不同世代脱毒马铃薯生长动态及产量调查研究

2005年通过对不同世代脱毒马铃薯全生育期中不同生长时期的株高、茎粗及根茎叶鲜重和产量的调查,结果表明,不同世代脱毒马铃薯的生长动态差异显著,原种生长势较强,商品薯生长势较差,但原种与原原种及生产种的差异较小;不同处理间产量差异显著,原原种、原种和生产种的产量分别比商品薯提高了27.57%、39.55%和39.19%。     

马铃薯脱毒苗在不同时期移栽对生产原原种产量的影响

为探讨马铃薯脱毒苗生产原原种的适宜移栽时期问题,选用主栽品种‘荷兰15号’和‘克新13号’的脱毒苗为试验材料,采用单因素随机设计,设3月1日、3月15日、3月29日、4月12日和4月26日共5个移栽时期,研究不同移栽时期对马铃薯原原种商品薯产量和总产的影响。结果表明:无论是‘荷兰15号’还是‘克新13号’的脱毒苗,如果在3月1日移栽,可以获得较高的原原种总产量和商品薯产量。     

脱毒马铃薯不同世代生长特性及产量的研究

通过对当前主栽马铃薯品种早大白不同脱毒世代的比较试验，结果表明：脱毒原种一、二代和良种一代表现为生长整齐一致，大、中薯率高，增产显著；良种二代产量极显著低于脱毒原种良种一代，但极显著高于良种三代和对照；良种三代表现为植株不同程度感病，产量下降，大、中薯率低。说明辽宁省种植马铃薯应选用脱毒良种一代做种薯，脱毒良种一代不足的情况下可用脱毒良种二代，不能用良种三代做种薯。     

不同级别脱毒种薯对旱地马铃薯病毒和产量的影响

为了研究旱地马铃薯脱毒种薯退化原因,对不同脱毒级别的种薯进行病毒检测,播种后统计田间发病情况。结果表明,随着脱毒种薯脱毒级别的升高,种薯侵染的病毒种类明显增加,‘陇薯3号’原原种仅被2种病毒(PLRV和PVX)侵染,原种、一级种和二级种都被4种病毒(PLRV、PVX、PVS和PVM)侵染;‘陇薯6号’原原种未被病毒侵染,原种和一级种各被1种病毒(PLRV或PVX)侵染,二级种被2种病毒(PLRV和PVS)侵染,‘陇薯3号’抗病毒弱,较‘陇薯6号’易被病毒侵染。种薯播种出苗后,卷叶病和花叶病的发病率和病情指数随着种薯脱毒级别的升高而显著升高。随着马铃薯种薯脱毒级别的升高,收获后马铃薯腐烂率显著增大,商品薯率有降低趋势。除原原种外,马铃薯的产量随种薯脱毒级别的升高而显著降低,‘陇薯3号’和‘陇薯6号’的产量由高到低的顺序依次为原种一级种二级种原原种。     

小拱棚及不同基质对马铃薯原原种产量的影响

为了提高马铃薯原原种产量,降低原原种生产成本,就小拱棚及不同基质对马铃薯原原种产量的影响进行研究。选用‘克新2号’和‘青薯6号’脱毒苗为试验材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,分析了小拱棚及不同基质类型对马铃薯原原种商品薯产量和总产量的影响。结果表明,有小拱棚的产量显著高于无小拱棚的;采用"麦壳蛭石=12"的基质商品薯产量最高,其次为"羊粪蛭石=13"的基质,但"麦壳蛭石=12"和"麦壳蛭石=11"的基质商品薯率较高,且成本较低。     

不同基质生产脱毒马铃薯原原种产量比较

结合当地脱毒马铃薯大面积推广应用,马铃薯原原种需求量很大,而生产成本很高,2003～2004年,在日光温室内采用不同基质混配,用扦插苗生产脱毒马铃薯原原种,选出可以提高产量,廉价的基质,结果表明,采用砂子+羊粪,按3∶1配制,与其它处理相比单株结薯量高,产量高,薯块色泽好,可大幅度节约成本。     

脱毒苗不同苗龄及移栽期对马铃薯原原种产量的影响

选用‘克新2号’脱毒苗为试验材料,采用单因素随机设计,苗龄试验设20,25和31 d,移栽期试验苗龄为28 d,设4月10日、5月16日、6月2日和7月7日,研究不同苗龄和移栽期对马铃薯原原种商品薯产量和总产量的影响。结果表明:苗龄在31 d的脱毒苗移栽,移栽期在4月10日,可以获得较高的总产量和商品薯产量。     

