Development of a low-cost attitude sensor for agricultural vehicles

The objective of this research was to develop a low-cost attitude sensor for agricultural vehicles. The attitude sensor was composed of three vibratory gyroscopes and two inclinometers. A sensor fusion algorithm was developed to estimate tilt angles (roll and pitch) by least-squares method. In the algorithm, the drift error of the gyroscopes was estimated using the inclinometers. In addition to tilt angles, the attitude sensor also estimated the absolute heading angle and position with inclination error correction by integrating a GPS. Tests were conducted on a flat field, a sloping ground and a bumpy road. Results showed that the attitude sensor was able to estimate the roll angle with the maximum root mean square error of 0.43°, the pitch angle with 0.61° and the heading angle with 0.64°. Moreover, the attitude sensor dramatically improved the positioning accuracy from 25.9 cm to 3.0 cm in the sloping ground test and from 8.4 cm to 3.7 cm in the bumpy road test. The proposed technology used in the attitude sensor will help to develop advanced agricultural applications.     

Evaluation of ultrasonic sensor for variable-rate spray applications

Automatic variable-rate sprayers require accurate measurement of canopy size. An estimate of canopy size is made by measuring the distance to the canopy at several elevations above the ground; an ultrasonic sensor was used to determine canopy distance in this study. It is sometimes necessary to conduct spray operations during harsh operating conditions. In this study ultrasonic sensors were subjected to simulated environmental and operating conditions to determine their durability and accuracy. Conditions tested included exposure to extended cold, outdoor temperatures, cross winds, temperature change, dust clouds, travel speeds and spray cloud effects. The root mean square (RMS) error in a series of measurements of the distance to a simulated plant canopy was used to test for significant difference among treatments. After exposure to outdoor cold conditions for 4 months, the RMS error in distance measured by the ultrasonic sensor increased from 3.31 to 3.55 cm, which was not statistically significant. Neither the presence of dust cloud nor the changes in cross-wind speeds over a range from 1.5-7.5 m/s had significant effects on the mean RMS errors. Varying sensor travel speed from 0.8 to 3.0 m/s had no significant influence on sensor detection distances. Increasing ambient temperature from 16.7 to 41.6 °C reduced the detection distance by 5.0 cm. The physical location of the spray nozzle with respect to the ultrasonic sensor had a significant effect on mean RMS errors. The mean RMS errors of sensor distance measurements ranged from 2.3 to 83.0 cm. The RMS errors could be reduced to acceptable values by proper controlling the sensor/spray nozzles spacing on a sprayer. In addition, multiple-synchronized sensors were tested for their measurement stability and accuracy (due to possible cross-talk errors) when mounted on a prototype sprayer. It was found that isolating the pathway of the ultrasonic wave of each sensor reduced detecting interference between sensors during multiple sensor operation. Test methods presented herein may be useful in the design of standardized testing protocols for field use distance sensors.     

Pore Fluid Constraints on the Temperature and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Glacial Ocean

Pore fluids from the upper 60 meters of sediment 3000 meters below the surface of the tropical Atlantic indicate that the oxygen isotopic composition (delta18O) of seawater at this site during the last glacial maximum was 0.8 ± 0.1 per mil higher than it is today. Combined with the delta18O change in benthic foraminifera from this region, the elevated ratio indicates that the temperature of deep water in the tropical Atlantic Ocean was 4°C colder during the last glacial maximum. Extrapolation from this site to a global average suggests that the ice volume contribution to the change in delta18O of foraminifera is 1.0 per mil, which partially reconciles the foraminiferal oxygen isotope record of tropical sea surface temperatures with estimates from Barbados corals and terrestrial climate proxies.     

