2-D数字阀用低惯量旋转电磁铁及其矩角特性研究

针对传统2-D数字阀用电-机械转换器转动惯量大、动态响应低的不足,研制了一种空心杯转子结构的低惯量旋转电磁铁.通过磁路解析讨论了电磁铁结构和运行参数对输出力矩的影响;基于Ansoft/Maxwell 3-D平台对其矩角特性进行了有限元模拟.试验结果和仿真结果基本一致,该低惯量旋转电磁铁具有较大的静力矩,其矩角特性近似于正弦波形,可用作高频2-D数字阀的电-机械转换器.     

滚轮压扭型2D电液比例方向阀特性分析

设计了一种滚轮式双向压扭联轴器,以球型滚轮代替滚动轴承,既简化了压扭联轴器的加工,也减小了摩擦阻力;可实现比例电磁铁直线运动和阀芯旋转运动的转换,同时放大阀芯旋转扭矩,并将其与双向比例电磁铁和2D方向阀共轴联接,组成一种压力高、流量大、结构简单的位置反馈型2D电液比例方向阀。进而建立了该阀的数学模型,应用Matlab软件对阀的特性进行了仿真分析。实验结果表明:滚轮型压扭联轴器具有良好的输入输出特性,颤振补偿下空载滞环可达1.0%;系统压力为21 MPa时,包括电磁铁滞环在内,该阀流量滞环小于5%,且线性度和重复特性良好;对应-3 d B、-90°的频宽约为12 Hz;阀的阶跃响应上升时间约为0.45 s,无超调量。     

2D电液伺服流量阀特性研究

提出了2D电液伺服流量阀设计方案,应用磁栅霍尔传感器检测比例旋转电磁铁的角位移,并与输入控制信号对比,形成角位移信号闭环反馈;采用变传动比拨杆拨叉驱动机构,结合2D控制技术将旋转电磁铁角位移比例转换为阀芯轴向位移,斜槽敏感通道形成位置闭环反馈,提高了其控制精度和抗污染能力。建立了该阀的数学模型,对整个系统进行了仿真分析,并设计样机,进行了实验研究,实验结果表明:当工作压力为35 MPa、阀芯行程为0.8 mm时,其频宽约为120 Hz,阶跃响应5 ms,6 mm通径阀流量达60 L/min,且其质量仅为同级别阀的1/3左右,适用于机载液压系统。     

2D电液高速开关阀设计与实验

2D电液高速开关阀是采用具有双运动自由度阀芯的两级高速开关阀,该阀利用旋转电磁铁和拨杆拨叉机构驱动阀芯作旋转运动,实现导阀功能,由油液压力差推动阀芯作轴向移动,实现阀口的高速开启与关闭。为提高阀的动态特性,旋转电磁铁转子设计成3个52°叶片环形均布结构形式,拨杆拨叉对旋转电磁铁的输出转矩放大5倍。为测试2D高速开关阀的动态特性,设计了双摆轮和旋转电磁铁驱动2D高速开关阀两种实验方案。在建立数学模型和制作样机的基础上,对其动态特性进行了数字仿真和实验研究,仿真与实验研究结果吻合,2D高速开关阀的液压伺服螺旋机构具有很高的频响,当用旋转电磁铁驱动时,在28 MPa工作压力下,阀芯轴向行程为0.8 mm,开启时间约为18 ms,6 mm通径阀流量高达60 L/min。     

2D高速开关阀结构参数优化设计与实验

对高速开关阀的结构参数进行优化设计,以提高其动态响应性能。主要从伺服螺旋机构导控面积的增大、旋转电磁铁转动惯量的降低和将传动机构设计成变传动比3方面进行结构优化和改进。提出斜槽型的阀芯结构以增大伺服螺旋导控级的面积梯度;为降低旋转电磁铁的转动惯量,提高其动态响应,引入6片26°均布结构的旋转电磁铁;为提高力矩输出,改善初始阶段的快速性,提出了变传动比的传动机构,并给出变传动比曲线和力矩变化曲线。在分析其工作原理和过程后建立旋转电磁铁、传动机构和伺服螺旋导控机构的数学模型;并在Matlab平台进行仿真分析,研究表明,结构优化后的开关阀幅频特性曲线在-3 d B下频率为240 Hz左右;最后建立2D高速开关阀的实验装置,通过满量程阶跃响应和零位泄漏率对仿真结果进行实验研究。在工作压力14、21 MPa下,阶跃响应时间分别为8.9、8.0 ms,零位泄漏分别为4.7、5.6 L/min。     

