0.1%HgCl_2对脱毒马铃薯微型种薯疮痂病的防治效果

1　前　言在微型薯的生产过程中 ,由于疮痂病的危害 ,导致产量下降 ,品质降低 ,成本增高 ,直接影响着生产微型薯的经济效益 ,防治疮痂病已成为亟待解决的问题。我们试用 0 1%ＨｇＣｌ2 对表皮 10 0 %感染疮痂病的微型薯浸种来防治疮痂病 ,取得了较好的效果。2　材料与方法2     

脱毒马铃薯微型薯生产中疮痂病的防治试验

通过药剂熏蒸处理生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯的土壤和药剂处理带有疮痂病的微型小薯,防止在温(网)室生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯过程中,基质连作后疮痂病的发生,解决每年更换基质造成的人力、财力方面的损失。试验结果表明:基质用氯化苦(三氯硝基甲烷)熏蒸处理,带病种薯播前用0.1%对苯二酚处理30min防治疮痂病效果最佳。     

必速灭防治马铃薯疮痂病效果试验

在网棚条件下,进行了必速灭防治马铃薯疮痂病的试验。结果表明必速灭可以显著地降低微型薯疮痂病感病率,降低病情指数,减轻疮痂病在马铃薯微型薯生产中的危害,而且促进了马铃薯扦插苗苗期的生长,提高了扦插苗的存活率、单株产量、小区收获产量和单株薯重。     

基质对马铃薯疮痂病抑制效果研究初报

通过不同营养基质对马铃薯脱毒微型小薯疮痂病的抑制效果 ,从环境角度研究筛选防治疮痂病的新基质配比 ,首次提出利用工业废渣糠醛防治疮痂病的思路。结果表明 :采用蛭石 4∶火山石 1∶火炉渣 1∶草木灰 1∶糠醛渣 1的新配比基质 ,可有效抑制脱毒微型小薯疮痴病的发生 ,同时增加了基质的营养 ,所生产的微型小薯商品薯率也有明显提高 ,生产成本降低     

内蒙古马铃薯疮痂病发生与防治途径

2011～2012年对内蒙古自治区18个种薯生产单位和11个马铃薯县(旗、市)进行了马铃薯疮痂病(Streptomyces spp.)实地访问和调查。结果被调查的18个种薯生产单位有疮痂病率83.0%,病薯率0.0%～100.0%,11个县(旗、市)商品薯有疮痂病率100.0%,病薯率0.1%～38.0%。重复使用蛭石生产种薯、商品薯生产田轮作少、发病重。种薯较商品薯疮痂病问题更为严重。品种感病、条件适宜、重复使用蛭石、轮作少和缺乏有效杀菌剂是病害严重的主要因素。分析认为,使用效果显著的蛭石消毒剂或种薯处理剂是内蒙古马铃薯疮痂病防治的最佳途径。     

采用不同基质防治马铃薯微型薯疮痂病的试验

为了提高马铃薯微型薯生产中对疮痴病的防治效果,采用不同原料配制基质组合,结果表明：各配比组合对马铃薯疮痂病均有一定的防治效果,降低微型薯疮痂病感病率和病情指数,尤其添加一定比例的糠醛渣可有效抑制马铃薯疮痂病的发生,以糠醛渣：原网棚内的土=1：1配比的基质效果最佳,感病率为5．37％,病情指数为2．33％。     

浇水次数对马铃薯微型薯疮痂病发病影响

1　前　言马铃薯疮痂病(Streptomycesscabies)为世界性病害,除了pH极酸地区之外,各产地几乎都有发生。此病害在我国许多马铃薯主产区也普遍存在,而在连作地、偏碱地及栽培管理不当的情况下则发生程度更为严重。尤其近几年随着地球温室效应的影响,气候发生了很大变化,年平均温度升高,要么连续干旱,要么连续降雨,疮痂病发生日趋严重。据调查,2002年有的大田地块发病率高达33%左右,微型薯发病则达到80%以上。疮痂病病原菌集生于病薯表皮,由于品种的不同产生病斑和发病率也不同,或造成皮孔褐色开裂形或薯表连片的硬质栓皮性薄痂状而直接影响商…     

