Some Effects of Afforestation with Lodgepole Pine on Rates of Nitrogen Mineralization in Peat

Rates of mineral nitrogen production and carbon dioxide evolutionin incubated samples from the upper 300mm of peat beneath lodgepolepine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) have been compared with those foradjacent unplanted areas at each of six sites in the North ofScotland. Under both aerobic (moist) and anaerobic (water logged)conditions, rates of mineral nitrogen production at 30°Care strongly influenced by peatland type, sampling depth andafforestation. During the early stages of the incubation underaerobic conditions, samples of planted peat showed a more rapidaccumulation of mineral nitrogen than did samples from unplantedareas, the amounts after 17 days being 170ppm and 46ppm mineralN, respectively; after 62 days however, the difference was nolonger significant. The mean rate of CO₂ production averaged446µg CO₂ g^–1 day^–1 in planted as against728µg in unplanted peat. Under anaerobic conditions, amountsof mineral nitrogen accumulated were similar in planted andunplanted sites but a difference in accumulation between the0–150 and 150–300mm horizons in unplanted peat wassignificantly reduced beneath the trees.     

Influence of Tree Roots on Nitrogen Mineralization

This study compared the total carbon (C), mineral nitrogen (N) contents and N mineralization potentials of the rhizospheric and bulk soils, collected at two depths in three forest sites in France. The site at Breuil is a comparative plantation of different species with or without fertilization, the Fougères site is a time sequence of four Fagus sylvatica L . stands including a limed plot, and the Aubure site is a comparison between adjacent young and old Picea abies. (L.) Karst stands with different nitrifying activity. Mineral N was extracted from fresh soil with K 2 SO 4 and after laboratory incubation at 15°;C for 2 days or 1 week. The moisture, C and N contents of the rhizospheric soil were higher than in the bulk soil in the A 1 horizon, but only slightly higher or similar in A 1 B horizons. Soil-extractable NH 4 and net mineralization were much larger in the rhizospheric soil than in the bulk soil. Soil-extractable NO 3 and net nitrification were not significantly different. Soil-extractable NH 4 and net N mineralization were linearly and positively related to the soil C (or N) contents, but the relationship was stronger and the amount of mineral N per gram of carbon was higher for rhizospheric soil. This suggests that the quality of rhizospheric carbon should be taken into account. Net N mineralization was negatively related to the soil C/N ratio. In summary, tree roots appear to have a strong influence on N transformation in soils.     

接种线虫对复垦铜尾矿地碱解氮及氮素矿化的影响

在室内恒温（20℃）控制性培养1个月和2个月后,研究了土壤线虫活动对铜尾矿复垦地土壤碱解氮以及氮素矿化的影响。实验分别设置草、小飞蓬和茅草3种优势植被土下的3个处理：①不接种线虫的对照处理（－Nem ）;②培养盆内接种125条线虫处理（＋125Nem ）;③培养盆内接种250条线虫处理（＋250Nem）,每个处理设置3个重复。实验结果显示：无论是1个月还是2个月为周期的室内培养,在以铜尾矿复垦地土壤为供试土壤中接种线虫处理（＋125Nem ,＋250Nem）的土壤碱解氮含量较相应的对照处理（－Nem）有显著性提高（p＜0．01）。草优势植被土下接种线虫（＋125Nem ,＋250Nem）1个月周期内碱解氮含量分别是对照处理（－N em ）的4．05倍和5．72倍,2个月周期内分别是5．58倍和7．04倍;小飞蓬优势植被土下接种线虫（＋125Nem ,＋250Nem）1个月周期内碱解氮含量分别是对照处理（－Nem）的3．01倍和4．31倍,2个月周期内分别是4．07倍和5．67倍;茅草优势植被土下接种线虫（＋125Nem ,＋250Nem）1个月周期内碱解氮含量分别是对照处理（－N em ）的2．07倍和2．96倍,2个月周期内分别是2．90倍和3．93倍。通过相关数据计算这两个周期内土壤的氮素矿化速率发现,接种线虫后（＋125Nem ,＋250Nem ）,土壤的氮素矿化速率显著高于（p＜0．01）相对应的不接种线虫对照处理（－Nem）,并且在2个月培养期内接种250条线虫处理（＋250Nem）条件下达到最高值。     

退耕造林对土壤氮矿质化的影响

土壤中供林木吸收利用的氮元素主要来自于微生物对有机质的分解,其矿化率常常是林木生长的主要限制因素(Reichet al.,1997)。矿化氮含量常作为土壤供氮能力的一项重要指标(Campbellet al.,1995),由于缺乏田间条件下测定矿化率的有效方法,矿化率和其他生物化学过程间关系的确定受到制约,因此,一直以实验室培养来模仿田间氮矿质化过程,好气性培养法(Stanfordet al.,1972;Bondeet al.,1987;Maimoneetal.,1991;Motavalliet al.,1995)是广泛采用的方法,但缺乏对土壤中氮动态变化的长期研究(Richteret al.,1994a;Leighet al.,1994;Richteret a…     

