森工贮木场楞堆火灾模拟模型分析与评价

计算机模拟方法是当今研究贮木场楞堆原木火灾发生、发展规律的重要手段。为此,从贮木场楞堆原木燃烧的特点出发,对当前国际上最新的14种火灾模型分析和比较得出了其适用范围和特点。并根据贮木场楞堆原木火灾的特性,提出了采用FDS模型模拟贮木场楞堆原木火灾比较合适、准确和科学。     

贮木场楞堆燃烧温度场数值模拟试验

通过对樟子松原木楞堆进行室外燃烧试验,研究楞堆燃烧时的温度场特性,分析原木楞堆体积和风速对环境温度场变化的影响。试验结果表明,在燃烧过程中,楞堆温度可达900℃;对于环境温度场来说,在所有研究平面与楞堆距离相等的情况下,与风流动方向垂直的平面温度变化最大。较大的楞堆体积和较快的风速会加速楞堆的燃烧速度,从而使周围环境温度上升较快。研究结果为贮木场火灾消防援救和计算机模拟提供依据。     

贮木场原木楞堆火灾信息探测方法的评价研究

本项研究结合各种火灾信息探测方法的特点,运用AHP法构建了贮木场最佳火灾探测方案及评价指标体系。研究结果表明,楞堆燃烧阴燃阶段和燃烧蔓延阶段是最佳火灾探测时期;由于外界自然环境的影响,在楞堆阴燃阶段,抗干扰性在火灾探测方案中占有重要的位置;在燃烧蔓延阶段,由于释放大量的热,耐热性占据了重要的位置;对于贮木场火灾探测,及时性指标占有很重要的位置;在所有火灾探测方法中,复合式火灾探测方法是最佳火灾探测方法,其次为感烟探测法,再次为感温探测法和气体探测法。     

基于细水雾作用的原木楞堆温度场的相关性研究

对落叶松原木楞堆做细水雾灭火实验,测定实验过程中楞堆各点的温度,利用SPSS软件对定点间温度场进行相关性分析、线性回归分析。研究结果表明：原木楞堆前部温度与其后部温度、左侧温度变化存在两元线性回归方程,前部温度的线性相关性较大;原木楞堆右侧温度与其顶层温度、中层温度、底层温度变化存在三元线性回归方程,中层温度线性相关性最大,上层温度线性相关性最小。利用回归性准确预测整个楞堆温度场变化,对保障林区贮木场的安全生产具有一定的实际意义。     

东北林区贮木场火灾智能探测预警系统的研究

通过对林区贮木场火灾预警系统的设计、区域划分及火灾探测器的布局,并以东北林区——贮木场为实例进行应用分析,结果表明,贮木场内报警区域可根据场内楞堆区域的个数及作业生产线划分,探测区域按照500 m2<区域<1 000 m2进行划分,火灾探测器按照3 m×6.5 m间距进行安装,气体探测器安装在楞堆的东南方向,室外自检时间为4 h,区域报警系统采用无极性的二线制系统,集中报警采用三线制系统。     

关于测定原木楞堆密实系数新方法的探讨

贮木场的楞堆密实系数(充实系数)是设计和改建贮木场时必不可少的参数之一。它与贮木场的各个方面有着密切联系,这一系数的精确与否将会影响到贮木场的人机安全和经济效益。本文针对怎样才能在即节省大量人力、物力,又能获得大量所需数据,得到准确的,原木楞堆密实系数的新方法进行研究。提出了图片法,并对图片法进行了检验。为我国林区在新建、改建或扩建贮木场时提供了测定原木楞堆密实系数的新方法。     

贮木场楞堆火灾场景模拟设计

近年来,迅速发展的火灾计算机模型是了解火灾过程的有效工具。FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator)作为一款免费的场模拟软件,可以对整个火灾过程进行动态模拟,为了研究楞堆火灾发生后蔓延的情况,利用FDS建立楞堆火灾蔓延模型,可为以后进一步的研究打下基础。     

辐射热流作用下杉木燃烧特性研究

研究了辐射热流作用下杉木枝条燃烧特性。利用锥形量热仪测定了50 k W/m2的辐射热流下杉木叶片及不同尺寸杉木枝条自发着火状态下的热释放速率(HRR)和总释放热(THR)等参数。结果表明,杉木枝条和叶片热释放速率峰值均出现在燃烧最剧烈的时候,火焰基本在热释放速率下降到一半时熄灭,炭化过程仅释放出少许热量;随着杉木枝条直径的增加,热释放速率峰值减小,总释放热增加,直径越小的杉木枝条越易燃,火灾危险性越大;活和死杉木叶片的热释放速率趋势及总释放热基本一致。     

贮木场空间管理系统的初步研究

传统的贮木场木材信息管理仅限于产、销、存等基本的功能,本文研究的贮木场空间管理系统是在传统的贮木场管理系统基础上,通过对贮木场平面图道路、楞区的划分以及合理地划分楞位大小。采用可视化图形方式对楞位和楞位中存放的木材进行管理,以提高贮木场楞区空间利用率,简化仓储业务操作,实现高效直观的贮木场仓储管理。     

贮木场木材剩余物燃烧蔓延模型的研究

通过对贮木场木材加工剩余物的燃烧蔓延规律的分析,将贮木场木材加工剩余物分布简化为多孔燃烧床。根据风和坡度对火势蔓延规律的影响情况,建立了火场燃烧形状模型,得出了火场面积、火场周边长以及增长速度公式,建立了其燃烧蔓延模型。通过模型计算与试验结果对比,证明该模型是可行的。该模型为计算机模拟技术提供理论基础,为贮木场火灾预防和减少火灾损失提供科学手段。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.