蔬菜穴盘苗自动精确移栽组合式取苗机构设计与测试（英文）

Precision planting is one key point of precision agriculture.A doorframe type swing seedling pick-up device for the automatic precise field transplanter was designed and tested in a laboratory.The seedling device could automatically extract seedlings from growing trays,transfer them,and release them into the planting unit where they were to be precisely transplanted into the ground.It consisted of a path manipulator and two grippers.The path manipulator for seedling extraction was constructed with creative design ofⅡ-type mechanism combination in series.It consisted of an oscillating guide linkage mechanism and a grooved globoidal cam mechanism.According to the planned seedling pick-up trajectory,the design of the path manipulator for seedling extraction was finished with a set of the closed loop vector equation.The gripper was a pincette-type mechanism using the pick-up pins to penetrate into the root mass for seedling extraction.It consisted of multiple pick-up pins,U-type pull rod,shaft,stop block,compression spring and frame.The mechanical dimensions of the gripper were determined by the tray size and plant characteristic with a set of rectangular equations and the boundary constraint conditions.The final gripper was developed on the basis of cultural practice for vegetable seedling in China.A prototype of the seedling pick-up device was constructed to examine whether its working efficacy was satisfactory or not.According to the analysis on the work process,the seedling pick-up device could precisely complete a work cycle of approaching,penetrating,extracting,transferring,erecting and discharging a seedling.Taking pepper seedlings,tomato seedlings and cucumber seedlings as the transplanting objects,the performance tests were conducted to evaluate the practicality and adaptability of the pick-up device.The laboratory evaluation showed that the pick-up device equipped with two grippers could extract 70 seedlings per minute with an average success ratio of 90.49%.The quality of extracting seedlings was satisfactory.     

AM真菌群落改善保护地退化土壤质量和黄瓜生长的效应

A pot experiment was performed to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) communities on soil properties and the growth of cucumber seedlings in a degraded soil that had been used for continuous cucumber monoculture in a greenhouse for 15 years.In the experiment,AMF communities(created by combining various AMF species that were found to be dominant in natural farm soil) were inoculated into the degraded soil,and then the soil was planted with cucumber.Inoculation with AMF communities did not affect soil pH but increased soil aggregate stability and decreased the concentrations of salt ions and electrical conductivity(EC) in the soil.Inoculation with AMF communities increased the numbers of culturable bacteria and actinomycetes but reduced the number of fungi.AMF communities increased plant growth,soluble sugar content,chlorophyll content,and root activity compared to non-mycorrhizal or a single AMF species treatments.Improvements of soil quality and plant growth were greatest with the following two communities:Glomus etunicatum + G.mosseae + Gigaspora margarita + Acaulospora lacunosa and G.aggregatum + G.etunicatum + G.mosseae + G.versiforme + G.margarita + A.lacunosa.The results suggested that certain AMF communities could substantially improve the quality of degraded soil.     

蔬菜穴盘苗自动精确移栽组合式取苗机构设计与测试

Precision planting is one key point of precision agriculture.A doorframe type swing seedling pick-up device for the automatic precise field transplanter was designed and tested in a laboratory.The seedling device could automatically extract seedlings from growing trays, transfer them, and release them into the planting unit where they were to be precisely transplanted into the ground.It consisted of a path manipulator and two grippers.The path manipulator for seedling extraction was constructed with creative design of Ⅱ-type mechanism combination in series.It consisted of an oscillating guide linkage mechanism and a grooved globoidal cam mechanism.According to the planned seedling pick-up trajectory, the design of the path manipulator for seedling extraction was finished with a set of the closed loop vector equation.The gripper was a pincette-type mechanism using the pick-up pins to penetrate into the root mass for seedling extraction.It consisted of multiple pick-up pins, U-type pull rod, shaft, stop block, compression spring and frame.The mechanical dimensions of the gripper were determined by the tray size and plant characteristic with a set of rectangular equations and the boundary constraint conditions.The final gripper was developed on the basis of cultural practice for vegetable seedling in China.A prototype of the seedling pick-up device was constructed to examine whether its working efficacy was satisfactory or not.According to the analysis on the work process, the seedling pick-up device could precisely complete a work cycle of approaching, penetrating, extracting, transferring, erecting and discharging a seedling.Taking pepper seedlings, tomato seedlings and cucumber seedlings as the transplanting objects, the performance tests were conducted to evaluate the practicality and adaptability of the pick-up device.The laboratory evaluation showed that the pick-up device equipped with two grippers could extract 70 seedlings per minute with an average success ratio of 90.49%.The quality of extracting seedlings was satisfactory.     

