辛伐他汀通过激活p38MAPK信号通路促进MC3T3-E1细胞增殖的研究

为研究辛伐他汀通过激活p38MAPK信号通路对小鼠胚胎成骨前体细胞(MC3T3-E1)增殖的影响,将试验分为2个部分:①将辛伐他汀作用于MC3T3-E1细胞,设置不同的辛伐他汀浓度和作用时间,采用pNPP、CCK8方法检测细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性并得到辛伐他汀对MC3T3-E1细胞增殖作用的最适浓度和最佳培养时间....     

Maternal oxytocin triggers a transient inhibitory switch in GABA signaling in the fetal brain during delivery

We report a signaling mechanism in rats between mother and fetus aimed at preparing fetal neurons for delivery. In immature neurons, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. We found that, shortly before delivery, there is a transient reduction in the intracellular chloride concentration and an excitatory-to-inhibitory switch of GABA actions. These events were triggered by oxytocin, an essential maternal hormone for labor. In vivo administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist before delivery prevented the switch of GABA actions in fetal neurons and aggravated the severity of anoxic episodes. Thus, maternal oxytocin inhibits fetal neurons and increases their resistance to insults during delivery.     

Structure of an HIF-1alpha -pVHL complex: hydroxyproline recognition in signaling

The ubiquitination of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) plays a central role in the cellular response to changes in oxygen availability. pVHL binds to HIF only when a conserved proline in HIF is hydroxylated, a modification that is oxygen-dependent. The 1.85 angstrom structure of a 20-residue HIF-1alpha peptide-pVHL-ElonginB-ElonginC complex shows that HIF-1alpha binds to pVHL in an extended beta strand-like conformation. The hydroxyproline inserts into a gap in the pVHL hydrophobic core, at a site that is a hotspot for tumorigenic mutations, with its 4-hydroxyl group recognized by buried serine and histidine residues. Although the beta sheet-like interactions contribute to the stability of the complex, the hydroxyproline contacts are central to the strict specificity characteristic of signaling.     

SIF干预肥胖大鼠下丘脑瘦素介导JAK/STAT信号通路的研究

通过观察SIF对肥胖大鼠下丘脑中瘦素介导的信号通路蛋白表达的影响,探讨SIF对肥胖大鼠的干预机制。采用高脂饲料饲喂大鼠,建立肥胖动物模型,并将肥胖大鼠分为4组,分别灌胃SIF,剂量为：对照组（Ⅰ组）0 mg·kg–1、低剂量组（Ⅱ组）50 mg·kg–1、中剂量组（Ⅲ组）150 mg·kg–1、高剂量组（Ⅳ组）450 mg·kg–1,并设置正常大鼠基础组（Ⅴ组）,饲喂基础饲料,并灌胃给予SIF处理等体积的羧甲基纤维素钠,连续4周。采用HE染色法观察下丘脑组织学结构变化,免疫组织化学SABC法检测下丘脑中瘦素介导的JAK/STAT信号转导通路蛋白OB Rb（瘦素受体长型）,JAK2（内源性酪氨酸蛋白激酶2）,p STAT3（磷酸化的信号转导与转录激活子3）,SOCS3（细胞因子信号3抑制因子）,NPY（神经肽Y）的表达水平。结果显示：高剂量组和基础组OB Rb,JAK2,p STAT3的阳性表达水平显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）,且前述蛋白均有随SIF的剂量增加而表达增多趋势。高剂量组和基础组的SOCS3和NPY表达水平显著较其他组低（P＜0.05）,但NPY在背内侧核和室旁核的表达随SIF的剂量增加而增多。OB Rb,JAK2,p STAT3,SOCS3和NPY均在下丘脑广泛表达,并随SIF的剂量增加而变化,提示SIF对瘦素介导的信号通路有一定作用并与机体能量的调节密切相关;SIF通过干预大鼠下丘脑瘦素JAK/STAT信号通路具有减重作用,并呈剂量依赖性。     

Comment on "Maternal oxytocin triggers a transient inhibitory switch in GABA signaling in the fetal brain during delivery"

Tyzio et al. (Reports, 15 December 2006, p. 1788) reported that maternal oxytocin triggers a transient excitatory-to-inhibitory switch of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling during labor, thus protecting the fetal rat brain from anoxic injury. However, a body of evidence supports the possibility that oxytocin is released from the fetal pituitary during delivery, not only from the mother, particularly under conditions of hypoxic stress.     

