大粒车前子多糖的分离纯化及理化性质测定

沸水法提取得到的大粒车前子粗多糖经Sevag法脱蛋白后,再经葡聚糖凝胶层析柱反复纯化得到3个均一组分,即PLP-1、PLP-2、PLP-3,并对3个组分进行分子量及理化性质的测定。结果表明：PLP-1的相对分子量为3 292 494 u,PLP-2的相对分子量为1 725 889 u,PLP-3的相对分子量为1 286 790 u;糖含量分别为82.08 %、87.32 %和79.18 %;蛋白含量分别为0.54 %、1.16 %和0.72 %;糖醛酸含量分别为17.46 %、14.66 %和20.13 %。3个组分进行紫外光谱和红外光谱扫描结果显示,3个组分中均有蛋白质存在。     

苦丁茶冬青多糖乙醇分级纯化及其理化性质研究

为了研究苦丁茶冬青多糖醇沉规律及产物理化性质。通过热水浸提和不同浓度乙醇分级沉淀,得到乙醇终浓度为20%、40%、60%和80%的4种苦丁茶冬青多糖组分,即ICP-1、ICP-2、ICP-3和ICP-4。比色法检测各多糖组分总糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质和总酚含量;高效凝胶渗透色谱法进行相对分子质量的测定;紫外和红外光谱扫描考察各组分的光谱性质。结果表明：ICP-1、ICP-2、ICP-3和ICP-4总糖含量分别为19.21%、34.91%、37.70%和30.21%,糖醛酸含量分别为5.04%、44.90%、24.20%和5.84%;凝胶渗透色谱图表明：ICP-2和ICP-3为高纯度均一组分,分子量为440.440与348.279 ku;4种多糖组分在280 nm处均有吸收峰,说明均为糖蛋白质化合物。红外结果显示,各组分均为吡喃糖环构型。以上结果表明,乙醇分级沉淀的方法可用于分级纯化制备组分均一、纯度较高的苦丁茶冬青多糖组分。     

六堡茶多糖理化性质、体外抗氧化及其对人脐静脉血管内皮细胞的保护作用

以六堡茶为原料,利用水提醇沉法制得茶多糖粗品,经脱蛋白纯化后用30%、50%、70%的乙醇溶液进行分段,得到3种六堡茶多糖LTPS-30、LTPS-50和LTPS-70,并分析了其化学组成、分子量分布等理化性质;以自由基清除法(ABTS)和铁离子还原法(FRAP)评价其抗氧化活性;并以Na2S2O3损伤的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)为模型,探讨了它们对HUVEC氧化损伤的保护作用。结果表明,3种六堡茶多糖样品均为主要含有2个组分的非均一酸性多糖,平均分子量和总糖含量均为LTPS-70LTPS-50LTPS-30;而在蛋白质和总酚含量及两种抗氧化体系下的抗氧化活力均为LTPS-70LTPS-50LTPS-30,且LTPS-70表现出最强的细胞保护作用。说明茶多糖粗品经70%乙醇纯化后具有较强的生物活性,具有良好的应用前景。     

茶多糖的分级纯化及组成分析

从粗老绿茶中提取茶叶粗多糖,经DEAE-纤维素DE-52和Sephacryl S-300柱层析纯化,获得三个纯化的茶多糖组分：TPS2-H₂O、TPS2-0.25和TPS2-0.40;此三个组分的中性糖含量分别是：41.23％、29.33％和21.39％,糖醛酸含量分别是：19.5%、22.5%和56.4%,蛋白质含量分别是：未检出、0.8％和未检出;GC-MS分析了三个分级组分均由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖等六种单糖构成的杂多糖,其摩尔比分别是TPS2-H2O（21.3:13.8:1.8:23.3:6.9:32.9）,TPS2-0.25（60.7:13.4:1.6:2.0:1.2:21.1）,TPS2-0.40（60.2:10.8:4.4:3.2:5.7:15.7）;HPGPC-ELSD法分析了各组分的分布及所占比重。     

一种毛尖茶叶多糖MTP06的提取分离及其活性测定

本研究对一种毛尖茶叶多糖的结构与活性开展了研究。采用水提醇沉法提取毛尖茶叶粗多糖,经除蛋白后得到精制多糖(MP),以不同的柱层析方法对MP进行多次分离纯化,得到1个均一组分的毛尖茶叶多糖(Maojian Tea Polysaccharides No.06,MTP06)。采用1,1–二苯基–2–三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除、小鼠免疫细胞RAW264.7增殖、吞噬能力和产生NO等试验方法对MTP06的活性进行研究。结果显示MTP06对0.1 mmol·L~(-1) DPPH溶液的自由基清除率为30.85%,对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的增殖、吞噬能力和产生NO的能力均有促进作用,与空白对照组间有显著差异(P0.01),且质量浓度为500 mg·L~(-1)时,活性最大。     

