氮肥用量及其分施比例对棉花氮利用和土壤氮平衡的影响

The Yellow River valley is one of the three largest cotton production areas in China.An experiment was performed in cotton fields of Anyang,China from 2013 to 2014 to investigate the effects of nitrogen(N) application rate and the ratio between basal and topdressing N fertilizer on N balance in a soil-plant system,N use efficiency,and cotton yield.Five N application rates as treatments were applied with the same split application ratio.Half of the N(50% basal fertilizer) was applied at pre-planting and the other half(50% topdressing fertilizer) at the initial flowering stage.These treatments were:zero N(N0,control),90 kg N ha~(-1)(N90(5/5)),180 kg N ha~(-1)(N180(5/5)),270 kg N ha~(-1)(N270(5/5),a reduced N rate),and 360 kg N ha~(-1)(N360(5/5),a conventional N rate).Additional 2 split application ratios as treatments were applied with the same N rate of 270 kg N ha~(-1).The split application ratios between basal N and topdressing N were 30%:70%(N270(3/7)) and 70%:30%(N270(7/3)).Results demonstrated that soil NH_4-N content in the 0–60 cm layer and NO3-N content in the 0–20 cm layer increased with increased N rate at the squaring and boll-opening stages and then decreased to lower levels at the initial flowering and harvest stages.Soil NO_3-N content in the 20–60 cm layer after the initial flowering stage increased with the increase of topdressing N rate.Soil apparent N surplus varied at different growth stages,while the soil apparent N surplus over the entire growth period exhibited a positive relationship at N rates over 180 kg ha~(-1).Seed cotton yield of N270(3/7) was the highest of all treatments.Plant N uptake,N agronomic efficiency,and apparent N recovery efficiency of N270(3/7) were significantly higher than those of N270(5/5) and N270(7/3) in both growing seasons.These suggest both economic and ecological benefits in cotton production in the Yellow River valley could be created,by appropriately reducing total N application rate and increasing the ratio of topdressing to basal N fertilizer at the initial flowering stage.     

灌区马铃薯-大白菜双季栽培降低土壤硝酸盐淋洗风险并增加资源利用效率的研究

To reduce the nitrate leaching risk after potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) harvest and improve nitrogen fertilizer-use efficiency, a potato-cabbage double cropping system (DCS) was established at Hetao, North China, an arid area with irrigated land. A two-year field experiment demonstrated that planting early-maturing potato cultivar under plastic mulch shortened its growth period by 14 d and allowed a second crop of cabbage to scavenge the soil residual NO 3 -N to a depth of 160 cm, substantially reducing the risk of nitrate leaching into groundwater. The yearly total N uptake in DCS was about 110 kg ha 1 more than that in the conventional cropping system (CCS), i.e., mono potato planting. This accounted for apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) improvement of 16.90%- 26.57% in the DCS as compared to that in the CCS for both years. As a result, the soil residual NO 3 -N in the 0-160 cm soil profile in the DCS was lower than that in the CCS. The solar energy-use efficiency and soil-use efficiency were also substantially increased with DCS.     

长期定位试验中氮肥与磷肥有机肥联合施用通过刺激根的生长增加玉米产量和养分吸收

Imbalanced application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers can result in reduced crop yield, low nutrient use efficiency, and high loss of nutrients and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) accumulation decreases when N is applied with P and/or manure; however, the effect of applications of N with P and/or manure on root growth and distribution in the soil profile is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different N and P fertilizer application rates with or without manure on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake, root growth, apparent N surplus, Olsen-P concentration, and mineral N (Nmin) accumulation in a fluvo-aquic calcareous soil from a long-term (28-year) experiment. The experiment comprised twelve combinations of chemical N and P fertilizers, either with or without chicken manure, as treatments in four replicates. The yield of maize grain was 82% higher, the N uptake 100% higher, and the Nmin accumulation 39% lower in the treatments with combined N and P in comparison to N fertilizer only. The maize root length density in the 30--60 cm layer was three times greater in the treatments with N and P fertilizers than with N fertilizer only. Manure addition increased maize yield by 50% and N uptake by 43%, and reduced Nmin (mostly NO₃^--N) accumulation in the soil by 46%. The long-term application of manure and P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil Olsen-P concentration when no N fertilizer was applied. Manure application reduced the apparent N surplus for all treatments. These results suggest that combined N and P fertilizer applications could enhance maize grain yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth, leading to reduced accumulation of potentially leachable NO₃^--N in soil, and manure application was a practical way to improve degraded soils in China and the rest of the world.     

