Inter-relation between descriptors and morphine yield in Asian germplasm of opium poppy Papaver somniferum

A set of 208 Indian and two Thai germplasm accessions of opium poppy Papaver somniferum were assessed for variation in 17 morphological characters, seed yield and content and yield of morphine from capsules and peduncles. The germplasm was found to be highly variable for all the characters evaluated. In the harvested peduncles and capsules, 13% was peduncle straw, 61% seeds and the rest capsule husk. The peduncle and capsule straw yields ranged between 0.6–2.2 and 1.4–5.3 g plant^-1, respectively. Morphine content in the peduncle varied between about 0.001–0.24% and that in the capsule from 0.02 to 1.05%. On average basis morphine content in the capsule husk was more than 9-fold higher than the peduncle straw. The plant morphine yields from peduncles and capsules ranged between 1.2 and 28.6 mg plant^-1. Four accessions yielded more than 20 mg of morphine plant^-1. Among these, in one of the accessions about 13% of the morphine was contributed by the peduncle. The plants of high morphine yielding accessions were generally small in height, and bore white flowers and large sized ungrooved capsules with a small number of seeds, on a large peduncle.     

Comparative response of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and eight crop and vegetable species to manganese excess in solution culture

The relative response of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and eight crop and vegetable species to excess manganese was investigated in a glasshouse, solution culture experiment. Plant yields and manganese concentrations were measured after two and six weeks growth at five levels of manganese (10–800 μM).

Poppies were highly sensitive to manganese toxicity in solution culture and reductions in shoot yield occurred at lower manganese levels in solution and at lower shoot manganese concentrations than that for the following sensitive species, ranked in order of increasing tolerance : brussels sprout, barley, green beans, lucerne and grean pea. In contrast lupins, oats and sugar beet were relatively tolerant producing about 80% or more of maximum shoot yield at the highest solution manganese level (800 μM Mn).

In this study the sensitivity of poppy, and brussels sprout, to manganese excess was attributed to their low shoot manganese “toxicity threshold values”; and their capacity to partition a high proportion of total plant manganese and dry matter to the shoot at solution manganese levels ≥ 100 μM.

The application of these results to field grown poppy is discussed in relation to interactions between manganese and other elements which modify plant tolerance to manganese excess.     

Alkaloid profiles of the Indian land races of the opiumpoppy Papaver somniferum L.

The capsule husks of a set of 115 Indian land races of opium poppy Papaver somniferum L. obtained over two cropping seasons were screened for the percent contents of papaverine, reticuline, narcotine, thebaine, codeinone, codeine,morphine and oripavine. Among the accessions screened 36, 7 and 1 didnot accumulate papaverine, papaverine and narcotine and codeine and morphine, respectively. The alkaloid profiles and correlations between alkaloids in all the four classes of accessions showed thatin the Indian genetic resources of P.somniferum (a) morphine is synthesized from codeine rather than oripavine, (b) net alkaloid contents are low under narcotine deficiency, and (c)accumulation of morphine and codeine was limited upstream of codeine and morphine. The accessions identified to be harboring genetic blocks in the phenenthrine and benzylisoquinolinebiosynthetic pathways will be useful for understanding the genetic control of secondary metabolism in opium poppy.     

苹果籽油超声波辅助浸提及产品理化特性研究

本文以秦冠苹果籽为原料,利用超声波技术辅助提取苹果籽油,研究了苹果籽的粒度、超声波频率、料液比以及提取时间等因素对出油率的影响。试验结果表明,最佳工艺条件为破碎粒度60目,料液比1∶6(w/v),超声波频率32 kHz,提取时间45 min,出油率达20.94％。气相色谱测定表明,苹果籽油中含有五种脂肪酸,其中89％以上为不饱和脂肪酸。超声波辅助制油与常规法相比,具有油品质量好,提取时间短,温度低等优点,有着较广阔的应用前景。     