miR-142-3p在MCF-7细胞中靶向调节AKT pathway活性机理

为探究miR-142-3p在MCF-7细胞中作用机理,采用RNA免疫共沉淀技术和双荧光素酶报告基因技术筛选及验证miR-142-3p作用靶基因;蛋白质免疫印迹技术验证靶基因及其介导的PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路蛋白表达量及通路活性;应用实时荧光定量PCR验证靶基因PTEN对miR-142-3p调节关系。结果表明,miR-142-3p靶向调节AKT和PTEN表达;miR-142-3p过表达组中PI3K-AKT-mTOR通路活性显著降低;miR-142-3p抑制组中PI3K-AKT-mTOR通路活性显著上升;抑制PTEN表达显著提高miR-142-3p表达量。因此miR-142-3p靶向调节AKT和PTEN表达继而抑制PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路活性,PTEN与miR-142-3p存在调节关系。     

Impaired B and T cell antigen receptor signaling in p110delta PI 3-kinase mutant mice

Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of p85/p110 heterodimeric lipid kinases that generate second messenger signals downstream of tyrosine kinases, thereby controlling cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Mammals express three class IA catalytic subunits: p110alpha, p110beta, and p110delta. It is unclear to what extent these p110 isoforms have overlapping or distinct biological roles. Mice expressing a catalytically inactive form of p110delta (p110delta(D910A)) were generated by gene targeting. Antigen receptor signaling in B and T cells was impaired and immune responses in vivo were attenuated in p110delta mutant mice. They also developed inflammatory bowel disease. These results reveal a selective role for p110delta in immunity.     

The brain in AIDS: central nervous system HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia complex

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is frequently complicated in its late stages by the AIDS dementia complex, a neurological syndrome characterized by abnormalities in cognition, motor performance, and behavior. This dementia is due partially or wholly to a direct effect of the virus on the brain rather than to opportunistic infection, but its pathogenesis is not well understood. Productive HIV-1 brain infection is detected only in a subset of patients and is confined largely or exclusively to macrophages, microglia, and derivative multinucleated cells that are formed by virus-induced cell fusion. Absence of cytolytic infection of neurons, oligodentrocytes, and astrocytes has focused attention on the possible role of indirect mechanisms of brain dysfunction related to either virus or cell-coded toxins. Delayed development of the AIDS dementia complex, despite both early exposure of the nervous system to HIV-1 and chronic leptomeningeal infection, indicates that although this virus is "neurotropic," it is relatively nonpathogenic for the brain in the absence of immunosuppression. Within the context of the permissive effect of immunosuppression, genetic changes in HIV-1 may underlie the neuropathological heterogeneity of the AIDS dementia complex and its relatively independent course in relation to the systemic manifestations of AIDS noted in some patients.     

Induction of APOBEC3G ubiquitination and degradation by an HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-SCF complex

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vif is essential for viral evasion of host antiviral factor CEM15/APOBEC3G. We report that Vif interacts with cellular proteins Cul5, elongins B and C, and Rbx1 to form an Skp1-cullin-F-box (SCF)-like complex. The ability of Vif to suppress antiviral activity of APOBEC3G was specifically dependent on Cul5-SCF function, allowing Vif to interact with APOBEC3G and induce its ubiquitination and degradation. A Vif mutant that interacted with APOBEC3G but not with Cul5-SCF was functionally inactive. The Cul5-SCF was also required for Vif function in distantly related simian immunodeficiency virus mac. These results indicate that the conserved Cul5-SCF pathway used by Vif is a potential target for antiviral development.     

Long-distance signaling in nodulation directed by a CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase

Proliferation of legume nodule primordia is controlled by shoot-root signaling known as autoregulation of nodulation (AON). Mutants defective in AON show supernodulation and increased numbers of lateral roots. Here, we demonstrate that AON in soybean is controlled by the receptor-like protein kinase GmNARK (Glycine max nodule autoregulation receptor kinase), similar to Arabidopsis CLAVATA1 (CLV1). Whereas CLV1 functions in a protein complex controlling stem cell proliferation by short-distance signaling in shoot apices, GmNARK expression in the leaf has a major role in long-distance communication with nodule and lateral root primordia.     