入侵植物水葫芦对不同酸度条件的适应性(英文)

通过缩微实验,在网室中以pH值为3.5、5.0、7.0、9.0和11.0的Hoagland营养液培养水葫芦;通过测定水葫芦的形态和生理生化指标,研究了不同酸度下水葫芦的生长适应性.结果表明:在培养6周的时间内,水葫芦能够在pH值3.5-11.0的Hoagland营养液中生长,具有较宽的生存pH值范围.随营养液pH值升高,水葫芦的相对生长率从6.12倍降到3.08倍.pH值在3.5-9.0之间,水葫芦株高,叶柄长度,叶片的长度、宽度和厚度在不同酸度条件下无显著差异,根长、茎长和根系活力随pH升高明显下降.生理生化分析表明,随着营养液pH升高,水葫芦叶片的可溶性蛋白含量略有下降,MDA含量也略有变化,但不同处理间无显著差异.碱性条件下,水葫芦根系的CAT、POD活性高,MDA含量也高,CAT、POD和SOD活性失衡,表明碱性条件不利于水葫芦根系中活性氧的清除,导致自由基伤害.酸性条件下,水葫芦的根系活力和相对生长率均显著高于碱性条件,表明水葫芦更适于酸性环境生长,这是其能够在中国南方各种水域蔓延的重要原因之一.     

A low-cost microcontroller-based system to monitor crop temperature and water status

A prototype system was developed and constructed for automating the measurement and recording of canopy-, soil-, and air temperature, and soil moisture status in cropped fields. The system consists of a microcontroller-based circuit with solid-state components for handling clock/calendar, sensor power, and data storage and retrieval functions. Sensors, including an analog soil moisture sensor, analog and digital temperature sensors, and a digital infrared thermometer, are widely available and inexpensive. The circuit board and sensor assemblies require approximately 4 h to construct and test, and material costs totaled approximately US$84. Systems were built and tested during the 2009 growing season in a corn field to evaluate performance and suitability under local conditions. The sensors performed according to manufacturers’ specifications, with accuracies of ±0.4 °C, ±1.4 °C, and ±0.3 °C for air-, soil-, and canopy-temperature measurements, respectively. Soil moisture sensors were calibrated and provided measurements within ±2 kPa of the manufacturer's values. Reliability of data collection and storage averaged 91%, with most bad or missing data occurring during periods of inclement weather and electrostatic interference.     

EM菌液处理富营养化水体的条件研究

研究了不同条件下EM菌液对富营养化水体的净化效果,结果表明:以COD为主要处理目标的水体中,EM菌液的最适条件为V(EM)∶V(污水)=1/1 000、连续曝气、T＞25℃;以脱氮为主要处理目标的水体中,其最适条件为V(EM)∶V(污水)=8/1 000、间歇曝气、T＞25℃、pH为中性偏碱;以除磷为主要处理目标的水体中,EM菌液最适条件为V(EM)∶V(污水)=8/1 000、间歇曝气、T＞25℃、pH为中性偏碱.考虑到整体性、经济性和实用性,EM菌处理富营养化水体的最佳条件为V(EM)∶V(污水)=1/1 000、间歇曝气、T＞25℃、pH为中性偏碱.     

循环水工厂化养殖系统中浮球式生物滤器在不同工况下的水处理效果

本试验对浮球式生物滤器在不同工况下的水处理效率进行比较,结果表明:(1)无曝气条件下,随着水流量的降低,滤器的硝化效率呈增加趋势;NH4-N转化率和NO2--N转化率分别由水流量8 m3/h时的15.87%和23.84%增加到水流量2 m3/h时的38.85%和71.37%;COD去除率在4 m3/h的水流量下最高,达到10.33%;另外,不曝气各工况下出水溶氧和pH有所下降。(2)有曝气条件下,滤器水处理效率随水流量降低而增加;NH4-N转化率和NO2--N转化率分别由水流量8 m3/h时的6.45%和51.45%增加到水流量2 m3/h时的32.67%和93.36%;COD去除率在水流量4 m3/h下最高,为12.20%;有曝气各工况下出水溶氧和pH都有所增加。(3)对无曝气和有曝气各工况进行比较,结果显示有曝气组各工况水处理效率优于无曝气组。(4)对试验中各工况的日水处理效果进行比较,认为有曝气条件下水流量维持在6 m3/h为适合生产的最佳工况。     