渗灌对番茄根系生长发育的影响

Four depth treatments of subsurface drip irrigation pipes were designated as 1) at 20, 2) 30 and 3) 40 cm depthsall with a drip-proof flumes underneath, and 4) at 30 cm without a drip-proof flume to investigate the responses of atomato root system to different technical parameters of subsurface drip irrigation in a glass greenhouse, to evaluate tomatogrowth as affected by subsurface drip irrigation, and to develop an integrated subsurface drip irrigation method for optimaltomato yield and water use in a glass greenhouse. Tomato seedlings were planted above the subsurface drip irrigationpipe. Most of the tomato roots in treatment 1 were found in the top 0-20 cm soil depth with weak root activity but withyield and water use efficiency (WUE) significantly less (P=0.05) than treatment 2; root activity and tomato yield weresignificantly higher (P=0.05) with treatment 3 compared to treatment 1; and with treatment 2 the tomato roots andshoots grew harmoniously with root activity, nutrient uptake, tomato yield and WUE significantly higher (P=0.05) oras high as the other treatments. These findings suggested that subsurface drip irrigation with pipes at 30 cm depth witha drip-proof flume placed underneath was best for tomato production in greenhouses. In addition, the irrigation intervalshould be about 7-8 days and the irrigation rate should be set to 225 m^3 ha^-1 per event.     

中国南方大棚蔬菜地氮平衡与损失

High rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N) are applied in greenhouse vegetable fields in southeastern China to maximize production;however,the N budgets of such intensive vegetable production remain to be explored.The goal of this study was to determine the annual N balance and loss in a greenhouse vegetable system of annual rotation of tomato,cucumber,and celery at five N (urea) application rates (0,348,522,696,and 870 kg N ha-1 year-1).Total N input to the 0-50 cm soil layer ranged from 531 to 1 053 kg ha-1,and N fertilizer was the main N source,accounting for 66%-83% of the total annual N input.In comparison,irrigation water,wet deposition,and seeds in total accounted for less than 1% of the total N input.The fertilizer N use efficiency was only 18% under the conventional application rate of 870 kg N ha-1 and decreased as the application rate increased from 522 to 870 kg N ha-1.Apparent N losses were 196-201 kg N ha-1,of which 71%-86% was lost by leaching at the application rates of 522-870 kg N ha-1.Thus,leaching was the primary N loss pathway at high N application rates and the amount of N leached was proportional to the N applied during the cucumber season.Moreover,dissolved organic N accounted for 10% of the leached N,whereas NH3 volatilization only contributed 0.1%-0.6% of the apparent N losses under the five N application rates in this greenhouse vegetable system.     

集约化管理的温室土壤养分现状研究

Nine districts covering the main greenhouse vegetable areas in Tianjin Municipality of the North China Plain were selected for the soil investigation in 2010 to survey the current soil nutrient status (soil available N, P and K), acidification and salinization due to excessive input of fertilizers in greenhouses in Tianjin. The study showed that, in particular, soil available P content increased with the age of greenhouses. In contrast, our results did not reveal higher K accumulation and lowered pH in the greenhouse soils compared with cultivation in open fields. Over-fertilization, causing high NO 3 accumulation, most likely resulted in salinity problems in the greenhouses. Ninety percent of the investigated greenhouse soils had electrical conductivity values of saturated paste extracts of 2-10 d S m-1 , which might affect the yields of vegetable crops like green bean, pepper, cabbage, carrot, eggplant, lettuce, spinach, celery, cucumber and tomato. The findings of our survey of the current fertility and salinity problems in greenhouse soils suggest that there is an urgent need to improve the farmers’ practices and strategies in fertilization management in greenhouses of China. Because education and the agricultural technical extension services may play a more important role in avoiding overuse of fertilizers, we suggest that current nutrient management practices should be improved in the near future through training of local farmers in farmers’ schools and through strengthening the agricultural extension services with practical techniques.     