膜过滤绿茶多糖的系统分级纯化及免疫活性分析

采用150kD、20kD、6kD的超滤膜和对水溶性茶多糖进行分级和浓缩,得到的三部分截留液分别经过DEAE-52纤维素离子交换层析和丙烯葡聚糖凝胶Sephacryl S-300柱层析系统分离、纯化,共得到了20多个分级组分;HPGPC-ELSD鉴定各多糖组分的纯度及分子量分布,结果表明得到5个均一多糖组分;用小鼠巨噬细胞系Raw264.7检测免疫活性,发现对小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7有显著活性的多糖组分大多集中在20kD左右,大多为不均一多糖。     

毛薯多糖提取分离工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

毛薯是海南的传统杂粮，富含植物多糖。本研究以毛薯块茎粉末为材料探究毛薯多糖的提取工艺和抗氧化活性。采用热水提取法分别进行单因素和三因素三水平L9(33)正交实验，优化毛薯多糖提取工艺。毛薯粗多糖溶液经Sveag法除蛋白、透析、DEAE-52纤维素柱和SephadexG-100凝胶柱层析分离纯化得到毛薯精多糖。采用DPPH法、羟自由基法、超氧阴离子法和还原法检测毛薯多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明：热水提取法最佳工艺条件为温度70℃、料液比1∶15、提取时间3 h，毛薯多糖提取率为1.94%；毛薯多糖经过多次分离纯化后，得到纯度均一的中性多糖；毛薯精多糖DPPH自由基清除能力较弱，1～5 mg/mL的清除率保持在10%左右，且随着多糖浓度的升高，清除能力逐渐下降；毛薯精多糖羟自由基活性随着多糖浓度的升高，活性逐渐增加，在5 mg/mL时清除率最高达到34.74%；毛薯精多糖超阴氧离子自由基活性随着多糖浓度的升高，活性逐渐降低，在1 mg/mL时清除率最高达67.35%；毛薯精多糖还原能力较弱，1～5 mg/mL的还原力最高为0.17。该研究优化了毛薯多糖的提取工艺，毛薯多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性...     

不同酶法提取工艺对茶多糖组成的影响

采用果胶酶、胰蛋白酶以及复合酶等3种提取法和不加酶水浸提法为对照,提取崂山粗老绿茶中的茶多糖(TPS)。结果表明,复合酶提取法的提取率最高,达到5.17±0.17%。对4种工艺获得的TPS用SepharoseFF阴离子交换柱进行分离纯化,收集主要的含糖组分,分别测定其多糖含量、单糖组成、氨基酸组成。结果表明4种工艺对提取的TPS的单糖组成种类影响不大,但对各单糖组分之间的比例稍有影响。4种工艺获得的TPS的总糖含量由高到低依次为果胶酶法、复合酶法、胰蛋白酶法以及不加酶水浸提法,其中果胶酶法获得的TPS总糖含量高达95.26±4.09%,但其糖醛酸含量比其他3种工艺显著降低。4种工艺对提取的TPS的氨基酸组成种类影响亦不大,但对各氨基酸的含量有较大的影响。果胶酶法、胰蛋白酶法提取的TPS的各氨基酸含量与不加酶水浸提法的相比有较大的减少。     

抗菌卷柏多糖的提取与分离

采用4种方法提取卷柏多糖,其中综合法提取率最高,为1．45％。可溶性多糖经DEAE-纤维素52柱层析进一步纯化,得到1种中性糖和1种酸性糖,各占86．5％和13．5％。利用纸片扩散法测定其抗菌活性,结果表明,卷柏多糖具有较强的抗动植物病原菌活性,对肠炎病病原菌、绿木霉与甘薯薯瘟病病原菌的最小抑菌浓度为6．25mg·mL^-1。     

梯度乙醇沉淀工艺对灵芝多糖结构特征及生物活性的影响

灵芝多糖是灵芝子实体主要的功效成分之一，其在提高免疫力、抗肿瘤、护肝等方面具有显著疗效，为了揭示梯度乙醇沉淀工艺对灵芝多糖结构特征及生物活性的影响，本研究以赤灵芝为原料，采用无水乙醇除杂，热水浸提工艺提取灵芝多糖，采用不同乙醇浓度(40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%, V/V))梯度沉淀灵芝多糖，分别得到GLP40、GLP50、GLP60、GLP70、GLP80、GLP90等6个多糖组分，并采用气相色谱-质谱仪、近红外光谱仪、凝胶色谱仪等现代仪器对灵芝多糖组成、官能团特征、分子量分布等结构特征，以及体外抗氧化活性、鼠李糖乳杆菌LGG的生长效果等生物活性进行表征。研究结果表明：6个灵芝多糖组分由鼠李糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖组成，且以葡萄糖、甘露糖和木糖为主，其中GLP40主要由甘露糖和木糖组成，GLP50、GLP60、GLP70、GLP80和GLP90主要由葡萄糖和甘露糖组成，6个多糖组分中GLP80和GLP90的葡萄糖占比最高。6个灵芝多糖组分在892.9、1048～1084 cm^-1等处的典型官能团完整，相互之间无明显差异，皆为β-...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.