集约化畜牧生产对环境的污染与防治对策

随着人类生活水平的不断提高，对肉蛋奶的需求量不断增加，致使畜禽生产规模愈来愈大，现代化、集约化程度愈来愈高，饲养密度及饲养量急剧增加，告禽饲养及活体加工过稃中产生的大量排泄物和废弃物，对人类、其他生物以及畜禽自身生活环境的污染总是愈来愈突出。从环境保护的角度来看畜牧生产过程，不难看出，畜牧业已变成为一个不可忽视的污染源。     

集约化畜牧生产对环境的污染与防治对策

随着人类生活水平的不断提高，对肉蛋奶的需求量不断增加，致使畜禽生产规模愈来愈大，现代化、集约化程度愈来愈高，饲养密度及饲养量急剧增加，畜禽饲养及活体加工过程中产生的大量排泄物和废弃物，对人类、其他生物以及畜禽自身生恬环境的污染也是愈来愈突出。从环境保护的角度来看畜牧生产过程，不难看出，畜牧业已变成为一个不可忽视的污染源。可以说，1头家畜就是一个污染源。一个畜禽养殖场就是一个环境污染物生产场。     

浅析畜牧业环境污染问题及其调控措施

随着人们生活水平的提高和对肉蛋奶需求量的不断增加 ,畜禽生产规模愈来愈大 ,现代化、集约化程度亦愈来愈高。在畜禽饲养密度及饲养量急剧增加的同时 ,饲养及活体加工过程中会产生大量的排泄物和废弃物 ,其对人类及畜禽自身生活环境所造成的污染问题日益突出 ,已引起人们的普遍关注。从畜牧业生产过程看 ,一头家畜就是一个污染源 ,一个畜禽养殖场就是一个环境污染物生产场。因此 ,畜牧业生产对环境的污染已成为一个不容忽视且亟待解决的问题。1　我国畜牧业环境污染及治理现状据国家环保总局 2 0 0 0年 1 1月对全国 2 3个省(市 )、自治区规…     

畜牧场粪污管理和处理方法

近年来,随着人类生活水平的不断提高,对肉蛋奶的需求量不断增加,致使畜禽生产规模愈来愈大,现代化、集约化程度愈来愈高,饲养密度及饲养量急剧增加。但在发展的同时,畜禽饲养及活体加工过程中产生的大量排泄物和废弃物,对人类、其他生物以及畜禽自身生活环境的污染总是愈来愈突出,畜牧业的污染问题非常严峻,已引起全社会的高度重视。如何处理畜禽粪便,变废为宝,实现畜牧业的可持续发展,是科技工作者和社会各界面临的重大课题。     

辽宁省兽用中草药资源的利用研究与开发

在现代畜禽养殖业中,食品安全、药残、耐药性及环境污染等问题日益受到人们蕈视,已成为国际上研究的热点和亟需解决的难题.研究开发新的安全畜禽饲养用药模式,生产绿色畜禽产品,是畜牧业可持续发展的主题.中草药具有改善畜禽机体代谢、促进牛长发育、提高机体免疫及防治疾病等多方面的作用.     

抗生素替代物在畜禽养殖中的研究及应用进展

随着抗生素应用的发展,其在畜禽养殖业的应用严重影响动物生产、生态环境及人类健康。基于食品安全、人类健康、环境保护等畜牧业面临的问题,抗生素替代产品的研发及应用是畜牧业发展的趋势,也是动物养殖业亟需解决的重要问题之一。本文结合国内外畜禽养殖业发展动态,综述了抗生素替代物在畜禽养殖业的研究与应用的相关进展,旨在为开发绿色、安全、无公害的抗生素替代饲料添加剂提供理论参考,推动我国畜禽无抗养殖的健康发展。     

采取营养调控措施降低畜牧业对环境的污染

我国的动物饲养业正以超过世界平均水平的速度发展，集约化程度愈来愈高，饲养密度和饲养量急剧增加，畜禽饲养及活体加工过程中产生的大量排泄物和废弃物，对人类、其他生物以及畜禽自身生活环境的污染愈来愈突出。畜牧业已变成继工业污染之后不可忽视的污染源。     

环境友好型社会下如何处理畜禽粪便？

近年来,随着中国规模化养殖业的发展,养殖业给环境带来的粪便污染问题日渐严重,防治畜禽养殖业污染已成为现阶段农村环境保护的重要课题。要实现畜牧业可持续发展,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,必须改善生态环境,无害化处理及资源化利用畜禽粪便,保持畜牧业生产和环境保护的协调。而在发达国家,对养殖业污染的防治管理已比较成熟。本文对国内外主要国家防治畜禽粪便污染的对策加以梳理,以期为中国的畜禽粪便处理提供有益的借鉴。     

降低畜牧业对环境污染的营养调控措施

我国的动物饲养业正以超过世界平均水平的速度发展。集约化程度愈来愈高，饲养密度和饲养量急剧增加，畜禽饲养及活体加工过程中产生的大量排泄物和废弃物，对人类、其他生物以及畜禽自身生活环境的污染愈来愈突出。畜牧业已变成继工业污染之后的一个不可忽视的污染源。     

采用营养调控措施减少畜牧业对环境的污染

在我国畜牧业迅猛发展的今天,如何降低畜禽生产对环境的污染已成为畜牧业可持续发展所面临的重要课题.本文在分析畜禽生产对环境危害的基础上,对应用平衡日粮营养、利用特殊调控剂、改进饲养方式等手段减少环境污染的原理进行了综述.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。