Nitrogen Mineralization and Organic Matter Decomposition in Scots Pine Humus

Nitrogen deficiency in many northern coniferous forests is associatedwith increasing age of the crop and is thought to be due toa slow rate of release of available nitrogen from the organiclayers of the forest floor. Practical ways of stimulating nitrogenrelease from this material by applications of nitrogen, phosphorus,and lime are being studied in a 40-year-old crop of nitrogen-deficientScots pine (Pinus sylveitris L.) at Culbin Forest, Moray. Threeyears after lime and phosphorus treatments, and two years afterthe second fertilizer nitrogen application, significant treatmenteffects included both markedly higher pH values and increasedrates of organic matter decomposition on incubation (at 30 °Cfor 62 days) for humus from plots given lime and higher ratesof net production of mineral nitrogen on incubation for humusfrom plots given fertilizer forms of ammonium sulphate, urea,and ammonium nitrate. Only urea-treated humus still showed asignificantly higher total nitrogen content at this time, I.54per cent of organic matter compared with 141 per cent in untreatedmaterial.     

添加葡萄糖对杉木人工林土壤氮素转化及净矿化和硝化的影响

以亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,研究添加葡萄糖(C量水平分别是0,100,300,1 000,2 000,5 000 mg·kg-1)对土壤氮含量、氮素矿化和硝化的影响。结果表明,葡萄糖添加降低土壤无机氮含量和比例,硝态氮的降低幅度大于铵态氮;但是没有降低可溶性有机氮(SON)和pH值,甚至提高SON的比例。添加葡萄糖降低氮素净矿化和硝化速率,氮素矿化作用受到抑制。结果显示,随着葡萄糖添加,亲水性氮所占比例显著降低,这与氮的固持和转化有关,导致SON比例增加;分析表明,硝态氮和可溶性有机氮在提取液全氮中所占比例成显著的线性负相关关系(R2=0.902)。研究发现,1 000 mg·kg-1的葡萄糖C添加量可能是影响杉木人工林土壤氮素转化的分界点。     

去除和添加凋落物对杉木人工林土壤氮矿化的影响

2007年7月在天际岭国家森林公园用树脂芯原位测定去除凋落物、添加凋落物对土壤无机氮含量的影响.结果表明:经过28 d的培养,土壤中3种处理之间的NO-3-N含量差异不显著(p＞0.05),NH4+-N的差异则极显著(p＜0.01);NH4+-N含量从培养前的16.92、23.55和20.50 mg·kg-1分别降低到7.87、4.06和10.4 mg·kg-1,NO-3-N含量则从培养前的0.43、0.45和0.47mg·kg-1分别上升到5.84、5.21和6.52 mg·kg-1;净铵化量均出现负值,分别降低了9.05、19.50和10.36 mg·kg-1,净硝化量均为正值,分别增加了5.41、4.76和6.05 mg·kg-1.这一研究结果有助于更好地认识亚热带森林生态系统土壤氮循环过程.     

城乡梯度森林土壤原易位N矿化

以位于南昌市城乡生态界面的湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林为研究对象,开展城区、郊区、乡村3个不同梯度土壤N原位、易位培养试验.结果表明:培养土壤来源对土壤的氨化、硝化速率影响差异极显著(P＜0.001),对净矿化速率影响差异显著(P＜0.05);氨化速率表现为乡村土壤来源(0.11 mg·kg-1·30 d-1)＞郊区土壤来源(-0.92mg·kg-1·30d-1)＞城区土壤来源(-2.02 mg·kg-1·30 d-1);硝化速率表现为乡村土壤来源(0.44 mg·kg-1·30 d-1)较低,城区(3.18 mg·kg-1·30 d-1)和郊区土壤来源(3.35 mg·kg-1·30 d-1)较高;净矿化速率表现为乡村土壤来源(0.54 mg·kg-1·30 d-1)＜城区土壤来源(1.16 mg·kg-1·30 d-1)＜郊区土壤来源(2.43 mg·kg-1·30 d-1).培养位置对氨化速率影响差异不显著(P＞0.05),对硝化速率、净矿化速率影响差异极显著(P＜0.001);硝化速率和净矿化速率均表现为乡村(0.68 mg·kg-1·30 d-1和-0.29 kg·kg-1·30 d-1)和郊区(1.78 mg·kg-1·30 d-1和1.06 mg·kg-1-30 d-1)较低,城区(4.51 mg·kg-1·30 d-1和3.36mg·kg-1·30 d-1)较高.总体来看,土壤N的矿化过程既与土壤理化特性有关,又明显受到城市化的影响.     