不同的水稻品种产量及生理氮素利用效率的差异

Efficient use of N in agricultural practice can increase yield, decrease production costs and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Effects of N fertilizer application rates on grain yield and physiological N use efficiency (PE) in relation to the accumulation and redistribution of biomass and N in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were studied at two experimental farms of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China in 2004. Three high N use efficiency (NUE) rice cultivars (Wuyunjing 7, Nanguang and 4007) and one low NUE rice cultivar (Elio) with similar growth patterns were studied under seven N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 kg ha^-1). Grain yield increased with the N application rate and attained plateau at 180 kg N ha^-1 for rice cultivars at each site. Increasing N rate decreased PE for biomass and grain yield. Grain yield and PE of Elio were about 20% and 18% lower than those of high NUE cultivars. Differences in biomass, N accumulation and N redistribution were observed at the post-heading stage among rice cultivars with differing NUEs. The less reproductive tillers of Elio resulted in less demand for C and N during grain filling, thus leading to lower PE of Elio compared with the high NUE rice cultivars.     

中国玉米小麦产量与氮肥利用效率同步提高的研究进展

Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops (maize and wheat), and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield (N _req) initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from < 7.5 to > 12.0 Mg ha^-1, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg^-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg^-1 grain for grain yield < 4.5 Mg ha^-1 to 22.7 kg Mg^-1 grain for yield > 9.0 Mg ha^-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.     

不同来源氮素配合施用提高东北春玉米氮素利用与改善土壤肥力的可持续性研究

【目的】研究不同氮素形态对东北春玉米氮素利用和土壤肥效的影响,为氮素养分持续高效利用和培肥土壤提供理论依据。 【方法】2013～2015 年连续三年在东北典型春玉米种植区开展田间定位试验,在相同磷钾肥施用前提下,试验设 4 个处理:1) 50% 玉米秸秆氮 (N0);2) 100% 速效氮 165 kg/hm2 (N1);3) 60% 速效氮 + 20% 有机肥氮 + 20% 缓释氮,施氮量 165 kg/hm2 (N2);4) N2 + 生物炭,生物炭量相当于 50% 玉米秸秆 (N3)。收获期测定耕层土壤基本理化指标、作物产量及氮素利用率、基肥和追肥后土壤 N₂O 排放量。 【结果】1) 三年玉米平均产量 N1、N2 和 N3 处理分别比 N0 处理显著增加了 62.7%、67.7% 和 80.1% (P < 0.05);N2 和 N3 处理分别比 N1 处理增产 3.0% 和 10.7%;N3 处理玉米产量可持续性指数 (SYI) 最高,产量可持续性最好。2) 与 N1 处理相比,2013 年和 2014 年累计化肥氮利用率 N2 和 N3 处理分别增加了 8.4% 和 12.7%、10.2% 和 15.5%,2015 年分别显著增加了 8.4% 和 12.7% (P < 0.05)。N2 和 N3 处理累计化肥氮利用率呈现逐年增加的趋势,且 N3 处理增加幅度大于 N2 处理,说明 N3 处理氮肥的后效更加明显。3) 施氮处理显著提高了土壤 N₂O 累积排放量 (P < 0.05),N3 处理较 N1 处理显著降低了 53.2%;4) N3 处理的综合土壤肥力指数 (IFI) 最高,N3 处理在农学、土壤肥力和环境效应评价中最优。 【结论】在总氮施用量不变的前提下,以添加适宜比例生物炭、有机肥和缓释氮肥替代部分速效化肥氮,可协同实现东北春玉米持续稳产、氮素养分持续高效利用和土壤肥力的可持续改善。     

施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响

选用DH661和ZD958为试验材料,设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm2 4个施氮水平和60000、75000、90000株/hm2 3个种植密度,研究了施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,与低密度60000 株/hm2相比,增施氮肥可显著增加90000株/hm2高密度下玉米的单株干物质积累量、群体干物质积累量、籽粒产量、总氮素积累量、氮素转运量。90000万株/hm2种植密度条件下,随施氮量增加,氮素转运效率及贡献率呈上升趋势,而氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率呈下降趋势。本试验条件下,适量增施氮肥可以显著提高高种植密度下玉米的籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。综合考虑产量和氮素利用效率两因素,ZD958和DH661两品种获得高产适宜的种植密度为90000株/hm2,施氮量为240360 kg/hm2。     