土层深度和季节变化对保护地西瓜连作土壤中丛枝菌根真菌群落结构的影响

The characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community structure in various soil depths and growing seasons of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) grown in commercial greenhouses in Daxing of Beijing and Weifang and Laiyang of Shandong, China were investigated using both morphological identification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The sampled soils had been used for continuous greenhouse production of watermelon for 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 years. Glomus claroideum was the dominant species in the greenhouse soils planted for 5, 10, and 15 years in Laiyang, while Glomus mosseae and Glomus etunicatum were dominant in the nearby open farmland soil. Sorenson’s similarity index of AMF community composition ranged from 0.67 to 0.84 in the soils planted for 5 years, and from 0.29 to 0.33 for 20 years among the three locations. Spore abundance, species richness, and the Shannon index were highest near the soil surface (0-10 cm) and decreased with soil depth, and higher in June and October than in August and December. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that available P and the number of years that soil had been used for greenhouse production were the main factors contributing to the variance of AMF community composition. It was concluded that the community structure of AMF was mainly influenced by soil available P and planting time of watermelon as well as by soil depth and seasonal variation in the commercial greenhouse.     

二氧化碳施肥对番茄幼苗生长与养分吸收利用的影响

Exposing tomato seedlings to elevated CO2 concentrations may have potentially profound impacts on the tomato yield and quality. A growth chamber experiment was designed to estimate how different nutrient concentrations influenced the effect of elevated CO2 on the growth and nutrient uptake of tomato seedlings. Tomato (Hezuo 906) was grown in pots placed in controlled growth chambers and was subjected to ambient or elevated CO2 (360 or 720 μL L-1), and four nutrient solutions of different strengths (1/2-, 1/4-, 1/8-, and 1/16-strength Japan Yamazaki nutrient solutions) in a completely randomized design. The results indicated that some agricultural characteristics of the tomato seedlings such as the plant height, stem thickness, total dry and fresh weights of the leaves, stems and roots, the G value (G value = total plant dry weight/seedling age),and the seedling vigor index (seedling vigor index = stem thickness/(plant height × total plant dry weight) increased with the elevated CO2, and the increases were strongly dependent on the nutrient solution concentrations, being greater with higher nutrient solution concentrations. The elevated CO2 did not alter the ratio of root to shoot. The total N, P, K, and C absorbed from all the solutions except P in the 1/8- and 1/16-strength nutrient solutions increased in the elevated CO2 treatment. These results demonstrate that the nutrient demands of the tomato seedlings increased at elevated CO2 concentrations.     

生物炭和高吸水性树脂对栽培基质性状及空心菜生长的影响

Most previous researches have focused on biochar application in agricultural soils; however, limited information is available concerning the effects of biochar amendment on greenhouse substrate properties. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate effects of wheat straw biochar(0–160 m L L-1) and super absorbent polymer(SAP, 0.8 g L-1) on physical and chemical properties of a substrate based on spent pig litter compost and the growth of water spinach(Ipomoea aquatica Forsk). Total porosity, water-holding capacity, p H and electrical conductivity(EC) of the substrate significantly increased with increasing biochar rates, especially in the substrate without SAP. The values of p H and EC were significantly lower in the substrate with SAP than those without SAP at the high biochar application rates(100–160 m L L-1). The germination rates of water spinach decreased with increasing biochar rates when biochar was added alone(76.9%–83.7%), whereas the rates increased to 83.6%–85.8% when biochar was added in combination with SAP. Growth parameters of water spinach and nutrient uptake by shoots and roots increased with increasing biochar rates and reached the maximum values at the biochar rate of 100 m L L-1. There were significant cubic relationships between the uptake of nutrients(N, P, and K) and biochar rates, both with and without SAP addition. In order to avoid negative effects on plant growth,the biochar application rate should be controlled at an optimal level(100 m L L-1). The SAP addition not only enhanced the positive effects of biochar application on the properties of the substrate, but also inhibited the excessive rise of p H and EC following biochar additions, which led to better plant growth and enhanced nutrient uptakes by water spinach.     