循环水工厂化养殖系统中浮球式生物滤器在不同工况下的水处理效果

本试验对浮球式生物滤器在不同工况下的水处理效率进行比较,结果表明:(1)无曝气条件下,随着水流量的降低,滤器的硝化效率呈增加趋势;NH4-N转化率和NO2--N转化率分别由水流量8 m3/h时的15.87%和23.84%增加到水流量2 m3/h时的38.85%和71.37%;COD去除率在4 m3/h的水流量下最高,达到10.33%;另外,不曝气各工况下出水溶氧和pH有所下降。(2)有曝气条件下,滤器水处理效率随水流量降低而增加;NH4-N转化率和NO2--N转化率分别由水流量8 m3/h时的6.45%和51.45%增加到水流量2 m3/h时的32.67%和93.36%;COD去除率在水流量4 m3/h下最高,为12.20%;有曝气各工况下出水溶氧和pH都有所增加。(3)对无曝气和有曝气各工况进行比较,结果显示有曝气组各工况水处理效率优于无曝气组。(4)对试验中各工况的日水处理效果进行比较,认为有曝气条件下水流量维持在6 m3/h为适合生产的最佳工况。     

不同喷射角微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦 耗水特性及产量的影响

【目的】研究不同喷射角微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响,以期为创新小麦节水灌溉技术,实现小麦高产高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】2010—2012年冬小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22,在田间条件下设置T0：生育期不灌水;T1、T2、T3、T4采用微喷带灌溉,微喷带带长均为40 m,喷射角分别为35°、50°、65°和80°。每条微喷带沿小麦种植行向铺设在行间,灌溉左右各4行（L1—L4）小麦,实际灌溉宽度1.6 m。【结果】（1）拔节和开花期采用微喷带补灌,同一处理下,各取样区间L1—L4的0—200 cm土层土壤含水量变化规律一致,其中T1、T2和T3处理的各行间上部土层土壤含水量均表现为：随行间距离微喷带增加,土壤含水量逐渐降低;随微喷带喷射角增大,灌溉水在土壤中的分布均匀系数显著增加。T4处理各行间0—200 cm各土层土壤含水量无显著差异,灌溉水在土壤中的分布均匀系数最高。（2）与T1、T2和T3处理相比,T4处理在拔节期至开花期对40—80 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量和开花至成熟期20—80 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著升高,对深层土壤贮水消耗量和总土壤贮水消耗量显著降低,拔节至开花期的阶段耗水量、开花期补灌水量、总灌水量和总耗水量亦显著降低。（3）T4处理的籽粒产量、产量水分利用效率和土壤贮水利用效率显著高于其余各处理。【结论】在本试验条件下,采用80°喷射角的微喷带灌溉处理是兼顾高产和高水分利用效率的最优处理。     

不同生态因子对直链藻生长的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了温度、光照、盐度和pH值对直链藻生长的影响。结果表明：直链藻生长的适宜温度为10～30℃,最适温度为25℃;适宜光照为500～9000lx,最适光照为3000～7000lx;适宜盐度5～85,最适盐度为20;适宜pH值为4～10,最适pH值为8.5。     

循环水养殖系统中浸没式生物滤器的水处理效果

生物过滤技术是循环水超高密度工厂化养殖系统维持生产正常进行的核心技术。运转良好的生物过滤装置都有很好的硝化效果,但不同工况参数会影响生物滤器的硝化效率。已有的相关生物滤器报道均是实验室试验结果,缺乏直接以生产系统为对象的研究。本试验对浮球式生物滤器在不同工况下的水处理效率进行比较,结果发现:(1)无曝气条件下,NH4-N转化率在HRT为18 min时最大为28.77%;NO2-N转化率随着水力停留时间增加而增加,在HRT为36 min工况时达到最大,为67.20%;COD去除率在HRT为36 min时最高,达到6.56%;另外,不曝气各工况下出水溶氧和pH都有较明显下降。(2)曝气量为1 m3/h条件下,滤器水处理效率随HRT延长而增加;NH4-N转化率和NO2-N转化率分别由HRT为9 min时的7.54%和49.30%增加到HRT为36 min时的39.03%和71.78%;COD去除率在HRT为36 min时最高,为6.16%;曝气量为1 m3/h各工况下出水溶氧和pH略有增加。(3)曝气量为2 m3/h条件下,滤器水处理效率也随HRT延长而增加;NH4-N转化率和NO2-N转化率在HRT为36 min时达到最高,分别为27.27%和74.92%;COD去除率在HRT为9 min时最高,为5.30%;曝气量为2 m3/h各工况下出水溶氧和pH也都略有增加。(4)对无曝气和有曝气各工况进行比较,结果显示有曝气组各工况水处理效率优于无曝气组,曝气水平为1 m3/h时处理效率最好。     