不同管理方式对夏玉米氮素吸收、分配及去向的影响

【目的】本文利用15N同位素示踪技术探讨传统(CT)和优化(YH)两种管理方式对夏玉米氮素吸收、分配及去向的影响。分析目标产量下化肥氮的变化,解析夏玉米花前、花后氮素利用及转移规律,探讨肥料氮、土壤氮与作物氮之间的关系,为该地区夏玉米的科学合理施氮提供合理依据。【方法】在传统和优化两种管理方式定位试验中设置15N微区,采用将15N标记的尿素表施的方法,分析植株和土壤样品。新鲜土壤用1 mol/L KCl浸提,滤液用TRACCS 2000型流动分析仪测定土壤的NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量。15N标记的土壤和植物全氮的测定用烘干样(过0.15 mm筛),然后用美国THERMO finnigan公司生产的稳定同位素质谱仪DeltaplusXP进行测定。【结果】在该试验条件下,优化方式下夏玉米籽粒产量和总吸氮量显著高于传统方式,分别增加12%和10%。作物收获后,优化方式的15N吸收量及利用率显著高于传统方式,利用率分别为20.81%、32.54%。夏玉米各器官中氮素的积累量和向籽粒中的转移量土壤氮显著高于肥料氮,传统方式籽粒中氮素的57.73%、优化方式籽粒中氮素的45.15%来自各器官的转移,近一半的氮素是在花后积累的,基施高氮对作物生长作用不大。开花期土壤表层硝态氮含量传统方式显著高于优化方式,收获后有所降低,而土壤深层含量明显增加,有向下淋洗的趋势。夏玉米收获后,传统方式各土层的原子百分超均高于优化方式,而且在20—40 cm处出现了明显的15N累积峰,与开花期相比,40 cm以下土层的原子百分超明显增大,氮肥随水向下淋洗强烈。夏玉米收获后传统方式土壤氮素残留率高达56.18%,表现为土壤残留损失作物吸收;优化方式则表现为土壤残留作物吸收损失。【结论】在优化方式中夏玉米施氮量为N 185 kg/hm2时,玉米达到高产水平且氮肥的利用率高。适当减少施氮量及增加后期追肥次数可实现夏玉米的高产和肥料的高效利用。     

接种根内球囊霉提高氮素向甘薯块根转移和再分配的机理

【目的】研究接种丛枝菌根真菌 (arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM) 对甘薯 (Ipomoea batatas L.) 的侵染率及叶片氮代谢酶活性的影响,探索甘薯氮素吸收后在植株体内的转移和分配规律,以期为全面了解菌根真菌促进氮代谢的过程提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,供试菌种为一种根内球囊霉Glomus intraradices BEG141。土壤灭菌后,以不接种菌根 (–AM) 为对照,在8 kg土中接种100 g菌剂 (+AM)。于甘薯幼苗移栽后30天、60天和90天,从甘薯茎蔓顶部往下数第5片完全展开叶的叶柄与茎蔓交叉处定量注射99% (15NH₄)₂SO₄溶液,15N总施用量为199.5 μg/plant。每次注射后三天取植株样,分为茎、叶、纤维根和块根4部分,测定生物量干重、根系菌根侵染率、15N丰度、氮代谢酶活性。【结果】接种AM处理显著增加了甘薯根部真菌侵染率及泡囊丰度、根内菌丝丰度和丛枝丰度。随着移栽天数的增加,侵染率显著增加,最高达到67%。移栽后30天接种和不接种菌根真菌处理间甘薯生物量和氮素吸收量差异不显著,移栽后60天和90天,接种AM真菌处理的甘薯生物量和氮素吸收量显著高于不接种AM处理 (P < 0.05)。与CK相比,同一生育期接种AM处理显著提高了甘薯叶片谷氨酸脱氢酶 (GDH)、谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS) 和谷氨酸合成酶 (GOGAT) 的活性,对硝酸还原酶 (NR) 活性无显著影响。双因素分析表明,接种菌根与接种后时间对提高甘薯生物量干重、氮素累积量及GDH和GS活性的正交互效应显著 (P < 0.05)。移栽后30天,接种AM处理显著提高了甘薯茎蔓和叶片15N积累量和分配率;移栽后60天,叶片中15N积累量较前一时期显著增加。接种AM处理的叶片和茎蔓中15N积累量在30 d和60 d显著高于不接种AM处理 (P < 0.05),而在移栽后90天显著低于不接种AM处理,说明接种AM处理显著促进15N向块根的转移和分配。【结论】接种AM真菌可提高GDH、GS和GOGAT的代谢活性,促进无机氮向有机氮的转化。接种AM菌剂可促进生育前期氮素在叶片中的分配,有利于地上部的生长,而后期促进地上部积累氮素向地下部转运,进而增加甘薯块根中的干物质积累,提高甘薯的经济产量。     