冬季温室地栽和床栽微型薯生产比较试验

试验通过可调控日光节能温室，相同室温不同基质温度，微型薯收获后分级记录粒数和粒重。为提高试管苗生产微型薯的产出效率，通过比较冬季温室地栽与床栽微型薯生产的优劣，探索降低微型薯生产成本的方法。     

马铃薯脱毒试管苗二次结薯的产量试验

为解决生产中存在的马铃薯脱毒试管苗生产成本高、生产微型薯繁殖系数低、造成微型薯价格居高不下的难题,本研究选用两个马铃薯品种(抗疫白和润者),在防虫温室收获完微型薯后,把植株再移栽到网棚,株行距20 cm×60 cm,继续使其结薯,进行二次收获。结果其产量远高于第一次收获生产微型薯的产量,因此大大提高了种薯生产效率。     

不同杀菌剂对马铃薯疮痂病的防效试验

马铃薯疮痂病(Streptomyces spp.)是目前内蒙古马铃薯生产的重要病害之一,更是影响微型薯生产的主要病害。缺少有效杀菌剂是病害严重的主要原因,2012年选用10种杀菌剂进行了网棚蛭石消毒防治该病害试验。结果表明:疮痂治200倍液防效86.8%,99%硫酸铜40倍液防效55.1%、50%克菌丹可湿性粉剂500倍液防效50.9%、77%冠菌铜可湿性粉剂500倍液防效42.9%、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液防效41.2%。疮痂治对防治马铃薯疮痂病具有优越效果。     

Effects of Age and Pretreatment of Tissue-Cultured Potato Plants on Subsequent Minituber Production

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets were conditioned in tissue culture to produce more minitubers when planted in a greenhouse. Tissue-cultured potato plantlets, varieties Coliban and Russet Burbank, were grown for 4, 10, or 12 weeks under three temperature regimes (22/18 °C, 16/10 °C, and 10/2 °C day/night) and a photoperiod of 16, 12, or 8 h in different stages of growth. Duration, temperature, and photoperiod of the in vitro period affected plantlet morphology and the total number of minitubers produced per plant in a greenhouse. Extending the growing period and introducing a hardening period with low temperatures (16/10 °C) during the in vitro production stage resulted in 97% more minitubers (4.94 vs 2.50 minitubers per plant for the control) in variety Coliban and up to 71% (6.50 vs 3.80 minitubers per plant for the control) in variety Russet Burbank. The total number of minitubers produced per plant did not change significantly for both varieties when a shorter photoperiod was used instead of the standard 16-h day during the growing period in vitro. Results presented in this experiment demonstrate that the number of minitubers can be substantially increased through the introduction of an induction period as an interstage between the in vitro stages of potato plantlet production and minituber production.     

Use of jasmonate for conditioning of potato plantlets and microtubers in greenhouse production of minitubers

A two-year study was conducted to determine the effects of (1) jasmonic acid (JA) pre-treatment, (2) JA supplement in culture media, (3) cultivar (Amisk, Atlantic, Russet Burbank, Shepody, and Umatilla Russet), (4) light (0 h, 8 h), and (5) dormancy breaking treatment (Rindite, gibberellic acid) on greenhouse production of minitubers from microtubers andin vitro plantlets. The microtubers were produced under short day (8 h) light conditions and in darkness, from stock plantlets pre-treated with JA and untreated, and on tuberization media with or without JA.In vitro plantlets (the industry choice in nuclear seed potato production) of all five cultivars performed well, meeting the standard criteria for greenhouse production of minitubers. Production of minitubers from microtuber-derived plants of cvs Amisk, Russet Burbank, and Umatilla Russet was similar to that of plantlet-derived plants with regard to number of minitubers. Yields (weight), however, were lower than those from plantlets. Microtuber responses to JA varied with cultivar. Amisk produced the highest number of minitubers per plot from microtubers derived from JA pre-treated plantlets. Jasmonic acid-pretreated microtubers also gave significantly more minitubers in Russet Burbank and Umatilla Russet than the microtubers from other treatments. Shepody did not benefit from JA treatments and JA pre-treated Atlantic microtubers performed poorly, producing significantly lower yields of minitubers than other cultivars. Independently of cultivar, microtubers produced under 8-h photoperiod gave significantly higher yields of minitubers than microtubers produced in the dark. Dormancy release was the key factor influencing microtuber performance. Rindite proved to be a much more effective dormancy breaking treatment than gibberellin. JA conditioning of stock plants prior to tuberization is being proposed as a treatment in production of microtubers for greenhouse production of minitubers.     