花椒籽油精炼工艺的试验研究

为将游离脂肪酸和蜡含量高的花椒籽毛油精炼为符合国家相关标准的食用油,该文通过溶剂萃取与常规碱炼结合脱酸,再用活性炭脱色。花椒籽油精炼试验结果表明：精炼油的得率73.84%,油品的酸值（以kOH计）＜0.5?mg/g）)达到了国家一级食用油的标准,保留了全部的α-亚麻酸,得到花椒籽毛油质量19.19%的游离脂肪酸和蜡,炼耗酸值比0.74,乙醇回收率91.15%。花椒籽油精炼优化工艺是：采用95%的乙醇与花椒籽毛油按2.5：1（V/W）的比例萃取2次花椒籽毛油,然后对萃取后的花椒籽油碱炼脱酸一次,再用活性炭脱色。     

Variability for the fatty acid composition of the seed oil in a germplasm collection of the genus Brassica

A germplasm collection consisting of 1475 entries from 21 species of Brassica, including 36 lower taxa, was evaluated for the fatty acid composition of the seed oil. A total of 358 entries representing the taxonomic variability in the collection were selected and analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The remaining 1117 entries were analysed by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), after developing multi-species calibration equations. The results demonstrated that NIRS is an effective technique to assess variability for oleic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acid in intact-seed samples of multiple Brassica species, provided that calibration equations be developed from sets containing large taxonomic and chemical variability. Some fatty acid ratios were used to estimate the efficiency of the different biosynthetic pathways. Two well-defined patterns were observed. The first one was characterised by high elongation efficiency and accumulation of high levels of erucic acid. The highest erucic acid content (>55% of the total fatty acids) was found in the cultivated species B. napus L., B. oleracea L., and B. rapa L., and in the wild species B. incana Tenore, B. rupestris Raf., and B. villosa Bivona-Bernardi, the three latter belonging to the B. oleracea group (n=9). The second pattern was characterised by high desaturation efficiency, resulting in the accumulation of high levels of the polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acid (up to more than 55%). The highest levels of these fatty acids were found in samples of B. elongata Ehrh., especially of the var. integrifolia Boiss. The utility of the reported variability for plant breeding is discussed.     

Variation in seed oil composition of species from the genera Barbarea and Lepidium

The seed oil composition and content in a number of accessions from species of the genera Barbarea and Lepidium were analysed. The oil from most accessions of B. verna contained more than 50% erucic acid, while the oil from B. vulgaris contained ～ 30% erucic acid, and 22% each of oleic and linoleic acid. The oil from B. intermedia resembled that of B. verna. The oil content was ～ 30% in all three species. The oil composition of L. campestre and L. heterophyllum is ～ 35% linolenic acid and 23% erucic acid. Other Lepidium species had up to 47% linolenic acid in the oil. The oil content of L. campestre and L. heterophylhim was just below 20%, but other species had more than 30% oil in their seeds. The variation in oil composition found within and between species is considered sufficient for the breeding of valuable oil qualities in both genera.     

黑莓籽油的超临界萃取及脂肪酸成分分析

为了获得高品质保健油脂,采用超临界CO2萃取黑莓籽油,以气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）对黑莓籽油脂肪酸成分进行分析。样品最佳粉碎粒度60目,超临界CO2萃取适宜工艺条件为：萃取压力20 MPa,分离罐压力10 MPa,萃取罐温度45℃,萃取时间30 min,萃取得率为(17.73±0.19)%。GC-MS检测结果显示黑莓籽油中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸、油酸、亚麻酸,质量分数分别为58.04%、11.76%、8.38%,占总脂肪酸的78.18%。研究结果为黑莓籽的综合开发加工利用提供了参考。     