综合农艺管理提高夏玉米产量和养分利用效率的潜力

【目的】综合农艺管理影响夏玉米的生长、产量形成和氮磷钾的高效利用。本文从夏玉米种植密度、播期、收获期和施肥几个方面,在优化管理基础上进一步进行了优化,为实现产量和养分利用效率协同提高提供理论依据和科学指导。【方法】试验于2013—2017年在山东农业大学作物生物学国家重点实验室和泰安市大汶口进行,以玉米杂交种郑单958为试验材料,进行了随机区组田间试验。试验设置4个处理:常规对照采用秸秆覆盖,免耕 (CK);优化处理 (Opt-1),在CK基础上,增加种植密度,延迟收获,减少施氮量并增加施肥次数;最高产量管理模式 (HY),基于高产创建经验,实现当地最大田间产量;在优化处理 (Opt-2),在HY基础上,降低种植密度和施氮量,以期实现产量效率协同提高。后三个处理的耕作方式均为秸秆还田,浅旋耕。测定夏玉米产量、干物质重和氮磷钾利用效率等指标。【结果】所有测定指标五年试验处理间差异趋势一致、稳定,显示了综合农艺措施对产量影响的稳定性。与CK和Opt-1相比,Opt-2处理产量分别提高了27.6%～37.9%和19.2%～31.9%;抽雄期干物质重分别提高了22.8%～25.0%和13.2%～20.3%;成熟期干物质重分别提高了24.0%～31.9%和8.2%～16.4%。Opt-2处理花前干物质转运效率和贡献率显著低于Opt-1和HY处理,但花后积累量较CK和Opt-1处理提高了28.7%～36.8%,且与HY处理无显著差异。Opt-2处理的籽粒氮、磷和钾积累量分别为146.0～171.4 kg/hm2、75.6～92.7 kg/hm2和40.0～43.8 kg/hm2,氮积累量分别比CK和Opt-1高20.5%～68.4%和12.5%～29.2%,但是比HY处理低13.2%～19.0%;磷积累量显著高于其他处理;钾积累量分别比CK和Opt-1处理高38.4%～58.9%和16.3%～32.6%。Opt-2处理的平均氮肥偏生产力分别比CK和HY处理高62.0%和125.2%,磷肥偏生产力表现相似趋势;Opt-2处理的平均钾肥偏生产力较CK和Opt-1处理下降了64.0%～66.8%。【结论】在播期和收获期不变的前提下,再优化模式通过增加种植密度10%,氮肥用量增加15%,由一次追施改为两次,显著增加了夏玉米整个生育期干物质和氮磷钾养分积累量,特别是增加了花后干物质积累量,增产27.6%～37.9%,氮、磷肥效率提高47.5%～67.6%,实现了产量和肥料效率的协同提高。     

包膜复合肥对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率与土壤速效氮的影响

以郑单958为材料,比较研究了复合肥(CF)与包膜复合肥(CCF)对华北平原夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及土壤速效氮与土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明,1)玉米产量随施氮量增大而增大,施N.180.kg/hm2时,CCF处理高于CF处理,施N.90.kg/hm2时表现相反;2)与CF处理比较,CCF处理施N.180.kg/hm2时,氮肥利用率高5.3个百分点,施N.90.kg/hm2时低2.4个百分点;3)土壤速效氮含量一般随施氮量增大而提高,各时期表土层CCF处理较CF处理高,中、下土层表现相反。大喇叭口期之前,CF处理中、下土层土壤速效氮含量高于上土层(020.cm或040cm),而CCF180处理060.cm土层高于60120.cm土层;4)不施氮,各生育阶段均出现土壤氮素表观亏缺,且吐丝后亏缺量占总亏缺量近80%;土壤氮素表观亏缺量随施氮量增大而降低,两种肥料表现一致;同等施氮量下CCF处理亏缺量较CF处理低。包膜复合肥氮素释放较平稳,对土壤速效氮向下运移的控制较好,有利于减少氮素潜在的淋洗损失。综合考虑产量、氮肥利用与氮素损失等因素,包膜复合肥用量N.180.kg/hm2是吴桥试区夏玉米季较为理想的选择。     