钾对二元和三元系蛭石中氨的固定和吸附的影响

Ammonium fixation and adsorption experiments were conducted to study the effect of potassium on ammonium fixation into interlasyer of vermiculite and ammonium adsorption at the surface of vermiculite both in the binary (NH4^ -Ca^2 ) and ternary (NH4^ -Ca^2 ) ystems.In the ammonium fixation experiment,5 mmol NH4^ kg^-1 was added alone,or after,before of simultaneously with 5 mmol K^ kg^-1 to the vermiculite (Vermiculite:solution=1:1),and the incubation was conducted for 3 days under constant 20℃，In the adsorption experiment ,after addition of 10 mmol Ca^2 L^-1 as matrix ions ,either,NH4^ alone with a concentration series from 0.1 to 5.0 mmol NH4^ L^-1(binary exchange system of NH4^ and Ca^2 )of NH4^ together with 5 mmol K^ L^-1(ternary exchange system of NH4^ ,K^ and Ca^2 ) was added to vermiculte at a vermiculite to solution ratio of 1:10 for 24-h equlibrium.The results of the fixtion experiment showed that the presence of K^ increased NH4^ fixation for all the treatments,regardless of the addition orders.For ammonium adsorption a linear realtionship between activtiy ratios of NH4^ to Ca^2 and Mg^2 in the equilibrium solutions(ARNH4)and incereases of exchangeable NH4^ at the surface of vermiculite after 24 h equilibrium (△Ex-NH4^ )was shown for almost the whole concentration ranges tested.Compared With the binary system ,the slope of the curve of the ternary system was steeper,indicaitng a more intensive adsorption of NH4^ in the presence of K^ ,It was demonstrated that K^ did not reduce the ammonium fixation into the interlayer and ammonium adsorption at the surface of vermiculite ,which indicated that, under the experimental conditions of this study,K^ did neither occupy the sites for NH4^ -fixation in the interlayer nor the sites for NH4^ -adsorption at the surface of vermiculite.     

菌糠复合基质在番茄育苗上的效果

以发酵菌糠为试验材料,研究了菌糠与草炭、蛭石、炉渣以不同比例(V/V)混合后基质的理化性质,并以复合基质进行了番茄育苗试验。结果表明,发酵菌糠的总孔隙度、持水孔隙度比草炭低11.8%、36.8%,通气孔隙度比草炭高41.9%,电导率比草炭高12.5倍。菌糠以30%～70%的比例与蛭石、草炭混合后,复合基质的理化性质与CK(草炭∶蛭石=7∶3)相近。在番茄育苗试验中,以T3(菌糠∶蛭石=7∶3)表现最好,T4(菌糠∶草炭∶蛭石=5∶2∶3)、T5(菌糠∶草炭∶蛭石=3∶4∶3)育苗效果均优于CK。     

不同配方栽培基质对番茄苗期生长的影响

以腐熟中药渣、腐熟菇渣、泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩以及45%的缓释肥(15-15-15)为原料,按照不同比例复配成6种栽培基质,选取进口泥炭作为对照,研究不同配比的栽培基质对番茄苗期生长的影响,以筛选出理想的番茄育苗基质配方。结果表明:腐熟中药渣:泥炭:腐熟菇渣:蛭石:珍珠岩以5:1:1.5:2:1(体积比)并添加2 kg/m345%缓释肥的基质培育的番茄在株高、茎粗、根系形态及根系活力等方面均优于其他配比的育苗基质,主成分分析和聚类分析结果也得到了类似的结果,表明该配方的基质可推荐作为番茄育苗的专用型有机营养基质。     