Field performance of peat-lite mix encapsulated small minitubers

Small minitubers (1.3 to 1.9 cm diameter), produced in the greenhouse from tissue culture plantlets are usually discarded because they are undersized for field planting. They have potential as a means of expanding the production of basic nuclear potato seedstocks. Field trials were conducted to evaluate the performance of greenhouse-produced minitubers at 15 and 30 cm spacings, with one or two minitubers/hill, and with or without encapsulation in a moist ball of artificial greenhouse peat-lite mix. All minitubers were green-sprouted for about two weeks under 16 hr/day fluorescent lighting before planting. Encapsulation in moist peat-lite mix significantly increased total yield by an average of 44% over minitubers without the soil mix. Independent of encapsulation, closer seed spacing and two minitubers/hill increased yields by an average of 35% and 20%, respectively, compared to wider spacing and one minituber/hill. Yields of encapsulated minitubers compared favorably with cut (50 gm) and whole (80 gm) seed, averaging 103% of the cut and 87% of the whole seed yields, respectively. These results indicate that small minitubers can be used effectively to expand production of basic nuclear seedstocks.     

Soilless production of potato minitubers using a hydroponic technique

Summary Potato minituber production is a classic way to multiply or acclimatize in vitro material before its use in the open field. This production is generally performed in a substrate of vegetable origin (based on peat) but it involves the risk of an infection by different pathogens present in the substrate, such asStreptomyces scabies (common scab),Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab), orErwinia spp. (bacterial soft rot). Another drawback associated with this system of production is its relatively high cost due to the initial cost of the in vitro material and the low multiplication rates. To solve these two problems, the Research Unit of Libramont (CRAGx, Libramont, Belgium) is developing a soilless production technique using clay balls as substrate, a recycled and disinfected nutritive solution as source of nutrients, and microtubers as in vitro starting material. With this technique (depending on variety), we have shown that a multiplication rate of 8 to 13 can be obtained, giving 470 to 760 minitubers per m² instead of a multiplication rate of 4 to 8 as observed in the controls (230 to 470 minitubers per m²). Multiplication rate may be improved even more with an adjustment of the composition of the nutrient solution. The quality of microtubers produced is excellent: no infections were observed and the physiological behaviour of these tubers is not different from the ones produced in the open field.     

Photoperiodin vitro affects subsequent yield of Greenhouse-grown potato tubers

In vitro potato plantlets of cultivar (cv.) Shepody (Solatium tuberosum L.) were exposed to 12-or 16-hr photoperiods for 8 weeks. Plantlets were acclimatized to the greenhouse and grown under 14-hr photoperiods until they senesced, and minitubers were harvested. Greenhouse-grown potato plants developed from tissue-culture plantlets exposed to a 16-hr photoperiod were taller and had more nodes than plants developed from plantlets exposed to 12-hr photoperiods. However, yield data of minitubers from greenhousegrown plants indicated that the 12-hr photoperiodic treatment increased the numbers, dry weight and specific gravity of minitubers. A further advantage of the 12-hr photoperiodic treatment was the greater numbers of minitubers in the 15–40 g size class compared with tubers in the <15 g and >40 g size classes. Thus, for the cv. Shepody, plant height and node number of greenhouse-grown plants were not good indicators of minituber yield from that crop. Seed potato nuclear stock facilities producing minitubers should investigate the possibility of optimizing minituber production by exposing multiplication cultures to shorter daylengths.     