SIR1, an upstream component in auxin signaling identified by chemical genetics

Auxin is a plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. We used a chemical genetics approach to identify SIR1, a regulator of many auxin-inducible genes. The sir1 mutant was resistant to sirtinol, a small molecule that activates many auxin-inducible genes and promotes auxin-related developmental phenotypes. SIR1 is predicted to encode a protein composed of a ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1-like domain and a Rhodanese-like domain homologous to that of prolyl isomerase. We suggest a molecular context for how the auxin signal is propagated to exert its biological effects.     

MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib are effective treatments for lung cancers with EGFR activating mutations, but these tumors invariably develop drug resistance. Here, we describe a gefitinib-sensitive lung cancer cell line that developed resistance to gefitinib as a result of focal amplification of the MET proto-oncogene. inhibition of MET signaling in these cells restored their sensitivity to gefitinib. MET amplification was detected in 4 of 18 (22%) lung cancer specimens that had developed resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. We find that amplification of MET causes gefitinib resistance by driving ERBB3 (HER3)-dependent activation of PI3K, a pathway thought to be specific to EGFR/ERBB family receptors. Thus, we propose that MET amplification may promote drug resistance in other ERBB-driven cancers as well.     

Alterations in 5-HT1B receptor function by p11 in depression-like states

The pathophysiology of depression remains enigmatic, although abnormalities in serotonin signaling have been implicated. We have found that the serotonin 1B receptor [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1B) receptor] interacts with p11. p11 increases localization of 5-HT1B receptors at the cell surface. p11 is increased in rodent brains by antidepressants or electroconvulsive therapy, but decreased in an animal model of depression and in brain tissue from depressed patients. Overexpression of p11 increases 5-HT1B receptor function in cells and recapitulates certain behaviors seen after antidepressant treatment in mice. p11 knockout mice exhibit a depression-like phenotype and have reduced responsiveness to 5-HT1B receptor agonists and reduced behavioral reactions to an antidepressant.     

ssc-miR-17-3p调控脂肪沉积的靶基因生物信息学分析

[目的]找到与猪脂肪沉积相关的候选靶基因,为ssc-miR-17-3p参与脂肪沉积调控机制研究提供相关理论依据. [方法]利用miRDB,miRWalk和TargetScan数据库获得了miRNA-17-3p候选靶基因;利用DAVID和KOBAS数据库对候选靶基因进行了KEGG/GO功能富集分析,并通过Cytoscape可视化工具构建了其可能参与的调控网络.[结果]结果表明,ssc-miR-17-3p候选靶基因TSTD2、CSDE1、SCGB1 D1、TEAD1、GPD2、NFATC3、MBNL1、PPP1R12B、CAMK2D、HBEGF、LRRC28、UBE2D4、MAP4与脂肪沉积有关.GPD2、CAMK2D、HBEGF等可能在催产素信号通路、MAPK信号通路、GnRH信号通路,以及脂质代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、糖醇代谢、大分子代谢,细胞代谢等过程发挥了作用.[结论]ssc-miR-17-3p可能通过调控多个靶基因,信号通路和生物过程影响脂肪的沉积与代谢,其功能有待进一步实验室试验验证.     