不同木薯渣形态和添加比例对番茄产量品质及抗氧化能力的影响

  【目的】  为积极应对我国基质生产原料草炭紧缺的难题,提升农业废弃物的综合利用水平,研究木薯渣形态和添加比例在番茄生产上的应用效果,以期为木薯渣在番茄无土栽培上的推广应用提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘千禧’樱桃番茄 (QX) 和‘传奇2号’大番茄 (CQ) 为试材,进行了槽栽试验。通过计算机模拟,共配置了4个栽培基质,包括草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶粉状木薯渣 = 5∶5∶5∶5 (T1);草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶颗粒状木薯渣 = 5∶5∶5∶5 (T2);草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶颗粒状木薯渣 = 6∶4∶4∶6 (T3) 和草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶粉状木薯渣 = 4∶4∶4∶8 (T4)。以常规基质草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=10∶5∶5为对照 (CK)。测定了各栽培基质的理化性状和养分含量,调查了番茄生长和果实产量及品质。  【结果】  CQ和QX番茄在T1和T4处理下,其茎粗、根系活力、地下部和地上部干重均显著高于CK,且T1处理下增幅大于T4;T2和T3处理下,果实品质和抗氧化能力显著高于CK,且T2处理下增幅大于T3处理,T2处理下,CQ和QX番茄中可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比、维生素C、番茄红素、可溶性蛋白和总酚含量分别较CK提高42.5%、29.4%、26.7%、21.0%、25.1%、51.1%、17.1%和28.0%、26.3%、19.4%、46.0%、22.4%、19.0%、25.8%,果实总抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力分别较CK提高51.9%、44.0%和40.4%、72.4%;T1处理下产量显著高于其它处理,CQ和QX番茄产量分别较CK提高15.6%和33.7%;两品种番茄的综合评价均为T1 > T4 > T2 > T3 > CK。  【结论】  添加颗粒状和粉状木薯渣均能不同程度地提高基质的pH、电导率、容重及速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且颗粒状木薯渣处理提高幅度大于粉状木薯渣处理,但添加颗粒状木薯渣的基质气水比亦增加,持水性不如粉状木薯渣。4个配方中,以木薯渣替代一半草炭的增产提质效果最好,超过一半效果显著降低。在替代一半草炭的两个配方中,添加颗粒状木薯渣 (T2) 提高番茄品质的效果最佳,而添加粉状木薯渣 (T1) 的番茄产量最高。DTOPSIS综合分析,T1处理下的C_i值最大。因此,推荐草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩:粉状木薯渣=5∶5∶5∶5 (T1) 配方基质作为番茄无土栽培专用基质进行推广应用。     

发酵玉米芯或甘蔗渣基质的黄瓜育苗效果

该文以完全发酵后的玉米芯/甘蔗渣为原料,添加不同体积的草炭、蛭石进行混合配比后的复合基质作为黄瓜育苗基质,黄瓜品种中农26为试验材料,以商品育苗基质作为对照。探讨使用玉米芯、甘蔗渣复合基质时对黄瓜育苗的影响,旨在分别选出适合黄瓜幼苗生长的较优处理。试验结果表明:处理T4(玉米芯:蛭石:草炭体积比=1:1:1)和处理T6(甘蔗渣:蛭石体积比=1:1)复合基质基本符合黄瓜育苗基质的要求,并且处理T6的株高(22.17 cm)、处理T4和处理T6的茎粗(分别为4.03和3.97 mm)显著高于对照,与此同时处理T4和处理T6的地上鲜质量(分别为5.01和4.63 g),地上干质量(分别0.94和1.19 g)等生长指标与对照无显著差异,同时处理T6其综合评价系数为0.712高于对照及其他处理,而处理T4综合评价系数优于含有玉米芯的其他处理并且与对照差异不明显,所以处理T6和处理T4可以作为黄瓜育苗基质使用。     