茶叶籽贮藏时间对毛油产率与质量的影响

为了揭示茶叶籽贮藏时间对发酵法茶叶籽毛油产率与质量的影响,每2周从贮藏的茶叶籽中取样,利用茶叶籽油发酵法生产工艺进行茶叶籽毛油生产,并对工艺中各项剩余物的含油量及毛油的重要质量指标进行了测定,结果如下。室温条件下,茶叶籽贮藏47周后,毛油产率下降了23.5%、酸值及过氧化值分别升高了44.88%及69.4%,毛油色泽基本没有变化。滤渣、发酵沉淀的质量分别升高了20.27%及23.35%;淀粉、油渣质量分别降低了6.13%及3.64%。滤渣、发酵沉淀、淀粉及油渣含油率分别升高了15.63%、22.77%、206%及12.88%。发酵沉淀质量对毛油产率的影响是正向的,淀粉、油渣及滤渣质量对毛油产率的影响是负向的;发酵沉淀及滤渣含油率对毛油产率的影响是正向的,淀粉及油渣含油量对毛油产率的影响是负向的,影响大小的排序为:油渣淀粉滤渣发酵沉淀。综合分析表明,滤渣是通过滤渣质量的增加导致毛油产率随贮藏时间下降的,其下降作用的贡献占全部下降因素的79.28%。贮藏47周后的茶叶籽仁,利用发酵法生产工艺仍然具有毛油生产价值。该研究可为茶叶籽油合理生产提供理论支撑。     

Improvement of yield,yield components and oil quality in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) by N-fixing bacteria fertilizers and urea

Experiments were conducted in 2009–2010 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd, Iran, to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. on seed yield, its components and quality traits of sesame cultivars. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with nitrogen rates (0 (control), 25 and 50 kg N ha^?1), cultivars (Darab-14, GL-13 and local) and N-fixing bacteria levels (non-inoculation and inoculation) were applied with three replications. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased yield and yield components, but reduced oil content in 2010. Inoculating seeds with PGPR increased yield and yield components of sesame cultivars compared to the control treatment. Seed yield in PGPR inoculation with half a rate of N fertilizer treatment was more than seed yield in the full rate of N fertilizer without a PGPR inoculation treatment. N fertilizer and PGPR application significantly decreased saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid) while it significantly increased unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid). Oleic acid had a significant negative correlation with linoleic acid (r = ?0.79). The result showed that an application of PGPR could be usefully applied to reduce use of chemical fertilizer.     

南瓜籽油的水酶法提取工艺及产品的理化性质

为提高南瓜籽油的出油率和出油品质,采用水酶法建立南瓜籽油提取工艺,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化提取工艺条件,并对南瓜籽油的理化性质和主要营养组分进行了分析。研究结果表明,水酶法提取南瓜籽油的较佳工艺条件为：复合酶配比1∶6∶6（酸性蛋白酶∶纤维素酶∶果胶酶）、复合加酶量1.2%、酶解pH值为4.0、酶解温度48℃、酶解时间3 h,南瓜籽出油率为38.34%。对比超临界CO2提取法出油率32.90%和超声波溶剂法出油率44.60%,使用水酶法出油率较高,所提取的南瓜籽油色泽明亮,澄清透明,富含不饱和脂肪酸、植物甾醇和维生素E等营养成分,其理化性质优于其他2种方法提取的油脂,各项指标均达到了国家食用油标准,是具有特殊功能的营养保健油源。     

Nitrogen‐enriched compost application combined with plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improves seed quality and nutrient use efficiency of sunflower