循环水养殖系统中浸没式生物滤器的水处理效果

生物过滤技术是循环水超高密度工厂化养殖系统维持生产正常进行的核心技术。运转良好的生物过滤装置都有很好的硝化效果,但不同工况参数会影响生物滤器的硝化效率。已有的相关生物滤器报道均是实验室试验结果,缺乏直接以生产系统为对象的研究。本试验对浮球式生物滤器在不同工况下的水处理效率进行比较,结果发现:(1)无曝气条件下,NH4-N转化率在HRT为18 min时最大为28.77%;NO2-N转化率随着水力停留时间增加而增加,在HRT为36 min工况时达到最大,为67.20%;COD去除率在HRT为36 min时最高,达到6.56%;另外,不曝气各工况下出水溶氧和pH都有较明显下降。(2)曝气量为1 m3/h条件下,滤器水处理效率随HRT延长而增加;NH4-N转化率和NO2-N转化率分别由HRT为9 min时的7.54%和49.30%增加到HRT为36 min时的39.03%和71.78%;COD去除率在HRT为36 min时最高,为6.16%;曝气量为1 m3/h各工况下出水溶氧和pH略有增加。(3)曝气量为2 m3/h条件下,滤器水处理效率也随HRT延长而增加;NH4-N转化率和NO2-N转化率在HRT为36 min时达到最高,分别为27.27%和74.92%;COD去除率在HRT为9 min时最高,为5.30%;曝气量为2 m3/h各工况下出水溶氧和pH也都略有增加。(4)对无曝气和有曝气各工况进行比较,结果显示有曝气组各工况水处理效率优于无曝气组,曝气水平为1 m3/h时处理效率最好。     

NDVI variation according to the time of measurement,sampling size,positioning of sensor and water regime in different soybean cultivars

Although the information on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in plants under water deficit is often obtained from sensors attached to satellites, the increasing data acquisition with portable sensors has wide applicability in agricultural production because it is a fast, nondestructive method, and is less prone to interference problems. Thus, we carried out a set of experiments to investigate the influence of time, spatial plant arrangements, sampling size, height of the sensor and water regimes on NDVI readings in different soybean cultivars in greenhouse and field trials during the crop seasons 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14. In experiments where plants were always evaluated under well-watered conditions, we observed that 9 a.m. was the most suitable time for NDVI readings regardless of the soybean cultivar, spatial arrangement or environment. Furthermore, there was no difference among NDVI readings in relation to the sampling size, regardless of the date or cultivar. We also observed that NDVI tended to decrease according to the higher height of the sensor in relation to the canopy top, with higher values tending to be at 0.8 m, but with no significant difference relative to 1.0 m—the height we adopted in our experiments. When different water regimes were induced under field conditions, NDVI readings measured at 9 a.m. by using a portable sensor were successful to differentiate soybean cultivars with contrasting responses to drought.     

Evaluation of a wireless infrared thermometer with a narrow field of view

Many agricultural studies rely on infrared sensors for remote measurement of surface temperatures for crop status monitoring and estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes. Historically, applications for these non-contact thermometers employed the use of hand-held or stationary industrial infrared thermometers (IRTs) wired to data loggers. Wireless sensors in agricultural applications are a practical alternative, but the availability of low cost wireless IRTs is limited. In this study, we designed prototype narrow (10°) field of view wireless infrared sensor modules and evaluated the performance of the IRT sensor by comparing temperature readings of an object (T_obj) against a blackbody calibrator in a controlled temperature room at ambient temperatures of 15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C. Additional comparative readings were taken over plant and soil samples alongside a hand-held IRT and over an isothermal target in the outdoors next to a wired IRT. The average root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) between the collected IRT object temperature readings and the blackbody target ranged between 0.10 and 0.79 °C. The wireless IRT readings also compared well with the hand-held IRT and wired industrial IRT. Additional tests performed to investigate the influence of direct radiation on IRT measurements indicated that housing the sensor in white polyvinyl chloride provided ample shielding for the self-compensating circuitry of the IR detector. The relatively low cost of the wireless IRT modules and repeatable measurements against a blackbody calibrator and commercial IR thermometers demonstrated that these wireless prototypes have the potential to provide accurate surface radiometric temperature readings in outdoor applications. Further studies are needed to thoroughly test radio frequency communication and power consumption characteristics in an outdoor setting.     