三种不同苗源生产脱毒马铃薯原原种产量比较试验

对3种不同苗源（试管薯、试管苗、扦插苗）生产脱毒马铃薯原原种的产量进行对比试验,结果表明：（1）在常规栽种季节（四川地区春季为3月20日~4月20日,秋季为8月25日~9月25日）的条件下,试管薯生产原原种的产量最高,每株平均为3.5粒,试管苗与扦插苗产量相当,每株平均为2.8粒;（2）在延迟栽种的情况下,其产量高低为试管薯〉试管苗〉扦插苗,试管薯每株平均为1.9粒,试管苗为2.0粒,扦插苗为1.8粒;（3）方差分析表明,常规栽种季节试管薯与试管苗和扦插苗的产量分别达显著水平,延迟栽种条件下3者产量均未达显著水平。因此,大规模生产脱毒马铃薯原原种企业在常规栽种季节建议使用试管薯苗源,而延迟栽种的情况下建议大量使用扦插苗进行生产。     

蔗糖浓度及苗龄对马铃薯新品种‘丽薯6号’试管薯诱导的效果

马铃薯试管薯诱导技术因其能有效加快脱毒马铃薯繁殖,缩短种薯生产周期,使种薯工厂化生产成为可能而受到重视。本研究以不同苗龄的高产抗病新品种‘丽薯6号’脱毒苗为试验材料,在马铃薯适宜的8%¹2%蔗糖浓度诱导区间内使用不同浓度的蔗糖诱导试管薯,探求其最适蔗糖浓度并观察苗龄对试管薯形成的影响,旨在花费更少的成本和较短时间内诱导大量的试管薯,以便于建立原原种高效生产体系。综合分析单株结薯数及单株结薯速率,结果表明:‘丽薯6号’诱导试管薯的最适苗龄为80 d,最适蔗糖浓度为10%。在此处理下单株结薯数最多,且结薯最早,生产效率高于其他处理。     

鄂马铃薯5号标准原种高效生产试验

为加快高产、高抗晚疫病的国审马铃薯新品种"鄂马铃薯5号"的推广应用,进一步降低马铃薯脱毒种薯的生产成本,本试验在高海拔地区(1 880 m)对标准原种(≥5g)的高效生产进行了初步试验。试验对脱毒原原种以不同的密度进行栽培,统计标准原种的产量及效益。试验结果为:原原种的种植密度每667 m2为32 000株时,标准原种产量及效益最高,分别达14.22万粒和10 220元。试验结果还表明:随着种植密度的增大,低重量标准种薯的比例逐渐增加,尤其是5~15 g的种薯比例增加较大,标准种薯的平均单薯重逐渐降低,以利减少种薯的运输成本。     

马鈴薯脱毒种薯早收试验

1984～1985年,作者在北京延庆县田间观察马铃薯脱毒种薯早收对减少种薯感染病毒的效果。在桃蚜迁飞高峰后10～15天割秧的(以下简称割秧)病毒感染率很低:1984年0.08～0.25%;1985年1.17～1.50%。不割秧的病毒感染率很高:1984年0.83%;1985年3.30%。翌年挖取芽眼经病毒提取作PVX、PVY和TMA血清鉴定,割秧者呈阴性反应,不割秧者呈阳性。翌年将所得种薯栽种田间目测病毒症状,割秧者未见症状,不割秧者病毒株率5.5%。割秧每亩8000穴的亩产10克以上的种薯块数达32240～37600块,而不割秧正常密度的亩产10克以上种薯块数只16400～26800块。因此,早割秧密植不仅可以减少病毒感染,而且利于加大种薯繁殖系数。     

Effect of production temperature of seed potatoes on subsequent yielding potential

A two year experiment was conducted to test if the temperature environment under which seed potatoes are produced significantly affects the tuber development and yield of the resultant potato plants. Six temperature regimes were established in the controlled facility of the Biotron. Two generations ofSolanum tuberosum ‘Kennebec’ tubers were grown in these environments and the yielding ability of plants produced from these tubers was tested in greenhouse facilities. Plant growth and tuber yields were similar to those which might be expected under field conditions, and marked differences in the development and productivity as a result of the production environment of the seed tubers were apparent. However, no evidence was found to support the contention that seed potatoes originating from cooler environments had any increased potential to produce higher yielding plants than comparable seed from warm environments. Even within a generation, the highest yields were found in the warmest environments, somewhat modifying the concept that the potato is strictly a cool-season crop. Other possible non-pathogenic explanations for previously observed differences in seed quality as a result of the production environment are discussed.     

