阴阳离子对反刍动物生产性能的最新研究进展

就日粮中阴阳离子平衡(Dietary cation一anion balance,DCAB)对奶牛的机体健康,生产性能等方面的最新概况作一概述,提出DCAB可作为反刍动物瘤胃缓冲技术重要的研究内容,并指出DCAB现阶段的研究成果和发展方向。促进节能型畜牧业的发展,给社会带来更多的经济效益。     

反刍动物日粮阴阳离子平衡研究进展

矿物质元素对动物营养十分重要,随着单个矿物质元素研究的深入,矿物质元素之间的平衡备受重视.近年来,国外有关日粮阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)的研究报道相当多,而国内较少.矿物质阴阳离子参与维持机体酸碱平衡,对于维持动物的正常生理活动和最佳的生产性能十分重要,因此,DCAB可直接影响到动物的生理活动和生产性能.根据动物的体液酸碱平衡情况调节日粮阴阳离子浓度,使体液中的酸碱平衡达到动物最佳生产性能的要求,这是研究DCAB的主要目的.     

日粮阴阳离子对泌乳前期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选择泌乳前期奶牛15头,随机分成3组,每组5头,采用3×3重复拉丁方设计,分别饲喂3种不同DCAB水平的日粮。其中对照组A(基础日粮,DCAB为83meq/kgDM),B组(DCAB为275meq/kgDM),C组(DCAB为425meq/kgDM)。结果表明,DCAB对热应激奶牛的生产性能具有显著影响,其中B组和C组的产奶量及4%标准乳产量分别比对照组提高10%(P<0.05)和10.1%(P<0.05),3.9%(P>0.05)和3%(P>0.05),但DCAB对奶牛的乳脂率和乳蛋白率无显著影响。说明在泌乳前期当DCAB为275meq/kgDM,饲喂效果最佳。     

不同阴阳离子水平日粮对绵羊生产性能及氮平衡的影响

将12只带有永久瘤胃瘘管及十二指肠瘘管的2周岁内蒙古半细毛羊随机分为4组,每组3个重复,饲给4种阴阳离子水平(DCAB)分别为0,10,20,40meq/100 g DM的日粮,DCAB值的计算公式为[(Na++K+)-(Cl-+S2-)].4种日粮其它各项主要指标(CP、ME、Ca、P)基本一致.试验结果表明随着DCAB值的增加,绵羊干物质采食量、消化氮的利用率、沉积氮、体重有增加趋势,饲料报酬有降低趋势,最佳DCAB值为20meq/100gDM.     

阴阳离子日粮与中草药添加剂互作对育肥羊生产性能的影响

通过饲养试验、消化试验探讨阴阳离子日粮(DCAB)与中草药添加剂的互作对F1育肥羊(无角陶赛特羊×小尾寒羊)生产性能的影响。结果表明:DCAB(20meq/100gDM)与中草药添加剂(30g/d只)均有提高育肥羊生产性能的作用,双方共同作用时对提高育肥羊的生产性能有明显的加性组合效应。     

有机酸在反刍动物日粮中应用的研究进展

本文主要就有机酸在反刍动物青贮料和精料中的研究进展进行了综述。主要包括有机酸对青贮料品质的影响、改善瘤胃发酵以及对反刍动物生产性能的影响等。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对热应激奶牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮阴阳离子平衡对不同泌乳期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响,选取64头试验奶牛分为8组,每组8头牛,日粮阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)分别为泌乳前期:A1组(DCAB为185 mEq/kg干物质(DM))、B1组(DCAB为243 mEq/kgDM)、C1组(DCAB为317 mEq/kgDM)和D1组(DCAB为442 mEq/kgDM);泌乳中后期:A2组(DCAB为83 mEq/kgDM)、B2组(DCAB为172 mEq/kgDM)、C2组(DCAB为217 mEq/kgDM)和D2组(DCAB为357 mEq/kgDM)。研究结果表明:在一定范围内增加日粮DCAB,能提高泌乳前期奶牛的产奶量,各组间差异不显著,B1组奶牛产奶量较高,乳蛋白和乳密度显著高于其他组;日粮高DCAB水平能显著增加泌乳中后期热应激奶牛的产奶量,乳蛋白含量随DCAB增加呈二次变化,差异显著,乳脂肪随DCAB的增加而增加,D2组显著高于其他试验组,差异显著,综合产奶量和乳成分分析,泌乳前期日粮DCAB为243 mEq/kgDM,泌乳中后期调节日粮DCAB为217 mEq/kgDM时能提高奶牛的产奶性能,利于奶牛机体健康和生产高质量牛奶。     