Innovative propagation methods in seed tuber multiplication programmes

Summary The production of large volumes of vitroplantlets and greenhouse tubers for increasing the rate of multiplication at the start of seed programmes provides the opportunity of reducing the total number of field generations grown before the seed moves into commerce. This implementation is especially useful for countries where high quality potato seed tubers cannot be produced because there are no vector-free production areas. This review covers the following steps: a) laboratory production of microplantlets and microtubers; b) minituber production in the glasshouse; c) storage and dormancy of micro- and minitubers; d) field performance of micro- and minitubers compared with conventional seed tubers; e) incorporation of the mentioned propagules in seed production systems. Many optimized protocols are already available for propagating plantlets, inducing microtubers and obtaining minitubers in the glasshouse at all periods of the year. Advanced molecular approaches techniques (RFLP and RAPD) to detect genetic variation in the progeny of these propagules have been described. Investigations carried out in this field have shown genetic stability, with the propagules usually reproducing plants true-to-type and tubers without deviants. By contrast, variations were demonstrated in DNA extracted from old suspension cell culture. Field trials assessed a lower yield potential crops from in vitro propagules compared with conventional seed tubers., mainly due to slow early crop development and the failure of plants caused by early stress after emergence. This may cause problems when the growing season is short because of the necessity for planting late to avoid night frosts and the mandatory haulm killing dates, common in many seed producing areas. Strategies for improving the field performance of micro- and minitubers are discussed. The most promising crop husbandry techniques appear to be: a) using tubers of a suitable physiological age, properly presprouted and encapsulated; b) optimizing the time application of fertilizer and irrigation, and c) using floating films. Outside the classical seed tuber areas of Northern Europe where the length of the growing period for pre-basic seed is usually not more than 80 days, the growing season is long enough to obtain reasonable yields even from micro- and minitubers.     

春秋两季马铃薯微型薯休眠期及发芽特性比较分析

本研究以Favorita和南中552两个早熟品种的微型薯为试验材料,对春秋两季生产的微型薯在4℃和20℃条件下贮藏的休眠期及其发芽动态进行了系统观察。结果表明,两个基因型在20℃和4℃下贮藏,春季微型薯休眠期比秋季分别短30d左右和60d左右,有光贮藏的微型薯打破休眠的时间比黑暗贮藏时分别延长一周和两周。块茎打破休眠后,发芽动态呈"S"曲线,但生产季节、贮藏温度间存在显著差异。春季微型薯发芽持续时间均长于秋季微型薯,低温贮藏使发芽持续时间更加延长。     

Potato minituber production from nodal cuttings compared to wholein vitro plantlets using low volume media in a greenhouse

Summary A greenhouse minituber production system involving low inputs of in vitro potato plantlets and propagation media is described, in vitro plantlets of six potato cultivars were sectioned into nodal cuttings and separately planted into moist peat based growing medium in shallow plastic trays. Cultivar differences were evident with respect to node viability, shoot regrowth and minituber yields. Nodal viability for shoot regrowth varied between 80–100%. Maximum shoot heights were recorded with whole in vitro plantlets (WIP) and the terminal Node-5 cluster. All cuttings produced minitubers. The terminal Node-5 cutting and WIP produced significantly larger minitubers >3.0 g as compared to single node cuttings. Greater numbers of minitubers were produced by the cvs Norchip, Red Pontiac and Conestoga as compared to cvs Eramosa. G8610-4PY and Shepody. Total numbers of minitubers were 3 to 5 times higher from each in vitro plantlet that was sectioned into nodal cuttings as compared with intact WIP: the yield ratios depended on cultivar.     

基施有机肥对马铃薯原原种生产及二次结薯的影响

以早熟马铃薯‘早大白’为供试品种,在防虫温室内进行了有机肥对脱毒马铃薯试管苗生长及二次结薯影响的试验,旨在探索提高微型薯产量及试管苗利用率的途径。试管苗移栽70 d后收获微型薯并尽量保护好根系,继续使其结薯,进行多次收获。结果表明:多次收获微型薯的产量远高于一次性收获的微型薯产量,因此二次结薯可大大提高试管苗的生产效率。全部追施处理二次结薯单株结薯2.3粒,而基施有机肥33 kg/667 m2条件下单株结薯3.8粒,因此基施有机肥有利于试管苗的生长。