Carrot Pathogen ‘<Emphasis Type="Italic">Candidatus</Emphasis> Liberibacter solanacearum’ Haplotype C Detected in Symptomless Potato Plants in Finland

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CLso) haplotype C, a bacterial pathogen transmitted by the carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis, causes yield losses in carrot production. Due to concerns that this pathogen might also threaten potato (Solanum tuberosum) production, the occurrence of CLso in cultivated and volunteer potatoes in Tavastia Proper and Satakunta regions of Finland was studied. Volunteer potato plants were found in 13 of the 27 inspected carrot fields. Of the 148 potato samples tested by PCR, eight volunteer potato plants and one cultivated potato grown at the edge of a carrot field were found to be CLso positive. The PCR products obtained from these potatoes with primers OA2/OI2c, LpFrag4-1611F/LpFrag4-480R and CL514F/CL514R all showed 100% sequence identity to CLso haplotype C. This is the first observation of CLso haplotype C in field-grown potatoes. In addition, transmission experiments were performed. Attempts to transmit CLso into potato with carrot psyllids were not successful; however, CLso haplotype C was transmitted from infected carrots to potato plants by leaf grafting and by phloem connection formed by dodder, a parasitic plant, and found to survive in the potato plants for several weeks after transmission. However, the bacterial colonisation progressed slowly in the potato phloem and the amount of bacteria detected was low. The plants produced from the daughter tubers of the CLso-positive potato plants were all CLso negative, suggesting that CLso haplotype C was not able to pass to the daughter plants. None of the CLso-positive potatoes inoculated in greenhouse or collected from fields showed symptoms characteristic of zebra chip disease, associated with CLso haplotypes A and B.     

Early potatoes in Italy with particular reference to Sicily

Summary In Italy, the early potato cultivars of greatest economic significance are those grown off-season, in a cycle which is generally much earlier than the typical spring-summer cycle. Of the area given over to early potatoes in Italy, more than 90% is in the southern regions. The economic value of this production is due to its extraseasonality, which allows much of the early potato harvest to be sold on foreign markets. In Sicily, more than 5000 ha of potato are grown, with a high frequency of potato crops on small plots. Early potatoes are often rotated with various fruits and vegetables, and the length of the cycle is variable, from 100 to 140 days. Choosing the most suitable cultivar is the most complex aspect of early potato growing. Of the criteria used, tuber growth rate has shown most validity. In Sicily two cultivars are mainly grown: Sieglinde and the more recent but well-established Spunta. Agricultural techniques used for early potato cultivation vary depending on the area. An overview of the agronomic practices used in different areas is given in this paper.     

整薯播种对马铃薯生育及产量的影响

1979～1984年,在黑龙江省北部黑土地区气象条件、生产水平和栽培条件下,通过田间试验,研究了整薯播种对马铃薯生育和产量的影响。结果表明:整薯播种与传统习惯的切块播种相比,6年期间平产出现频率为2次,一般年份整薯播种比切块播种增产9～12%,在春旱严重的1980年,整薯播种表现出非常突出的抗旱保苗效果。在群体叶面积发展进程上,整薯播种表现早发早衰,切块播种晚发晚表,一般年份光合势前者比后者高9.6%,春旱严重的1980年高82.8%。块茎商品率以112.5克为准时,6年平均整薯播种为74.1%,切块播种为80.0%,两者相差5.9%;以50克为准时,整薯播种为97.3%,切块播种为98.2%,两者相差0.9%。     

Occurrence of Viruses Affecting Potato Crops in Khartoum State-Sudan

The incidence of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), and Potato virus Y (PVY) in potato crops derived from various types of seed potatoes was assessed visually and confirmed by direct tissue blot immunoassay, over two winter growing seasons (1999/2000, 2000/2001) at three locations, Elnaiya, Elshehinab, and Shambat in Khartoum State, the main potato growing region in Sudan. Virus infection was most prevalent in 2000/2001. In general, crops grown directly from imported certified seed potatoes and from “improved seed”, produced in Sudan from imported basic seed, showed the lowest levels of PLRV and PVY compared with crops grown from Sudanese farm saved seed. For AMV, however, only crops grown directly from imported certified seed potatoes had low levels of AMV. Crop location also affected virus incidence, although this varied with year. For AMV, levels were similar at all locations in 1999/2000, but were greatest at Elnaiya in 2000/2001. For PVY, levels were greatest at Elnaiya in 1999/2000 and Shambat in 2000/2001. For PLRV, no symptoms were observed in 1999/2000 and virus levels were similar for all locations in 2000/2001. This study reports for the first time the occurrence of AMV in potatoes grown in Sudan.     

