双垄侧播处理,但能明显提高马铃薯单株粒数和单株粒重,单株粒数提高0.4个/株,单株粒重提高0.05 kg/粒,从而明显提高大薯率,大薯率相比黑色全膜双垄侧播栽培模式提高6.0个百分点,进而提高马铃薯产量。秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培处理下产量最高,达到41339 kg/hm^2,较黑色全膜双垄侧播处理增产14.3%,较黑色半膜覆盖侧播处理增产28.1%,较露地穴播增产43.5%。因此,秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培是一项适宜半干旱区马铃薯生产种植的绿色环保覆盖高效栽培模式。     

Comparative Enzyme Kinetics of Two Allelic Forms of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Beta -amylase

The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Franklin and Schooner, contain two different allelic forms of beta -amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) encoded on chromosome 4H by the Bmy 1-Sd1 and Bmy 1-Sd2L alleles, respectively. The corresponding enzymes, referred to as Sd1 and Sd2L, were purified from both mature barley grain and germinated barley (green malt), and their physical and kinetic properties studied. Approximately 4 kDa were cleaved from both Sd1 and Sd2Lbeta -amylases after germination. The K_mvalue for green malt beta -amylase was less than that of mature grain beta -amylase for both varieties when potato starch was used as a substrate, although V_maxwas similar. This indicated that proteolysis after germination increased the affinity of beta -amylase for potato starch. No significant kinetic differences were observed between beta -amylase from mature grain and green malt of the two barley varieties when amylose (degree of polymerisation 100 and 18) and maltopentaose were used as substrates. Kinetic differences were also observed between the two allelic forms of beta -amylase. Sd1 beta -amylase from green malt exhibited a lower K_mvalue for potato starch than Sd2L beta -amylase, demonstrating that at non-saturating starch concentrations Sd1 beta -amylase is better able to hydrolyse starch than Sd2L beta -amylase. As the degree of polymerisation of the substrates decreased from approximately 740 (potato starch) to 5 (maltopentaose), the K_mvalues for beta -amylase increased, whereas V_maxvalues decreased. Maltose, the hydrolytic product of beta -amylase, was found to be a weak competitive inhibitor of both Sd1 and Sd2L green malt beta -amylases with respect to potato starch and amylose. Taken together the kinetic observations for bet a-amylase suggest that the allelic differences and C-terminal proteolysis might be exploited to improve the efficiency of starch hydrolysis during the mashing stage of the brewing process.