增温和氮添加对中亚热带杉木人工林土壤氮矿化和N2O排放的影响

目的 研究增温和氮沉降对中亚热带森林土壤氮矿化和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的影响,以期深入认识全球变化背景下中亚热带森林土壤氮循环过程。 方法 选取经过野外增温和氮添加处理的中亚热带杉木人工林土壤,将野外非增温处理和增温处理的土壤置于不同温度（20、25 ℃）培养箱中,同时对野外氮添加处理的土壤继续添加不同梯度的氮素（0.1、0.2 g·kg−1,以干土计）,进行为期28 d的室内培养,研究增温和氮添加对土壤氮矿化和N2O排放的影响。 结果 与对照相比,增温和氮添加及二者交互处理增加了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和矿质氮含量,且氮添加水平越高增加越明显,增温处理增加不显著。与对照相比,培养28 d后增温处理的土壤净铵化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率变化不显著,低氮、增温 + 低氮显著增加土壤净硝化速率,而高氮、增温 + 高氮显著降低土壤净氮矿化速率。与对照相比,增温和氮添加及二者交互处理总体降低土壤N2O排放速率,土壤N2O累积排放量也显著降低（P<0.05）,其中,单独增温、低氮、高氮、增温 + 低氮和增温 + 高氮处理土壤N2O累积排放量显著低于对照50%、21%、29%、62%和31%。增温和氮添加及二者交互处理显著降低土壤pH值。相关性分析表明：土壤N2O排放速率与土壤pH值呈显著正相关,与硝化速率呈显著负相关,而与土壤铵化速率无显著相关。 结论 增温和氮添加降低土壤pH值,同时抑制土壤N2O排放,因此,全球变化背景下中亚热带森林土壤中存留的硝态氮可能以淋溶方式损失。     

草炭及其改良土壤对氮、磷、钾的吸附特性

以草炭、壤土、砂土为试材,研究其在恒温条件下对氮、磷、钾的吸附特征,并筛选最佳模型来拟合各吸附等温线.结果表明:草炭对氮、磷的保肥能力较强,对钾的保肥能力极弱;增施草炭后,有助于提高不同土壤载体对氮和磷的保持能力,对钾的保肥能力无明显提高;用3种不同模型拟合,发现Freundlich与Temkin模型可以很好拟合铵离子吸附等温线,磷、钾的吸附等温线用Freundlich模型拟合效果较好,线形方程拟合草炭吸附铵的效果最好(R2=0.99).     

草炭杯容器育苗实验

为提高苗木质量和造林成活率,选用了几种不同容器(草炭杯、塑料杯、蜂窝纸杯、泥土杯),进行了其中以草炭杯为主的对比育苗实验。通过实验调查对比分析,得出结论:草炭杯育苗可以提高苗木质量,增加苗木产量,降低育苗成本。在林业生产建设上具有较高的推广应用价值。     

氮沉降对凋落物分解的影响研究进展

过去几十年的人类活动增加了陆地生态系统的氮输入量,对凋落物分解的影响有促进、抑制和没有影响3种情况。凋落物的基质质量影响凋落物的分解,其中木质素、纤维素、酚类物质、N浓度、P浓度、C/N比、C/P比、木质素/N比具有重要作用。人类活动引起的全球变化,如CO₂增加、温度上升和降水变化,影响了氮沉降的速率和凋落物分解。未来氮沉降对凋落物分解的研究热点包括加强氮沉降对热带与亚热带森林凋落物和阔叶树种凋落物分解影响的研究,氮沉降对凋落物分解影响研究的长期化,采用13C同位素研究凋落物分解,注重凋落物分解对氮沉降与大气CO₂浓度升高、气候变暖、降水变化、紫外线辐射增强、P沉降交互作用响应的研究。     

Research Advances in Effect of Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Carbon Sequestration

Nitrogen deposition imposes important impact on the function and the stability of forest carbon sequestration.This paper reviewed the research advances in the increasing response of forest carbon sequestration to nitiogen deposition, described the application prospects of stable carbon isotope technique in the research field.And finally this paper pointed out that,on the condition that nitrogen deposition rises,on the allocation of forest photosynthetic products and the change in soil carbon turnover rate are the two hotspots in the future carbon cycling research.     