Relationship between silver scurf levels on seed and progeny tubers from successive generations of potato seed

The level of silver scurf on potato seed tubers on successive generations of potato seed tubers and their progeny tubers was investigated during 3 years in the field. The objective was to determine the importance of seed-borne inoculum on silver scurf development on the subsequent progeny tubers. Silver scurf incidence and severity increased with each generation. Coefficients of determination for disease levels among generations were significant and ranged from 0.89 to 0.97, indicating that seed tuber source accounted for a large proportion of silver scurf on progeny seed tubers. Incidence and severity of silver scurf also increased with decreasing time periods between potato crops in the field. In a field near Paterson, WA, where potatoes had not been previously grown, the severity of silver scurf increased on progeny tubers of cvs Russet Norkotah, Ranger Russet, and Shepody as disease severity increased on seed tubers of successive generations. Disease severity index significantly increased as disease incidence increased. The relationship between the two was best described using a curvilinear regression model.     

Net photosynthetic rate of potato at high temperatures

Summary Potato cultivars were grown in a glasshouse and plants periodically transferred to a growth chamber. When the ambient temperature in the growth chamber was raised from 15 to 40°C in steps of 5°C per hour, net photosynthetic rate decreased at temperatures above 20°C. At 40°C the rate was 37% of the rate at 20°C. A greater decrease in net photosynthetic rate occurred with plants of the cultivar Up-to-Date than with cultivars R100 and BP13. Low values of leaf diffusive resistance were recorded and changes in photosynthetic rate could not be explained by changes in this factor. When a constant ambient air temperature of 20°C was maintained while soil temperature was increased, net photosynthetic rate decreased.     

Aminopyralid Residue Impacts on Potatoes and Weeds

Aminopyralid is used in Alaska to control certain invasive weed species; however it appears to have an extended soil half-life in interior Alaska resulting in carry-over injury in potatoes. Field studies at three experiment stations in Delta Junction, Fairbanks, and Palmer, Alaska were established to determine the dose–response of weeds and above and below ground potato growth to soil-applied aminopyralid (0, 8, 15, 31, 62, and 123 g ae ha^?1) . Both prostrate knotweed and narrowleaf hawksbeard were susceptible to aminopyralid. At Delta Junction and Fairbanks, visual injury of potatoes greater than 25 % was observed at 15 g ae ha^?1 aminopyralid, whereas at Palmer visual injury was greater than 40 % at 8 g ae ha^?1, the lowest rate tested. Potato tuber production was reduced by aminopyralid at rates of 15 g ae ha^?1 and above at both Delta Junction and Palmer. Sub-samples of potato tubers from Delta Junction and Palmer were analyzed for aminopyralid content and grown out to determine if aminopyralid in tubers would reduce subsequent growth. The aminopyralid concentration in potato tubers increased with increasing field application rates, with 30 ppb extracted from tubers grown at the highest application rate (123 g ae ha^?1). All plants grown from daughter tubers except from control plots in Palmer exhibited injury symptoms. The number of emerged shoots, and shoot height decreased with increasing aminopyralid concentrations in the tuber, with injury rates greater than 70 % at 8 g ae ha^?1.     

Potato- An Important Source of Nutritional Kynurenic Acid

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a metabolite of tryptophan which is formed along the kynurenine pathway. KYNA may possess neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. This study measured the concentration of KYNA in various varieties of potatoes and products made from potatoes. KYNA content was determined by means of the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. KYNA was found in all 16 studied varieties of potato tubers in amounts varying from 0.239 to 3.240 μg/g dry weight. The content of KYNA in potato tubers declined during long-term storage. The content of KYNA in French fries varied from 0.100 to 0.646 μg/g dry weight. KYNA content in potato crisps was 0.478 and 0.576 μg/g dry weight. Hence, all in all, we concluded that the amount of KYNA potentially delivered to the human body in potatoes and various foods produced from potatoes is high and might be compared to the amount of KYNA present in a maximum daily dose of popular herbs and herbal medicines.