土壤水分剖面实时测量传感器试验研究

该文探讨了一种基于介电原理的、可实时测量土壤水分剖面分布的套筒式结构土壤水分传感器.由于麦克思维尔方程对边缘电磁场分布求解的局限性,研究过程中采用了以下技术路线:①借助于超高频矢量网络分析仪与有机标定液体相结合的办法分析传感器的高频特征参数;②根据获取的高频特征参数优化电路结构设计;③实验室环境下应用不同容积含水率的土样进行相关检验;④进一步分析套筒壁厚的影响;⑤针对一个由三种不同含水率构成的土柱进行穿层试验.试验数据统计分析表明,该传感器归一化频偏指数与土壤容积含水率之间呈线性关系.      

利用简化型多针热脉冲技术原位测定地表热通量

为简化多针热脉冲技术获取地表热通量的测定方法,本研究基于热脉冲技术的方法原理以及传感器的设计准则,提出一种简化型多针热脉冲传感器,并对其田间实地测定结果进行评估。首先利用简化型传感器测定获取了0~50 mm土层热储量和50 mm深度处土壤热通量数据,估算得到地表热通量的动态变化;后与传统组合法(de Vries模型+自校正热通量板法)获取的地表热通量结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:简化型多针热脉冲传感器与传统组合法得到的地表热通量日变化趋势一致,对2种方法的测定值进行回归分析所得直线的斜率为1.09,决定系数为0.98;在测定时期内,简化型多针热脉冲技术获取田间地表热通量的平均绝对偏差为12.33 W/m²。因此,本研究中提出的简化型多针热脉冲技术可以用于准确监测田间地表热通量动态,可为农田水热过程和通量研究提供有效的监测手段。     

酸碱度对山地农村沟渠底泥营养盐动态迁移的影响

  目的  酸碱度是影响沟渠底泥营养盐迁移释放的关键性因子。探究不同pH条件下山地农村沟渠底泥营养盐释放迁移的动态变化,为农村生态环境治理提供理论依据。  方法  采集滇池流域典型山地农村沟渠底泥,通过室内模拟实验测定未灭菌与灭菌处理下不同pH (5.5、7.5、9.5、11.5)条件的底泥、上覆水中营养盐含量,估算底泥-水界面营养盐释放通量。  结果  底泥中总氮质量分数随着pH升高而减少,未灭菌组强碱性(pH 11.5)和酸性(pH 5.5)条件下总氮释放通量分别是对照(pH 7.5)的8和4倍,灭菌组均为对照的2倍。上覆水中溶解性总磷质量浓度和释放通量随pH升高而增加,未灭菌组强碱性(pH 11.5)和弱碱性(pH 9.5)条件下溶解性总磷释放通量分别是对照的12和4倍,灭菌组分别是对照的30和15倍;未灭菌组溶解性总磷释放通量高于灭菌组。冗余分析表明:酸性条件促进底泥中钙结合态磷(Ca-P)的释放,碱性(pH≥9.5)条件促进总氮、总磷和铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)的释放,中性(pH 7.5)条件对底泥中氮/磷释放影响较小。  结论  碱性(pH≥9.5)和酸性显著促进山地农村沟渠底泥中氮磷营养盐释放,中性条件下释放量最小。底泥灭菌处理降低了不同pH下的微生物活性,阻碍山地农村沟渠底泥中氮磷向上覆水体迁移释放。图6表1参36     