圆锥和平面形磁极高速电磁铁动态特性对

对电磁铁吸合和释放过程作了详细探讨,建立了高速电磁铁的电、磁、机耦合动态数学模型,导出动态力的增量方程并进行分析,指出动态特性可由静态特性间接分析获得.在不同结构参数下,对圆锥形和平面形磁极高速电磁铁进行实验和仿真,对比两者动态特性获得适用范围,研究结果为高速电磁铁的工程设计提供了参考依据.     

弓形和矩形先导级2D伺服阀动态特性分析

2D伺服阀基于螺旋伺服的原理将先导级和功率级集成在阀芯上,具有功率密度高和响应速度快的特点,其动态特性易受先导级节流口的影响。本文对弓形和矩形两种先导级结构的2D伺服阀动态特性及其结构参数对动态特性的影响进行研究。首先,阐述2D伺服阀的结构及工作原理,分别建立弓形和矩形先导级结构2D伺服阀的数学模型;然后,采用数值计算的方法对两种先导级结构2D伺服阀进行仿真分析,获得两者在不同结构参数(斜槽角β、先导级零位开口量h0)和不同工作压力ps下的阶跃响应特性;最后,搭建2D伺服阀的阶跃特性实验平台,获得弓形和矩形两种先导级结构2D伺服阀的阶跃特性实验曲线,并与仿真结果进行比较。结果表明,在相同结构参数(斜槽角β为82°、先导级零位开口量h_0为0. 02 mm)和20 MPa工作压力条件下,2D伺服阀采用矩形先导级结构将阀芯轴向位移对阀芯转角的阶跃响应时间,从弓形先导级结构的3. 4 ms缩短为1. 4 ms。将矩形先导级结构应用于以力矩马达作为电-机械转换器驱动阀芯旋转构成的2D电液伺服阀中,当阀芯轴向位移为0. 3 mm时,其阶跃响应时间为10 ms,基本满足2D电液伺服阀对响应速度的要求。     

无速度传感器音圈式快速刀具的阻尼闭环控制

针对音圈式快速刀具阻尼较小、超调较大的开环特性,经典控制采用速度环和位置环双闭环反馈控制,但速度传感器增加了系统的复杂度,且易带来附加噪声.基于二阶积分器串联系统的最速控制方法,提出了采用最速过渡环节调节输入或控制信号阻尼,进而改善无速度传感器的输出阻尼前馈控制方法,设计了相应闭环控制方案,在DSP控制平台上进行刀具动态性能测试,并进行了球形透镜阵列的加工实验.实验结果表明:所提出的控制方法能有效改善快速刀具的阻尼特性,刀具方波响应超调约4％,上升时间仅为3 ms,所加工球透镜阵列具有良好的面形精度及表面粗糙度,PV值约为0.228λ,表面粗糙度Ra小于15 nm.     

单相对称磁路湿式力矩马达研究

现有的2D阀用电-机械转换器从磁路原理和结构而言均较为复杂,且不能在湿式状态下工作。为此,基于单相对称磁路设计了一种结构简单、有限转角的新型湿式力矩马达,制作了实验样机并搭建了实验平台,分别基于磁路解析、数值模拟和实验研究了该马达的力矩-转角特性以及频率响应等主要特性。实验结果和模拟结果基本相符,显示该马达的矩角特性曲线呈线性关系,且幅值随着电流增加而增大,其静力矩幅值达到0.042 N·m,实测频响能够满足直驱式2D比例阀和换向阀等的使用要求,适合作为此类场合的电-机械转换器。     

比例电磁铁行程力特性仿真与实验研究

由于采用经验公式的结构设计方法较为粗略,建立了比例电磁铁磁场的数学模型,利用有限元方法探讨了比例电磁铁的行程力特性,并通过实验进行了验证。在此基础上,对影响比例电磁铁行程力特性的衔铁长度、径向间隙、隔磁角、隔磁曲线以及导套厚度等主要结构参数进行了仿真分析。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。