热带农业废弃物的饲料化利用研究进展

在我国华南等热带地区,每年有大量的热带田间废弃物资源被浪费。综述甘蔗尾叶、香蕉茎叶、菠萝叶3种主要的热带农业废弃物的饲料利用现状,以及不同的加工处理方法对农业废弃物饲料营养价值的影响。     

6种千斤拔不同生育期的营养价值分析

测定了腺毛千斤拔、宽叶千斤拔、海南千斤拔、球穗千斤拔、大叶千斤拔Ⅰ、大叶千斤拔Ⅱ的粗蛋白质（CP）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、粗脂肪（EE）、粗灰分（Ash）含量,以探讨其养分含量随生育期的变化动态。结果表明,各种养分含量随生育期的推移而变化,其变化趋势因千斤拔种类而异,但峰值多出现在开花期和结荚期。6种叶片的CP平均含量为18.55％,ADF为38.66％,NDF为47.10％,EE为3.75％,Ash为5.35％。总体来看,千斤拔叶片具有较高的营养价值,其营养价值的高低和生长发育有关。     

刈割高度对多花黑麦草新品种产量和品质的影响

为探讨不同刈割高度对多花黑麦草新品种饲草产量和品质的影响,以2个多花黑麦草新品种为对象,采用5个刈割高度分别测定2个品种的鲜、干草产量、粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和干物质体外可消化率(IVDMD)。结果表明:在65 cm时刈割,所获得的鲜、干草产量最高;随着刈割高度的增加,2个黑麦草品种的粗蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物含量呈抛物线趋势变化,在刈割高度为55 cm时达到最高值;中性和酸性洗涤纤维含量则随着刈割高度的增大逐渐增加;干物质体外消化率亦呈现抛物线的趋势,在刈割高度为65 cm时达到最高。2个品种的表现规律一致。     

四大玉米杂优类群自交系的全株饲用营养价值分析

对我国现行的四大玉米杂优类群中25个自交系的全株玉米营养价值进行了初步测定,结果表明:在四大玉米杂优类群中,瑞德群的粗蛋白(CP)含量最低,粗脂肪(CF)含量最高,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量居中;兰卡斯特群的ADF含量比其它类群低;塘四平头类群的CF含量最低,NDF和ADF含量却最高;旅大红骨群的NDF含量最低,CP含量最高。单株鲜重、单株干重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维含量在四大类群之间无显著性差异。旅大红骨群与塘四平头群之间的NDF含量有显著差异;ADF含量在兰卡斯特群和瑞德群、塘四平头群和旅大红骨群之间存在着显著性差异。     

氮对玉米杂交种F_(2:4)家系秸秆品质性状及分离特性的影响

在施氮和不施氮两种条件下,对农大108 F_(2:4)家系秸秆主要品质性状中的粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量进行了初步分析.结果表明,两种氮肥处理之间以及不同家系之间各营养成分含量差异均达极显著水平;增施氮肥有利于提高秸秆的粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量,降低酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量;两种氮水平条件下,不同家系之间秸秆各主要营养成分含量的变异性分离均符合正态分布,并存在不同程度的双向超亲分离;不同基因型的玉米对氮素的敏感性各异.相关分析表明,无论在施氮或不施氮条件下,CP与CF以及ADF与NDF分别呈极显著正相关(平均r=0.42和0.95),而CP与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关(平均r=-0.58和-0.62).     

氮对玉米杂交种F2∶4家系秸秆品质性状及分离特性的影响

在施氮和不施氮两种条件下,对农大108 F_2∶4家系秸秆主要品质性状中的粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量进行了初步分析。结果表明,两种氮肥处理之间以及不同家系之间各营养成分含量差异均达极显著水平;增施氮肥有利于提高秸秆的粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量,降低酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量;两种氮水平条件下,不同家系之间秸秆各主要营养成分含量的变异性分离均符合正态分布,并存在不同程度的双向超亲分离;不同基因型的玉米对氮素的敏感性各异。相关分析表明,无论在施氮或不施氮条件下,CP与CF以及ADF与NDF分别呈极显著正相关(平均r=0.42和0.95),而CP与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关(平均r= -0.58和-0.62)。     

收割高度对不同类型玉米饲用品质和产量的影响

在大田条件下分别对农大108和科多4号不同收割始节位(基部第1～8节间)的整株饲用品质和产量变化研究表明：随着收割始节位升高,两品种秸秆CP含量均呈直线增加趋势,NDF、ADF和ADL均呈直线下降趋势;随着收割高度的增加两品种之间的CP含量提高速率及ADL下降速率相近,科多4号的NDF下降速度快于农大108,农大108的ADF下降速率快于科多4号;玉米基部3个节间CP含量低,NDF、ADF和ADL含量高,饲用营养品质差;从第4节间收割明显改善玉米秸秆的饲用营养品质,其干物质产量损失10%以下。     

应用体外产气法研究柱花草的饲用价值

以10个柱花草品种(品系)为试材,测定其营养成分及单宁含量,并结合体外产气法测定其体外干物质消化率和产气量。结果表明,饲料相对值RFV从大到小的排列顺序为:热研2号TPRC90028TPRC90089热研18号热研7号热研10号907CIAT11362热研5号热研13号;柱花草具有粗蛋白含量、代谢能含量较高,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量适中,单宁含量低,体外干物质消化率较高等特点,是一种优良的热带豆科牧草。     

不同能氮水平的日粮对生长期海南黑山羊采食量和营养物质消化代谢的影响

选用12只海南黑山羊断奶羔羊(约4月龄)分成4组,采用4×4拉丁方设计。按照Keral(1982)适宜于发展中国家的山羊饲养标准为参考设计了高能高氮、低能高氮、高能低氮、低能低氮4种能氮比的日粮,探讨不同能氮水平的日粮对生长期海南黑山羊采食量和营养物质消化代谢的影响。结果表明,不同能氮水平日粮对生长期海南黑山羊营养物质的采食量和消化率都有显著的影响,有的甚至达到极显著水平。     

添加有机酸改善木薯叶青贮品质和营养成分

为了改善木薯叶青贮品质,研究有机酸对木薯叶青贮品质及营养成分的影响,以确定青贮木薯叶最适合的有机酸种类及添加量。本研究以华南7号木薯幼嫩茎叶为原料进行青贮试验,设对照组、甲酸（0.2%）、乙酸（0.2%）和丙酸（0.2%）处理组,30 d后测定木薯叶青贮饲料pH、乳酸（LA）、乙酸（AA）、丙酸（PA）和丁酸（BA）含量以及主要营养成分含量。结果表明,木薯叶直接青贮品质较差,添加有机酸处理与对照相比显著降低青贮饲料的pH和丁酸含量（P<0.05）,降低中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量（P<0.05）,提高了饲料相对值（RFV）。添加有机酸可以改善木薯叶青贮品质并提高营养价值,添加乙酸（0.2%）和丙酸（0.2%）青贮品质较好,可作为木薯叶青贮添加剂。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.