填闲与减少施肥措施提高华北温室种植体系中的番茄产量及土壤养分

Overuse of fertilizers and the resultant pollution and eutrophication of surface and groundwater is a growing issue in China. Consequently, improved management strategies are needed to optimize crop production with reduced nutrient inputs. Conventional fertilization (CF), reduced fertilization (RF), and reduced fertilization with maize (Zea mays L.) as a summer catch crop (RF+C) treatments were evaluated in 2008 and 2009 by quantifying tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit yield and soil nutrient balance in a greenhouse tomato double-cropping system. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) application was reduced by 37% in the RF and RF+C treatments compared to the CF treatment with no significant reduction in fruit yield. Mean soil mineral N (N_min) content to a depth of 180 cm following tomato and maize harvest was lower in the RF and RF+C treatments than in the CF treatment. Residual soil Nmin content was reduced by 21% and 55% in the RF and RF+C treatments, respectively, compared to the CF treatment. Surplus phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents in the RF+C treatment were significantly lower than those in the RF treatment, mainly due to additional P and K uptake by the catch crop. We concluded that for intensive greenhouse production systems, the RF and RF+C treatments could maintain tomato fruit yield, reduce the potential for nitrate (NO₃^--N) leaching, and with a catch crop, provide additional benefits through increased biomass production.     

施氮量对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用效率的影响

本试验研究了施氮量（0、90、180、270 kg/hm2）对夏播玉米CF008、金海5号和郑单958碳氮积累、运转及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,3个品种的茎叶碳氮积累量、成熟期地上部总氮量均为在施氮量180 kg/hm2或270 kg/hm2下较高,但是最终碳氮运转率、氮素吸收效率、氮素利用效率和氮肥利用率均在施氮量90 kg/hm2下较高。本试验中,碳运转率与产量呈正相关,氮运转率与氮肥利用率呈正相关,表明较高的碳氮运转率可以促进产量和氮肥利用率的提高。本研究在施氮量90 kg/hm2下,CF008和金海5号茎鞘的C/N值在吐丝期和成熟期分别为22.11～22.91、35.66～54.23,叶片的C/N值分别为4.32～5.11、9.06～10.57;在施氮量90～180 kg/hm2下,3个品种夏玉米产量达到了10688～11461 kg/hm2;CF008和金海5号的氮肥利用率达到了31.55%～49.33%,而郑单958的氮肥利用率仅为15.11%～19.20%。     

Nutrient uptake and use efficiency of onion seed yield as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Kulumsa, South East Ethiopia, using four levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 50,100 and 150?kg N ha^?1) and four levels of phosphorus (P) (0, 35, 70 and 105?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) fertilizers arranged in 4?×?4 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. The available P was increased after harvest due to the application of N and P fertilizer at the rates of 100 or 150?kg N ha^?1 and 70 or 105?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. More specifically, nutrients concentration and nutrient uptake were significantly (p?<?.01) varied among treatment combinations and nutrient use efficiency was declined by increasing N and P after optimum rates. The higher physiological efficiency of N (53.47?kg kg^?1) and P (580.41?kg kg^?1) and the highest apparent recovery of N (19.62%) and P (2.47%) was recorded from application of 50?kg N ha^?1 and P at 70?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 and the highest agronomic efficiency of N (10.78?kg kg^?1) and P (15.25?kg kg^?1) was recorded from N at the rate of 50?kg N ha^?1 and P at 35?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1, respectively. The combination of N at 100?kg N ha^?1 and P at 70?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 was promising combination that generated highest net benefit 488,878.5 ETB (Ethiopian birr) ha^?1 with the highest marginal rate of return (36638%) and gave the highest seed yield (1858.82?kg ha^?1) with yield increment of about 57.72% over the control.     