椰糠复合基质对番茄穴盘幼苗生长效应的综合评价

为缓解草炭基质的使用压力及椰子果实外壳被焚烧丢弃造成的资源浪费和环境污染等问题。本试验以毛粉‘812’为试验材料,研究不同复合基质对番茄幼苗生长、叶片生理活性及光合特性的影响,通过对不同复合基质育苗效果的综合评价筛选出最佳的复合基质配方。结果表明:T9复合基质配方〔V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）=3∶2.5∶2.5〕的通气孔隙度、气水比、pH、叶绿素相对含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素总含量、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、根系活力、G值及壮苗指数相对较高,分别为10.46%、0.19、7.59、46.59、0.154 mg g?1、1.356 mg g?1、0.18 mol m?2 s?1、9.59 mmol m?2 s?1、11.44 μg（g h）?1、18.67 mg d?1、0.37。利用主成分分析将番茄幼苗的各项指标进行综合评价,结果显示:不同复合基质配方的综合排名由高到低为T9〔V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 3∶2.5∶2.5〕 > T8〔V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 4∶3∶1〕 > T6〔V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 5∶2∶1〕 > T5〔V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 5∶1∶2〕 > T7〔V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 4∶1∶3〕 > T1〔V（草炭）∶V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 3∶1∶2∶2〕 > T4〔V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 4∶2∶2〕 > T2〔V（草炭）∶V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 2∶2∶2∶2〕 > T3〔V（草炭）∶V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 1∶3∶2∶2〕 > CK〔V（草炭）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 4∶2∶2〕。由此可见,T9复合基质配方〔V（椰糠）∶V（蛭石）∶V（珍珠岩）= 3∶2.5∶2.5〕可作为番茄适宜的穴盘育苗基质配方。     

EVALUATION OF ORGANIC SOLID WASTES COMPOSTS AS PEAT SUBSTITUTES FOR SEEDLING PRODUCTION

This research work was performed to investigate the possibility of using composted herb residues (C1), co-composted sewage sludge with sawdust (C2), co-composted pig manure with sawdust (C3), and co-composted pig manure with spent mushroom (C4) in the production of horticultural seedlings to replace part of peat in the growing media. The proportions of each compost in the mixtures elaborated with peat were 50%, 75%, and 100% (v/v), respectively. The substrate of 100% commercial peat was used as the control. First, some physical, physical-chemical, and chemical properties of these substrates were determined. Second, four kinds of plants tomato, cucumber, bermudagrass, and impatiens were used to evaluate the possibility of different composts to replace part of peat. The seed germination rate, fresh weight and nutrient concentrations of seedling were then measured. We found that the physical, physical-chemical and chemical properties of these substrates were statistically influenced by the type and the proportion of compost in the substrates. The substrates elaborated with C1 and C2 showed adequate physical and chemical properties for their use as substrate in horticultural seedlings production. The highest germination of cucumber, tomato, bermudagrass and impatiens all occurred at C1 based substrate. Seedling grown in the C1 and C2 based substrate reached better growth and nutrition than peat. Our results suggested that the C1 and C2 were good alternative to peat-based substrate for seedling production, especially at the rate of 75% and 100% of C1 and 50% of C2, which have shown beneficial effects on the seedling production of cucumber, tomato, bermudagrass and impatiens compared to the control. However, C3 and C4 were not always adequately used in substituting expensive peat.     