Ecological benefits associated with plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculants offer a promising integrated nutrient management option to counteract plant nitrogen (N) deficiency. We performed field experiments to evaluate the effect of integrated N fertilizer regime involving chemical N fertilizer (CNF) and N‐enriched compost (NEC), either alone or combined with selected PGPR (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) on sunflower seed quality, N use efficiency (NUE) and soil fertility during 2014–2015. We found that integrated N biofertilizer application resulted in significantly higher seed oil concentration, fatty acid composition, and harvest index in both cropping years. Greater effects on N yield efficiency (NYE), N use efficiency (NUE), N physiological efficiency (NPE), and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) were recorded in nitrogen‐enriched compost+PGPR inoculant (NECPI) treatment followed by chemical N fertilizer+PGPR inoculant (CNFPI) treatment. Statistically significant differences were observed in linoleic and linolenic acid, NYE, and NUE for treatment × year interaction, thus, suggesting that the integrated N biofertilizer approach facilitates the efficient N use by sunflower for improving yield and seed quality. Moreover, we also found considerable enhancement of soil N fertility after two consecutive cropping years of sunflower. The enhancement of seed quality, N use efficiencies, and soil N fertility through integrated N biofertilizer application emphasizes the importance of balanced crop N nutrition, ensuring sufficient N supply to sunflower with adequate N balance in soil for the next crop. Overall, combination of PGPR with NEC amendment may optimize N uptake efficiency and reduce N fertilizer losses, which is necessarily required for the sustainable sunflower production.     

加工工艺对油茶籽油氧化稳定性及酚类物质含量的影响

为了探究加工工艺对油茶籽油营养品质的影响,了解油酚类物质在加工工艺中的变化规律,该文从油茶籽油加工企业的生产线中取样,对压榨毛油和浸出毛油精炼工艺以及压榨毛油适度精炼工艺等不同工艺中油茶籽油中总酚、多酚组成及含量、抗氧化活性系数和油的氧化诱导时间等指标进行了测定。压榨毛油精炼工艺包括水洗、脱色、脱臭、冬化;浸出毛油精炼工艺包括碱炼、水洗、脱色、脱臭、冬化;压榨毛油适度精炼工艺包括脱胶、碱炼、水洗、冬化等工艺步骤。结果显示:压榨油茶籽毛油中总酚平均质量分数为103.06μg/g,显著高于浸出油茶籽油48.52μg/g(P0.05);油茶籽毛油经过精炼工艺后总酚和总酚的抗氧化活性均呈现下降趋势,三种精炼工艺后油茶籽油中总酚分别下降了88.9%,86.7%和63.81%,总酚的抗氧化活性分别下降了88.3%,93.51%和83.25%。适度精炼相比普通精炼对于保留油茶籽油中的多酚有明显优势,前者精炼后油茶籽油中总酚及其抗氧化活性系数分别为37.82μg/g和9.33%,后者仅为11.41μg/g和4.71%。通过高效液相色谱测定发现,浸出油茶籽毛油精炼后仅含有少量肉桂酸,压榨毛油传统精炼后压榨油茶籽油中测到苯甲酸、芦丁和肉桂酸等3种多酚的质量分数分别为4.7、1.58和0.22μg/g,压榨毛油适度精炼后的油茶籽油中测到了单宁酸、绿原酸、表儿茶素等9种多酚,其中单宁酸和绿原酸的质量分数最高,分别为4.57和3.26μg/g;适度精炼后油茶籽油氧化诱导时间从初始的8.56 h增加到11.66 h,增加了26.63%;压榨毛油传统精炼后油茶籽油氧化诱导时间从8.14 h增加到10.42 h,增加了21.83%。研究结果表明,压榨毛油适度精炼相比传统精炼工艺对于保留油茶籽油中多酚等成分有明显优势,所生产的茶油具有更强的氧化稳定性。研究结果为油茶籽油中营养成分的保留提供了途径,为油茶籽油加工工艺选择提供参考。     

不同提取方法对甘肃紫斑牡丹籽油品质的影响

为了对比冷榨法、溶剂浸出法、超临界CO₂萃取法3种提取方法所得紫斑牡丹籽油的品质,以甘肃紫斑牡丹籽为研究对象,从外观品质、出油率、理化特性及抗氧化能力方对3种方法提取的牡丹籽油品质进行观测。结果表明,采用溶剂浸提法提取的牡丹籽油得率最高,为27.27%;其次是超临界CO₂萃取法,为22.80%;冷榨法最低,为20.17%。采用超临界CO₂萃取法提取的牡丹籽油酸值和过氧化值低,抗氧化性能强,油品质量最高。采用冷榨法提取的牡丹籽油酸值低,品质较好,方法操作简单。3种提取方法各有特点,生产中可根据具体需求选择适用。     