某酵母厂污水3DEEMs特性的影响因素分析

【目的】 以某城市酵母厂污水为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱技术(3DEEM),确定该厂水体DOM的三维荧光光谱特性,研究不同浓度以及pH条件对溶解性有机物的三维荧光指纹特性影响。【方法】 取该厂污水处理的进水与出水水样,并且采用单因素试验的方法分别改变进、出水的浓度(稀释倍数1-6)和pH(2-12),测定原水样的荧光光谱以及改变条件后水样的荧光光谱,分析不同环境因素对水体DOM三维荧光特征的影响。【结果】 (1)该厂污水处理进水具有2个明显荧光峰,分别为类蛋白峰B峰和类腐殖酸峰C峰;出水只检测到类腐殖酸荧光峰A峰与C峰。(2)类腐殖酸峰和类蛋白质峰的荧光强度随着进、出水稀释倍数的增加而降低,除了出水的C峰位置没有明显偏移,其他各荧光峰位置都出现了不同程度的红移和蓝移。(3)pH值的变化对荧光特性的影响比较显著,随着pH值的增大,进、出水的荧光峰都发生不同程度的红移或者蓝移;进水水样B峰与C峰的荧光强度随着pH值的增大都呈现先上升后下降的趋势,只是B峰荧光强度最大值出现在pH=6时,而C峰荧光强度最大值出现在pH=10时。出水的A峰与C峰变化趋势比较相似,水样呈酸性时,荧光强度随pH的增加而增大,上升幅度比较强烈;水样在碱性条件下,荧光强度随pH的增加而减小,但是下降的幅度却非常平缓;A峰的最大值出现在pH=8,C峰的最大值出现在pH=6。【结论】 水体浓度以及pH值的变化会改变DOM溶液中带电离子与官能团之间的相互作用而使得荧光峰位置的偏移和荧光强度的增减。     

不同pH 值下底泥-水体-凤眼莲系统磷释放与迁移规律研究

实验以凤眼莲(Eichhirnia crasslpes)-水体-底泥系统为研究对象,探讨了pH 值为6.0、7.5、9.0 和10.5 条件下,各系统内各组分(凤眼莲、水体、底泥)中总磷(TP)含量变化和释放的规律。实验结果表明:底泥TP的释放受pH值影响很大,即碱性条件下释放量最大,近中性的释放量最小;随pH 值由低到高,种养凤眼莲各处理底泥TP 的释放量较空白对照分别增加了7.40、6.73、7.33mg·kg^-1和1.13 mg·kg^-1。水体TP 变化是底泥释放和凤眼莲吸收作用平衡后的外观表现,并不单独决定于某一因素,如pH 值在6.0~9.0 范围内,种养凤眼莲处理水质净化优于空白对照,其降低范围在0.03~0.27 mg·L^-1之间;pH 值为10.5 时,种养凤眼莲处理水质净化劣于空白对照。在凤眼莲正常生长的前提下,其吸收吸附是系统可移动TP的主要去向,占系统可移动磷的73.12%~79.06%,但极端碱性条件下,凤眼莲死亡后腐烂产生的TP也是系统可移动TP 的来源之一。     

Spatial variability and temporal stability of apparent soil electrical conductivity in a Mediterranean pasture

The general objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) the specificity of the spatial and temporal dynamics of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by a electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, over 7 years, in variable conditions (of soil moisture content (SMC), soil vegetation cover and grazing management) and, consequently, (ii) the potential for implementing site-specific management (SSM). The DUALEM 1S sensor was used to measure the EC_a in a 6 ha pasture experimental field four times between June 2007 and February of 2013. Soil spatial variability was characterized by 76 samples, geo-referenced with the global positioning system (GPS). The soil was characterized in terms of texture, moisture content, pH, organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This study shows a significant temporal stability of the EC_a patterns under several conditions, behavior that is an excellent indicator of reliability of this tool to survey spatial soil variability and to delineate potential site-specific management zones (SSMZ). Significant correlations were obtained in this work between the EC_a and relative field elevation, pH, silt and soil moisture content. These results open perspectives for using the EMI sensor as an indicator of SMC in irrigation management and of needs of limestone correction in Mediterranean pastures. However, it is interesting to extend the findings to other types of soil to verify the origin of the lack of correlation between the EC_a data measured by DUALEM sensor and properties such as the clay, organic matter or phosphorus soil content, fundamental parameters for establishment of pasture SSM projects.