Tomato waste compost as an alternative substrate to peat moss for the production of vegetable seedlings

Different proportions of tomato waste compost (TWC) were combined with peat moss and vermiculite as growth substrates used to evaluate the quality of seedlings of economic vegetables, including tomato, hot pepper, cucumber and summer squash. The seeding substrates used were: (T0), vermiculite: peat moss: TWC (4: 1: 0, by weight), 0% TWC; (T1), vermiculite: peat: TWC (4: 0.75: 0.25), 5% TWC; (T2), vermiculite: peat: TWC (4: 0.5: 0.5), 10% TWC; (T3), vermiculite: peat: TWC (4: 0.25: 0.75), 15% TWC; and (T4), vermiculite: peat: TWC (4: 0: 1), 20% TWC. The best seedling response was recorded in substrate mixtures supplemented with 5% and 10% TWC, which hastened seed germination and improved seedling morphology. Since vegetable seedlings produced with TWC-amended substrate were of higher quality, compared to those produced exclusively on peat substrate, we suggest that TWC may be used to replace partially peat-based substrate used for vegetable transplants production in nurseries.     

Using composted wheat residue as a growth medium in culture of tomato

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different growing media on some properties of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L. cv. Falcato). Four growing media including wheat residue, composted wheat residue, coco peat + perlite, and coco peat + soil were applied in pot experiment with completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that fruit yield, chlorophyll, and vitamin C contents of tomatoes grown in the composted wheat residue and coco peat + perlite treatments were significantly greater than the other growth media. Fresh weight of root and inflorescence were higher in the tomatoes cultivated in the composted wheat residue pots than the other media. Higher internode length and nutrient concentrations in leaf and fruit at the coco peat + perlite treatment were obtained as compared to the other growth media treatments. According to the results, it can be concluded that the coco peat + perlite can be substituted for by composted wheat residue for the cultivation of tomato.     

生物氢烷工程沼渣用于油菜及菠菜育苗的效果

为探究将生物氢烷工程沼渣应用于蔬菜育苗基质生产的可行性,以油菜品种"华绿四号"、菠菜品种"先锋菠菜"为材料,按不同体积比将生物氢烷工程沼渣与土壤或草炭、蛭石和珍珠岩三者混配作为育苗基质,通过穴盘育苗试验研究生物氢烷工程沼渣对基质理化性质和油菜、菠菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可显著改善基质的容重、总孔隙度、有机质含量、pH值和电导率EC(electronical conductivity)值等理化性质;适宜配比的生物氢烷工程沼渣对幼苗生长发育有一定的促进作用,其中T6(生物氢烷工程沼渣20%、草炭30%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)的基质配方较为适宜,T6中油菜出苗率显著高于CK3(草炭50%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)(P0.05),提高了14.3%,菠菜出苗率提高了12.4%,幼苗的株高、茎粗、单株叶面积显著高于或接近CK3(P0.05),幼苗根冠比和壮苗指数与CK3无显著差异;添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可使幼苗地下部生物量显著升高(P0.05),促进根系生长,使幼苗地上部、地下部生物量分配更加均衡。因此,生物氢烷工程沼渣具有一定的肥效,可部分替代草炭用于叶菜育苗基质生产,但使用前可考虑进行好氧堆肥处理进一步腐熟或与氮肥配施以提高肥效。     

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Compost as a Tomato Transplant Medium

For 3 years, different types of growing media were evaluated in nursery-produced tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv “Atletico”). Five mixtures of substrates were used: old peat (65%) + white peat (30%) + perlite (5%), old peat (65%) + MSW compost (30%) + perlite (5%), MSW compost (65%) + white peat (30%) + perlite (5%), MSW compost (95%) + perlite (5%) and MSW compost (50%) + cocofiber (50%). Various seedling indices were measured in order to assess the quality of the nursery-produced plant. The quality of the MSW compost used (pH, salinity, organic matter) bore a strong influence on results. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of the MSW compost of over 9 dSm^?1 produced poorer quality tomato seedlings in the mixture of substrates with peat. The use of MSW compost as the only substrate and the mixture of MSW compost with cocofiber had a lower growth index and poorer performance than the standard peat mixture. However, growth and development of the tomato seedlings in the mixture: old peat (65%) + MSW compost (30%) + perlite (5%) were similar to that obtained with the standard mixture: old peat (65%) + white peat (30%) + perlite (5%).