Alteration of soil microbial communities and water quality in restored wetlands

Land usage is a strong determinant of soil microbial community composition and activity, which in turn determine organic matter decomposition rates and decomposition products in soils. Microbial communities in permanently flooded wetlands, such as those created by wetland restoration on Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta islands in California, function under restricted aeration conditions that result in increasing anaerobiosis with depth. It was hypothesized that the change from agricultural management to permanently flooded wetland would alter microbial community composition, increase the amount and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds in Delta waters; and have a predominant impact on microbial communities as compared with the effects of other environmental factors including soil type and agricultural management. Based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, active microbial communities of the restored wetlands were changed significantly from those of the agricultural fields, and wetland microbial communities varied widely with soil depth. The relative abundance of monounsaturated fatty acids decreased with increasing soil depth in both wetland and agricultural profiles, whereas branched fatty acids were relatively more abundant at all soil depths in wetlands as compared to agricultural fields. Decomposition conditions were linked to DOC quantity and quality using fatty acid functional groups to conclude that restricted aeration conditions found in the wetlands were strongly related to production of reactive carbon compounds. But current vegetation may have had an equally important role in determining DOC quality in restored wetlands. In a larger scale analysis, that included data from wetland and agricultural sites on Delta islands and data from two previous studies from the Sacramento Valley, an aeration gradient was defined as the predominant determinant of active microbial communities across soil types and land usage.     

Influence of different dates of planting on growth,herb, oil yield and quality of essential oil of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) in the North Indian Plain

A field experiment was conducted for two years (2007–2008 and 2008–2009) to study the effect of different dates of planting for three menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) cultivars (Saksham, Kushal and Kosi; developed by Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India) on herb yield, oil yield and oil quality. All the cultivars produced higher herb and oil yields when planted on 18 February, compared with cultivars planted on other dates in both years. Average herb yield for Saksham increased by 12.89, 30.66, 54.01 and 85.71%, average herb yield for Kushal increased by 15.09, 30.57, 71.69 and 104.91%, and average herb yield for Kosi increased by 32.48, 53.28, 87.23 and 109.49% when planted on 4 January, 19 January, 3 February and 18 February, respectively, over cultivars planted on 20 December. Among the cultivars, Kosi produced a higher herb yield than Saksham and Kushal planted on 18 February. Saksham, Kushal and Kosi produced ～89.39, 152.04 and 170.22% higher oil yield, when planted on 18 February over their respective planting date of 20 December. Maximum menthol content was recorded in cultivar Saksham when planted on 18 February and in Kushal and Kosi when planted on 4 March.     

Variation in the nutritional quality of rice straw and grain in response to different nitrogen levels

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) applied through urea is essential for rice crops and usually it is the most yield-limiting nutrient in irrigated rice production around the world. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels (0, 90,120, and 150?kg?ha^?1) on the nutritional quality of straw and grain of rice varieties, PR 111, PR 122, and Pusa 44. In rice straw, significant interaction between nitrogen levels and all proximate components was observed. Increase in nitrogen level increased the crude protein by 69.23% (dry matter basis) whereas the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose content decreased by 7.82%, 11.18%, and 14.16%, respectively. In rice grain, crude protein content, starch content, and gel consistency were positively related to increase in nitrogen levels. Therefore, increase in nitrogen fertilization led to improved nutritive quality of both straw and grain for use as feed resource and human consumption, respectively.     