饲粮阴阳离子水平对绵羊营养物质消化代谢的影响

采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,试验动物为8只装有瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,随机均分为4组;饲粮阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)采用Na++K+-Cl-公式计算,按DCAB水平不同分为4个处理,即A、B、C、D。结果表明:①B处理DM(干物质)、OM(有机质)、NDF(中性洗涤纤维)、ADF(酸性洗涤纤维)表观消化率显著高于其它处理(P<0.05)。②各处理间氮平衡各指标差异不显著(P>0.05),但B处理的氮表观存留率高于其它处理(P>0.05)。③B处理钙表观吸收率高于A、C、D处理(P>0.05);B、C、D处理磷表观吸收率显著高于A处理(P<0.05)。④D处理钾食入量显著低于A、B处理(P<0.05),B、C处理显著低于A处理(P<0.05);4个处理间粪钾和尿钾的排出量、钾表观吸收率差异不显著(P>0.05);B处理钾表观存留率最高,C处理次之,A、D处理较低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。D处理钠食入量显著高于其它各处理(P<0.05),而B、D处理钠的表观存留率显著高于A、C处理(P<0.05);4个处理间粪、尿钠排出量均无明显差异(P>0.05);B处理钠表观吸收率显著高于A、C、D处理(P<0.05)。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡与奶牛热应激的研究进展

奶牛对热应激的反应极为明显,奶牛的产奶最适宜的温度为5～10℃,当环境温度超过20℃时,奶牛产奶量有所下降,气温升到30℃时产奶量大幅度下降,超过35℃时产奶量急剧下降。特别是近两年全球气温升高,并且奶牛单产有较大幅度增加,使热应激对生产造成的影响更为严重。因此,缓解奶牛的热应激,提高奶牛的生产性能变得尤为重要。近年来通过调节奶牛的日粮改善热应激奶牛的生产性能更成为人们研究的焦点。近30年来,随着动物营养学的深入研究,人们认识到酸碱平衡对动物的重要性,它与动物的生产性能和健康密切相关。影响体内酸碱平衡的因素很多,饲料是…     

Effect of dietary cation-anion balance on urinary mineral excretion in exercised horses

Four mares and four geldings of Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred breeding were used in two simultaneous 4x4 Latin square experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na+K)-C1)/kg dry matter, on urinary pH and mineral excretion in exercised horses. Diets consisted of a pelleted concentrate of corn, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with bermudagrass hay. Treatments with DCAB of +5 (Low, L), +107 (Medium Low, ML), +201 (Medium High, MH) and +327 (High, H), meq ((Na+K)-Cl)/kg dry matter were formed by supplementing diet L with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, diet ML with calcium chloride and diet H with sodium bicarbonate and potassium citrate (Table 1). Diet MH was not supplemented and served as the control treatment. Horses were conditioned aerobically for 6 weeks using long, slow, distance (LSD) workouts. During the experimental periods, horses were subjected to a combined exercise regimen alternating LSD with an interval-training protocol 6 days/week. There was a significant (P<.01) treatment effect on urine pH; least squares means for L, ML, MH and H were 6.73, 7.17, 7.38, and 7.92. Horses consuming diet L excreted more calcium in the urine (P<.05) than those consuming MH or H. Least squares means for daily urine calcium excretion tended to be linear across treatments and ranged from 19.66 g/day for diet L to 9.12 g/day for diet H. Urinary chloride excretion was higher (P<.05) for L than for MH or H. Horses fed diet H excreted more sodium (P<.05) in urine than horses fed the other diets. Lowering DCAB, increases urinary calcium loss; depending on the level of calcium intake, this could lead to negative calcium balance in exercising horses.     