MiR-433-3p靶向调节绵羊BCKDHB表达

【目的】通过理论预测与试验验证,旨在揭示miR-433-3p对BCKDHB的调节机制。【方法】利用Target Scan、miRanda和DIANA-micro T 3个在线软件,以BCKDHB的序列预测与BCKDHB有靶标关系的相关miRNAs。为了验证理论上的预测结果,用设计好的BCKDHB 3′-UTR的特异性引物进行PCR扩增,得到目的片段并进行割胶回收和纯化,并将Pmir-GLO与目的片段同时使用Xho Ⅰ和Xba Ⅰ两个限制性内切酶进行双酶切,再用T4连接酶连接双酶切之后的目的片段和Pmir-GLO,成功构建BCKDHB 3′-UTR的双荧光素酶报告载体。从公司购买miR-433-3p的过表达载体mimics和阴性对照载体NC,设置miR-433-3p过表达、阴性对照、空白对照3个组,分别将2组载体和双荧光素酶报告载体利用lipofectamineTM3000转染试剂共转染至miR-433-3p过表达、阴性对照组的HEK-293T细胞中,空白对照组中的HEK-293T细胞正常培养,之后分别检测3组细胞中的荧光活性,得到萤火虫荧光素酶活性和海肾荧光素酶活性,以海肾荧光素酶活性为内参计算萤火虫荧光素酶的相对活性。便于了解miR-433-3p和BCKDHB在绵羊前体脂肪细胞中的调控机制,对采取的绵羊尾部前体脂肪细胞进行离体培养。用过表达miR-433-3p的方法探索miR-433-3p在绵羊前体脂肪细胞中对BCKDHB的调控,提取过表达miR-433-3p前后细胞的总RNA和总蛋白,利用RT-qPCR检测过表达miR-433-3p前后的miR-433-3p和BCKDHB m RNA的表达量、以及利用Western blotting技术检测BCKDHB在过表达前后的蛋白水平。为了解绵羊前体脂肪细胞分化过程中BCKDHB和miR-433-3p表达量的变化,用RT-qPCR检测前体脂肪细胞分化过程中BCKDHB和miR-433-3p的时序表达。为增加结果的可信度,还对分化过程中不同时段的细胞进行了照片采集和油红O染色。【结果】miR-433-3p在BCKDHB3′-UTR的第8—28个碱基处存在理论上的结合位点。通过比较过表达组,阴性对照组,对照组的相对荧光活性发现过表达miR-433-3p后,BCKDHB 3′-UTR重组双荧光载体的相对荧光活性降低(P0.01),说明miR-433-3p可以与BCKDHB 3′-UTR特异性结合,验证了预测结果的准确性。在绵羊前体脂肪细胞中过表达miR-433-3p后,通过比较过表达组和阴性对照组BCKDHB的m RNA和蛋白的相对表达量,发现过表达组BCKDHB m RNA和蛋白的相对表达量低于阴性对照组(P0.05),说明miR-433-3p在绵羊前体脂肪细胞中对BCKDHB有负调控作用。在诱导绵羊前体脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞的过程中,从采集到的图片和油红O染色的结果发现此过程中脂滴聚积得越来越多,油红O染色验证了脂滴的聚集。另外,在分化过程中检测到miR-433-3p和BCKDHB m RNA的表达量呈现负相关关系。【结论】这些结果充分说明miR-433-3p通过与BCKDHB 3′-UTR的结合负调节该基因及其编码蛋白的表达,为进一步研究BCKDHB调节绵羊脂肪代谢的分子机理提供了科学依据。     

gga-miR-130b-3p对鸡MDCC-MSB1细胞中肿瘤相关基因表达的影响

为鉴定MD淋巴瘤转化细胞中gga-miR-130b-3p 调控的肿瘤相关基因,本研究在MDV转化的鸡淋巴细胞系MDCC-MSB1中过表达该miRNA,转染48 h后收集并提取RNA,利用高通量测序获得过表达gga-miR-130b-3p组和阴性对照组（Negative control, NC）的转录组数据,筛选这些数据中的差异表达基因（Differential expressed genes, DEGs）,对DEGs进行基因本体 GO功能富集分析、信号通路分析以及基因集富集分析,筛选过表达gga-miR-130b-3p前后基因表达变化可能参与的信号通路,并对两组中的差异可变剪切进行分析。结果表明：1）与NC组相比,过表达gga-miR-130b-3p组中共鉴定出117个DEGs,其中83个DEGs显著上调,34个DEGs显著下调。其中MCM10、KCNA3、PTK2、FGL2、GPAM、BMP4、LOXL3、DDO和KRAS等基因可能影响MD肿瘤转化。2）DEGs注释到46个GO条目中,其中生物过程包含免疫系统过程等在内的22个条目,分子功能包括10个条目,细胞组分包括14个条目。3）mimics NC和mimics转染组中的DEGs以及微效基因富集到7个与肿瘤发生相关的通路,其中主要是通过甲状腺激素信号途径、胆碱代谢等通路发挥抑癌作用。4）过表达gga-miR-130b-3p后差异可变剪切类型最多的是外显子跳跃（Exon skipped,ES）,其次是内含子滞留（Intron retained,IR）,最少的是外显子互斥（Mutually exclusive exon,MXE）。综上, gga-miR-130b-3p高表达会引起MSB1细胞中的部分基因差异表达,这些DEGs通过抑癌信号通路抑制MD的肿瘤发展进程,该研究可为解析miRNA在MD肿瘤转化过程中的作用机制提供理论依据。