Foliar spray of mineral nutrients enhanced the growth,seed yield,and quality in onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Pusa Riddhi

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spray of mineral nutrients on plant growth, seed yield, and quality attributes in onion cv. Pusa Riddhi at SPU, IARI, New Delhi during rabi 2013–14 and 2014–15. The experiment consisted of 16 treatments comprised of boron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium laid out in a completely randomized block design with two replications. The study revealed that the foliar zinc spray (625 g ha^?1) produced higher seed scape height (105.35 cm) along with lower disease incidence (8.50%) than the other treatments. Whereas, higher number of seed scapes plant^?1 (11.20) and productive seed scapes plant^?1 (8.58) were observed in T₁₀ (500 g ha^?1) and combined spray of B + Zn + Ca (T₁₄), respectively. The flowering traits, viz., umbellates umbel^?1 (642.45), productive umbellates umbel^?1 (579.35), and umbel diameter (7.38cm) were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in T₁₅ than other treatments. Similarly, higher seed yield and seed quality attributes were also observed in combined application of all minerals treatment (T₁₅).     

饲粮油脂对蛋鸡生产性能、血清脂质含量和蛋黄脂肪酸组成的影响

选用90只50周龄海蓝褐壳蛋鸡,随机分成5组。5组饲粮中分别添加使用2%棕榈油(对照组,2%PO)、2%亚麻油(2%LO)、4%亚麻油(4%LO)、4%鱼油(4%FO)、4%火麻仁油(4%HO),研究不同油脂对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中脂肪酸组成和血清胆固醇等脂质含量的影响。结果表明:(1)4%亚麻油组鸡产蛋率较对照组提高,差异显著(P<0.05),4%鱼油组和2%亚麻油组产蛋率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)与对照组比较,随着饲粮亚麻油用量的增加,蛋黄中α亚麻酸(ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量增加(P<0.05);4%鱼油组蛋黄中EPA和DHA含量增加(P<0.05);4%火麻仁油组蛋黄中亚油酸(LA)和ALA的含量增加(P<0.05)。(3)饲粮中不同油脂影响蛋黄中n6/n3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比值,亚麻油、鱼油、火麻仁油能降低n6/n3PUFA比值(P<0.05)。(4)不同油脂对血清脂质含量无显著的影响(P>0.05),但亚麻油、鱼油、火麻仁油有降低血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量,提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度的趋势。     

光谱特征变量和BP神经网络构建油用牡丹种子含水率估算模型

为了进一步提高种子含水率的高光谱估算精度,该研究测定了156份油用牡丹种子的近红外吸收光谱及其对应的含水率值,分析了近红外吸收光谱、一阶微分光谱、水分吸收特征参数与含水率的相关关系,构建了基于特征波长吸收光谱、特征波长一阶微分光谱、水分特征吸收参数和BP神经网络的油用牡丹种子含水率估算模型,并对模型进行了验证;再结合一元线性回归（SLR,Single Linear Regression）、逐步多元线性回归（SMLR,Stepwise MultipleLinear Regression）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR,Partial Least Squares Regression）模型与BP神经网络（BPNN,BP Neural Network）模型进行比较。结果表明：1）油用牡丹种子含水率的吸收光谱特征波长位于1 410、1 900、1990 nm,一阶微分光谱特征波长位于1 150、1 950、2 080 nm;2）以DF2080和AD2140为自变量建立的一元线性回归模型预测效果较优,在能够满足水分估算精度的情况下,是最优的选择方法。3）将优选的特征参数作为输入,实测含水率值作为输出,构建BP神经网络模型,其建模与验模R2分别为0.978和0.973,RMSE分别为0.22%和0.242%,而RPD值分别为6.478和5.889,与其他模型相比,BP神经网络模型的建模及预测精度均最高,是估算油用牡丹种子含水率的最优模型,其次为逐步多元线性回归模型。研究结果表明BP神经网络模型对种子含水率具有更好的预测能力,是估算油用牡丹种子含水率的有效方法。