Effect of dietary cation-anion balance in mineral balance in anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses

Eight geldings and four mares were randomly assigned treatments within three 4x4 Latin square design experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) on mineral balance and dry matter digestibility in sedentary and anaerobically exercised horses. Four diets with an average DCAB (calculated as meq ((Na+K+) - Cl-)/kg of diet dry matter) of +24 (Low, L), +127 (Medium Low, ML), +227 (Medium High, MH) and +352 (High, H) were fed for a 21 day adjustment period followed by a 72 hour collection period. Diets consisted of a pelleted base concentrate of com, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with either native prairie grass or bermuda grass hay in a 60:40 ratio. Diet L was formed by adding calcium chloride and ammonium chloride to the base concentrate, diet ML was formed by adding calcium chloride, and diet H was formed by adding potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate. Diet MI-I received no supplementation and served as the control. Representative samples of feed, feces and urine were analyzed for mineral content and mineral balances were calculated by difference. Fecal output was greater (p <.05), and thus, dry matter digestibility was lower in exercised homes consuming diet L versus diet H. Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet MH as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet H as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Potassium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet H as compared to those horses consuming diet ML, however, potassium balance was not affected by DCAB in exercised horses. No significant differences were detected in chloride or magnesium balances in the sedentary horses, although chloride balance was greater (p <.05) and magnesium balance was lower (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet L as compared to all other diets. In sedentary homes, phosphorus balance was reflective of intake with differences (p <.05) observed between all treatments. However, in exercised homes, phosphorus balance was lower (p <.05) oniy for those consuming diet L. Calcium balance decreased significantly as DCAB decreased between all treatments in sedentary horses, while calcium balance in exercised homes was greater (p <.05) for homes consuming diet H as compared to those consum- ing diet L.Previous research from our laboratory has shown that both exercised and sedentary horses consuming diets with a low DCAB experience a nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis. The current data indicate that anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses consuming these diets excrete significantly more calcium in the urine resulting in decreased calcium balances. Prolonged consumption of diets with a low DCAB may lead to a significant demineralization of bone and a subsequent weakening of the skeleton.     

Effects of dietary cation-anion balance on acid-base status in horses

Four mature, sedentary geldings were used in a 4x4 Latin square design experiment to study the effects of dietary cationanion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na + K) - C1)/kg of dietary dry matter, on urine pH, blood pH and blood gasses. Four diets with actual DCAB levels of +21 (Low, L), +125 (Medium Low, ML), +231 (Medium High, MH) and +350 (High, H) were fed for a 21-day adjustment period and a 72 hour collection period. Total urine output was collected every 4 hours post feeding for 72 hours, and like times across days were combined for analyses. Arterial and venous blood samples were drawn, via indwelling catheters, hourly for 12 hours beginning at feeding. All samples were analyzed immediately after collection for pH, blood gasses and blood acid-base measures. Urine pH was lower (p<.05) at all measured intervals when geldings consumed diet L than when they consumed diets MI, MH and H. Least squares means for urine pH ranges from 5.40 to 5.86 on diet L, 6.79 to 7.30 on diet ML, 7.35 to 7.63 on diet MH and 7.52 to 8.14 on diet H. Blood pH, pCO₂ and HCO₃ values were also significantly lower in both arterial and venous samples when geldings consumed diet L than when fed diets MH and H. Results of this trial indicate that horses consuming highly anionic diets may experience a nutritionally-induced metabolic acidosis.     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对泌乳前期热应激奶牛血液指标的影响

随着近两年全球气温升高,缓解奶牛的热应激,提高奶牛的生产性能是畜牧工作者急须解决的问题。目前通过调节奶牛的日粮改善热应激奶牛的生产性能成为人们研究的焦点。大量研究表明,向奶牛日粮中添加缓冲剂可通过调节奶牛的机体酸碱平衡改善奶牛的生产性能。国外对日粮阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)对热应激奶牛生产性能的影响十分关注,但国内却很少研究。本试验目的是通过给泌乳前期热应激奶牛饲喂不同水平DCAB ,测定其对奶牛血液指标的影响,为提高生产性能提供科学依据和泌乳前期热应激奶牛DCAB适宜水平的参考值。1　材料与方法1 1　试验动物　…     