The Application of Fertilizers to Drained Peat 2. Uptake by Vegetation and Residual Distribution in Peat

Analyses of peat cores taken from lysimeters, which had beenused to monitor leaching losses from a drained peat on a raisedbog for three years, showed that much of the applied fertiliser,rock phosphate and potassium chloride, was retained in the uppermost0.3 m of the peat. Undisturbed bog vegetation had accumulated10–13 per cent of the applied P and K and losses to drainagewater amounted to about 10 and 35 per cent respectively. Whenboth nutrients were applied together leaching losses were reduced,vegetation uptake was increased and more was retained in thepeat. Within the fairly wide 95 per cent confidence limits mostof the P and Ca could be accounted for but K showed a deficit.The Ca in the rock phosphate was almost entirely retained inthe peat.     

泥炭营养块压制成型的试验研究

介绍了泥炭营养块压制成型研究的试验过程与结果分析,采用正交试验设计方法讨论了水分对泥炭营养块压制成型的影响。试验表明,基质填充量、颗粒配比对泥炭营养块压制成型的影响显著。在兼顾生产效率、生产条件和不影响泥炭营养块品质的情况下,减少基质填充量、提高成型压力、选择合理的粒径配比可提高泥炭营养块的抗压强度和压实密度。     

不同氮素处理对文冠果幼苗生长的影响

通过小区盆栽试验,研究不同氮素用量对文冠果生长的影响,以确定文冠果生长的最佳氮素用量。结果表明:生长量随着氮素水平的提高而增加,表明氮素对根、茎、叶等生长量的增加影响较大,但若施氮过量时,效果反而开始下降,其中以90m~2施氮肥200mg为最适施用量。     

西南酸雨区重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林土壤氮矿化特征

【目的】探讨重庆缙云山2012—2014年土壤矿质氮(铵态氮和硝态氮)变化规律、输入来源与氮矿化特征,明确土壤氮矿化的驱动因素,以期为深入研究该地区土壤养分循环提供理论依据。【方法】在重庆缙云山选择能代表中亚热带森林生态系统的常绿阔叶林,设置1块20 m×20 m样地,内部布设5个4 m×4 m样方,于2012—2014年每年4—9月每月月末,采集上、中、下层(0~15,15~30和30~60 cm)土壤样品,同步观测样地内土壤呼吸速率,并收集穿透雨与干流;在实验室内测定土壤铵态氮(NH4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO3^--N)和全氮(TN)含量;并用原位培养法测定土壤氮素矿化速率。【结果】土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量在年际、月际(除2012年铵态氮含量)及各土层间均差异显著(P<0.05),4—9月土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均呈递增趋势,上层土壤的铵态氮与硝态氮含量均表现为2013年>2012年>2014年,各土层间铵态氮含量表现为中层>下层>上层,硝态氮含量表现为随土层加深而递减趋势;土壤氨化速率和硝化速率的月际变化为单峰或先升后降再上升的趋势,年际变化均表现为2013年>2014年>2012年;土壤铵态氮含量与硝态氮含量在各土层间极显著(P<0.05)或显著(P<0.01)正相关,但与穿透雨和干流输入量相关性不显著;土壤氨化速率与硝化速率均与土壤呼吸速率极显著(P<0.01)正相关,而与土壤pH值极显著(P<0.01)负相关;土壤呼吸速率大于4μmol·m^-2 s^-1时,土壤氨化速率和硝化速率明显随pH上升而下降,土壤呼吸速率小于4μmol·m^-2 s^-1且土壤pH值为3.70~3.75时,氨化速率与硝化速率开始出现小幅上升,之后下降。【结论】重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林土壤矿质氮含量具有年际、月际及土层间差异;土壤矿质氮含量受穿透雨和干流氮(包括铵态氮和硝态氮)输入量的影响较小,而与相邻土层氮含量相关更紧密;土壤pH值升高对土壤的氨化和硝化速率有抑制作用,且其抑制作用大小随土壤呼吸速率大小不同而变。     

氮沉降对森林碳汇功能影响的研究进展

氮沉降增加对森林碳汇功能的大小和稳定性具有重要影响。文中介绍了森林碳汇对氮沉降增加响应的研究进展,概述了同位素技术在该研究领域的应用前景,指出在沉降增加条件下森林光合产物分配和土壤碳周转速率变化将是未来森林碳循环研究的热点。     

Some Short-term Effects of Lime and Fertilizers on a Sitka Spruce Plantation: II. Laboratory Studies on Litter Decomposition and Nitrogen Mineralization

Laboratory incubation experiments show that lime, applied inthe field or immediately before incubating, increases the rateat which Sitka spruce needles and forest floor litter decompose.Increases in CO₂ production caused by lime were accompaniedby the rapid assimilation of both native and added mineral N.Added mineral N also increased CO₂, produced from lime-treatedspruce needles. Results are related to field data reported inthe first paper of this series.     

泥炭块制作机的研制

介绍了泥炭块制作机的结构和工作原理,分析了泥炭块成型过程,对该机分度凸轮机构和曲柄滑块机构进行了运动学计算.