我国北方37个高产春玉米品种干物质生产及氮素利用特性

选育氮高效品种是实现玉米高产高效生产的根本途径。为探明我国北方目前主推高产春玉米的物质生产及氮素利用特性,本研究选择该区域高产品种37个,采用盆栽试验,依粒重和氮素子粒生产效率划分其类型,分为高产高效（I）、高产中效（Ⅱ）、中产中效（Ⅲ）及低产低效（Ⅳ）4种类型。其中,中产中效型品种最多,为56.8%;高产高效型品种最少,仅为8.1%;高产中效型和低产低效型品种分别为13.5%和21.6%。4个类型品种干物质生产及氮素利用效率开花前差异不显著,开花后是产生差异的关键时期;成熟期I型品种干物质和氮向子粒的分配比例较高,而Ⅳ型品种向根和茎秆的分配比例较高。同时,I型品种的氮转移量、氮转移效率和贡献率显著高于其他3类型品种。经相关和通径分析,氮素干物质生产效率、粒重及氮含量与氮素子粒生产效率显著相关。所以,较高的粒重和较低的植株氮含量是高产氮高效品种的基本特征。     

中国西北旱地小麦和玉米提高产量与水分利用率的氮肥管理效果

A field experiment with four treatments and four replicates in a randomized complete block design was conducted at the Changwu Experimental Station in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, of Northwest China from 1998 to 2002. The local cropping sequence of wheat, wheat-beans, maize, and wheat over the 4-year period was adopted. A micro-plot study using ^15N-lahelled fertilizer was carried out to determine the fate of applied N fertilizer in the first year. When N fertilizer was applied wheat （years 1, 2 and 4） and maize （year 3） grain yield increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） （〉 30%）, with no significant yield differences in normal rainfall years （Years 1, 2 and 3） for N application at the commonly application rate and at 2/3 of this rate. Grain yield of wheat varied greatly between years, mainly due to variation in annual rainfall. Results of ^15N studies on wheat showed that plants recovered 36.6%-38.4% of the N applied, the N remained in soll （0-40 cm） ranged from 29.2% to 33.6%, and unaccounted-for N was 29.5%-34.2%. The following crop （wheat） recovered 2.1%- 2.8% of the residual N from N applied to the previous wheat crop with recovery generally decreasing in the subsequent three crops （beans, maize and wheat）.     

Developing nitrogen management strategies under drip fertigation for wheat and maize production in the North China Plain based on a 3‐year field experiment

The intensive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) rely on the heavy use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers. As the fertigated area of wheat and maize in the NCP has grown rapidly during recent years, developing N management strategies is required for sustainable wheat and maize production. Field experiments were conducted in Hebei Province during three consecutive growth seasons in 2012–2015 to assess the influence of different N fertigation rates on N uptake, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency [NUE: recovery efficiency (RE_N) and agronomic efficiency (AE_N)]. Five levels of N application, 0 (FN₀), 40 (FN_40%), 70 (FN_70%), 100 (FN_100%), and 130% (FN_130%) of the farmer practice rate (FP: 250 kg N ha^?1 and 205.5 kg N ha^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively), corresponding to 0, 182.2, 318.9, 455.5, and 592.2 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, were tested. Nitrogen in the form of urea was dissolved in irrigation water and split into six and four applications for wheat and maize, respectively. In addition, the treatment “drip irrigation + 100% N conventional broadcasting” (DN_100%) was also conducted. All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the significant influence of both N fertigation rate and N application method on grain yield and NUE. Compared to DN_100%, FN_100% significantly increased the 3‐year averaged N recovery efficiency (RE_N) by 0.09 kg kg^?1 and 0.04 kg kg^?1, and the 3‐year averaged N agronomic efficiency (AE_N) by 2.43 kg kg^?1 and 1.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Among N fertigation rates, there was no significant increase in grain yield in response to N applied at a greater rate than 70% of FP due to excess N accumulation in vegetative tissues. Compared to FN_70%, FN_100%, and FN_130%, FN_40% increased the RE_N by 0.17–0.57 kg kg^?1 and 0.03–0.34 kg kg^?1and the AE_N by 4.60–27.56 kg kg^?1 and 2.40–10.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Based on a linear‐response relationship between the N fertigation rate and grain yield over three rotational periods it can be concluded that recommended N rates under drip fertigation with optimum split applications can be reduced to 46% (114.6 kg N ha^?1) and 58% (116.6 kg N ha^?1) of FP for wheat and maize, respectively, without negatively affecting grain yield, thereby increasing NUE.