Tolerance of cattle to increased dietary sulfur and effect of dietary cation-anion balance

The objective of this study was to determine if dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) affects the concentration of S that can be tolerated by growing and finishing cattle without adversely affecting performance. Angus cross and Bradford steers (n=114; average initial BW=252.8 kg) were blocked by BW and breed, and randomly assigned within a block to treatment. The design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with S (from NH(4)SO(4)) supplemented at 0, 0.15, or 0.30% of DM, and NaHCO(3) added at 0 or 1.0% of DM. Each treatment consisted of 3 pens containing 5 steers and 1 pen containing 4 steers. Steers were used in an 84-d growing study followed by a finishing study. A corn silage-based diet was fed during the growing study and a corn-based diet was fed during the finishing study. Steers were not randomized between experiments. The analyzed concentrations of S in the growing diets were 0.12, 0.30, and 0.46%, whereas the analyzed concentrations of S in the finishing diets were 0.13, 0.31, and 0.46% for treatments supplemented with 0, 0.15, and 0.30% S, respectively. Increasing DCAB by approximately 15 mEq/100 g of DM, by the addition of NaHCO(3,) did not affect (P > 0.36) performance during the growing or finishing studies. During the growing study DMI was not affected (P=0.29) by dietary S. Steers fed diets containing 0.30% S had greater ADG (P=0.02) and G:F (P=0.01) than those receiving 0.46% S, but similar (P > 0.36) performance to steers fed 0.12% S. During the finishing study, steers fed diets containing 0.46% S had less ADG than steers fed 0.13 (P=0.004) or 0.31% S (P=0.07), whereas ADG did not differ (P=0.18) among steers fed 0.13 and 0.31% S. Steers fed diets containing 0.31 (P=0.01) or 0.46% S (P=0.001) had less DMI than controls, but G:F was not affected (P=0.52) by S during the finishing study. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P > 0.18) among steers fed diets containing 0.13 and 0.31% S. Steers receiving diets containing 0.46% S had decreased HCW (P=0.001), quality (P=0.02), and yield grades (P=0.04) than steers receiving 0.13% S. Plasma Cu concentrations on d 101 of the finishing phase and liver Cu concentrations at slaughter were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in control steers compared with those fed diets containing 0.31 or 0.46% S. This study indicates that steers fed growing diets can tolerate up to 0.46% S with minimum effects on performance. Finishing steers tolerated diets containing 0.31% S without adverse affects on ADG or G:F. However, 0.46% S greatly decreased ADG and DMI, and increasing DCAB did not prevent these depressions.     

The effect of dietary potassium and chloride on cation-anion balance in swine

The apparent retention and excretion of cations and anions were evaluated in 20 growing pigs to study the mechanisms by which an interaction between dietary K and Cl levels affected growth. All pigs maintained a positive retention of K+ and Cl- regardless of the dietary levels. The K x Cl interaction observed in growth studies previously but not in this study could not be explained by a simple interaction of one ion on the retention of the other. When pooled across dietary Cl levels, an increase in dietary K levels from .10 to .60% resulted in a calculated increase in daily K+ intake of 4.86 meq/kg of BW. Sixty percent (2.99 meq) of the increased K+ intake was excreted in the urine and counterbalanced by a decrease in urine NH4+ (3.06 meq). This decrease in NH4+ excretion could account for essentially all of the increase in N retention (3.51 mmol) observed when dietary K levels were increased from .10 to .60%. Thirty-three percent of the increased K+ intake (1.62 meq) was retained, but the counter ion could not be determined. Retention of Cl- was not changed as dietary K levels were changed. When dietary Cl levels were increased from .03 to .57%, 69% (4.06 meq) of the calculated difference in Cl- intake (5.90 meq) was excreted in the urine, which must have been counterbalanced by a decrease in undetermined organic anions (1.77 meq) and HPO4 = (1.50 meq) excretion, with a tendency for an increased NH4+ (.82 meq) excretion. The counter ions required to balance the increased Cl- retention (1.82 meq) as dietary Cl levels were increased from .03 to .57% could not be identified. Shifts in the retention and urinary excretion of Ca++, Na+, HCO3-, and SO4= did not seem to be quantitatively important in identifying the mechanisms by which dietary K and Cl levels alter growth. Based on these results, we conclude that alterations in growth caused by changes in dietary K and possibly Cl levels are mediated via mechanisms involving renal NH4+ metabolism.     

反刍动物日粮阴阳离子平衡研究进展

矿物质元素对动物营养十分重要 ,随着单个矿物质元素研究的深入 ,矿物质元素之间的平衡越来越受到重视 ,近年来国外有关日粮阴阳离子平衡的研究报道相当多 ,而国内较少。矿物质阴阳离子参与维持机体酸碱平衡 ,而生理体液中的酸碱平衡对于维持动物的正常生理活动和最佳的生产性能十分重要 ,因此日粮阴阳离子平衡可直接影响到动物的生理活动和生产性能。根据动物的体液酸碱平衡情况调节日粮阴阳离子浓度 ,使体液中的酸碱平衡达到动物最佳生产性能的要求 ,是研究日粮阴阳离子平衡的主要目的。1　反刍动物日粮阴阳离子平衡的表达式日粮阴阳离子…     

Effect of dietary cation-anion difference on mineral balance, serum osteocalcin concentration and growth in weanling horses

Sixteen Quarter Horse weanlings were used in a splitplot design experiment to determine the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on mineral metabolism, osteocalcin concentration and variables of growth. Horses were blocked by age and sex and then randomly allotted to two treatment groups (High or Low). Experimental diets with a DCAD of +325 (High, H) and −52 (Low, L) were formed by supplementing diet H with sodium bicarbonate and diet L with calcium chloride. The DCAD was calculated as meq (Na+K)−(Cl+S)/kg of diet DM. The 25-week trial consisted of three 72 h collection periods at 150, 240 and 330 d of age during which a complete urine collection was taken.Multiple fecal grab samples were collected to represent every 2 h post-feeding during each collection period. Venous blood samples were taken for analysis of serum osteocalcin concentration. Weekly measurements were taken to monitor skeletal growth. Representative samples of feed, feces and urine were analyzed for mineral content and apparent mineral balances were calculated by difference. Although osteocalcin concentration did not differ significantly between diets H and L at 150 and 330 d of age, it was higher (P<.05) at d 240 in horses consuming diet H versus diet L. No difference (P>.05) was detected between treatments in any skeletal growth variable measured. Phosphorus balance and digestibility did not differ significantly between treatments across d of age. However, digestibility of P was lower (P<.05) at d 240 and 330 compared to d 150 in both treatments. Horses consuming diet L experienced an increased (P<.05) urinary and a decreased (P<005) fecal excretion of Ca compared to horses consuming diet H. Apparent daily Ca balance was higher (P<.05) in horses consuming diet L than those on diet H at 240 and 330 d of age. Furthermore, Ca digestibility decreased significantly between d 150 and d 240 and 330 in horses consuming diet H. Horses consuming diet L experienced no difference (P>.05) in Ca digestibility across d of age.These findings suggest that horses consuming a low DCAD diet are able to compensate for the increased urinary excretion of Ca by enhancing intestinal Ca absorption and thereby increasing daily CA balance and digestibility.     

不同阴阳离子平衡日粮对育肥羊增重及其消化功能的影响

通过饲养试验、消化试验来研究不同阴阳离子(DCAB)水平日粮对(无角多赛特×小尾寒羊)F2代杂种育肥羊增重及其饲料利用率的影响,结果表明,随着DCAB水平的增加,(无角多赛特×小尾寒羊)F2代杂种育肥羊的平均日增重、蛋白质消化率、NDF消化率、ADF消化率均有增加的趋势,最佳DCAB值为每100g干物质50meq。