托芬那酸注射液在犬体内的生物等效性研究

为研究国产和进口托芬那酸注射液在犬体内的药代动力学和生物等效性,采用双处理、双周期随机交叉试验设计,将20头健康比格犬随机分成2组,按0.1 m L/kg体重肌肉分别单剂量注射受试制剂和参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中托芬那酸的浓度,利用WinNonlin6.3软件计算主要药动学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为(0.2±0.1)h和(0.3±0.2)h;Cmax分别为(5.12±1.55)μg/m L和(5.38±2.04)μg/m L;AUC0-t分别为(12.1±2.97)μg·h·m L~(-1)和(12.28±3.24)μg·h·m L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(13.38±3.10)μg·h·m L~(-1)和(13.85±3.40)μg·h·m L~(-1)。托芬那酸注射液受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC_(0-t)、AUC_(0-∞)、C_(max)、T_(max)均无显著性差异(P0.05)。双单侧t检验结果显示两种制剂生物等效,临床上可相互替代。该试验为兽医临床给药方案的制定以及合理用药提供参考。     

两种复方磺胺嘧啶混悬液在肉鸡体内药动学及生物等效性研究

为了解多益与相同成份进口产品的生物等效性,在建立血浆中磺胺嘧啶(SD)和甲氧苄啶(TMP)的HPLC检测方法基础上,比较两种制剂在肉鸡体内的药代动力学特征.选用30只健康白羽肉鸡,进行单剂量口服给药,给药剂量均为20mg/kg(以SD计),用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中SD和TMP浓度,计算其药动学参数并评价两种制剂的生物等效性.用Kinetic药动学软件处理血药浓度-时间数据,得出受试制剂和参比制剂中SD的主要药动学参数分别为:Cmax分别为:(10.60±6.68)、(11.45± 5.96) mg/L,Tmax分别为:(4.93±4.25)、(3.87±4.06) h,AUC分别为:(89.31±48.50)、(86.81±45.78) mg/L·h,Clearance 分别为:(7.94±14.06)、(6.54±7.70) L/kg·h,Vz分别为:(3.57±6.12)、(10.43±31.75) L/kg.受试制剂多益相对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为102.88％,表明受试制剂与参比试剂具有生物等效性.     

硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性研究

为了研究硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性,将10头健康猪随机分成两组,按2 mg/kg体重肌肉注射两种硫酸头孢喹肟注射液,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中硫酸头孢喹肟的浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性.肌肉注射两种硫酸头孢喹肟注射液后两组的消除半衰期(T1/2β)、达峰浓度(Cmax)、曲线下面积(AUC)等参数差异不显著(P＞0.05).采用双单侧t检验进行判断,受试组AUC 90％置信区间为108.2％ ～ 115.3％,在对照组均值的80％～120％范围内;Cmax90％置信区间为91.9％～115.3％,在对照组均值的70％ ～130％范围内.两种产品在猪体内具有生物等效性和类似的药代动力学,为临床给药方案的制定和临床合理用药提供了参考.     

长效土霉素注射液在猪体内的生物等效性研究

研究自制长效土霉素注射液与进口长效土霉素注射液(得米先注射液)在猪体内单剂量注射的药代动力学和生物等效性,为临床应用提供参考和依据.采用双处理、双周期随即交叉试验设计.12头健康猪分为两组,分别先后单剂量肌肉注射自制长效土霉素注射液与得米先注射液,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中土霉素的浓度,3P97软件计算药代动力学参数.自制长效土霉素注射液与参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:AUC分别为(145.41 ±3.59)、(159.28 ±4.47) μg·mL-1·h,T1/2β分别为(84.776±2.21)、(72.740±1.95)h,Cmax分别为(3.519±1.66)、(3.924±1.34)μg/mL,Tmax分别为(1.848±0.54)、(1.760±0.41)h.采用3P97药代动力学软件分析比较AUC和Cmx90％置信区间,自制长效土霉素注射液的AUC、Cmax的90％置信区间分别为94.7％～105.2％、85.0％ ～114.6％,分别落在参比制剂的80％～125％、70％ ～143％范围内,两组参数差异不显著(P＞0.05),结果表明二者具有生物等效性.     

硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的生物等效性研究

为研究国产和进口硫酸头孢喹肟注射液(7.5%)在猪体内的药代动力学特征和生物等效性,采用双处理、双周期随机交叉试验设计,将20头健康三元杂交猪随机分成2组,按3mg/kg体重分别单剂量肌内注射受试制剂和参比制剂。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中头孢喹肟的浓度,利用Win Nonlin6.3软件计算主要药动学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为2.30±0.73h和2.25±0.55h;Cmax分别为2.37±0.34μg/mL和2.45±0.36μg/mL;AUC0-t分别为26.38±2.30μg·h·mL^-1和24.86±2.19μg·h·mL^-1;AUC0-∞分别为26.74±2.34μg·h·mL^-1和25.07±2.20μg·h·mL^-1。硫酸头孢喹肟注射液受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax、Tmax均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。双单侧t检验结果显示两种制剂生物等效,临床上可相互替代。该试验可为兽医临床合理用药提供参考。     

“混悬赤霉素制剂”在家兔体内的药代动力学研究

两组家兔分别经口服和皮下注射给予8420μ/kg剂量“混悬赤霉素制剂”,每隔一定时间取血样,用荧光比色法测定血清中赤霉素的含量。测定结果表明:赤霉素的血药浓度—时间数据,由方程C_t=ΣAie~(λt)进行曲线拟合,为二室消除模型;口服组的消除半衰期为2.0小时(t1/2β,平均滞留时间MRT为6.76小时,平均吸收时间MAT为0.20小时;皮下注射组t1/2β为35.72小时,MRT为123.57小时,MAT为6.76小时,相对生物利用度AUC(μg/ml.h)皮下注射组为口服组的2.53倍,说明赤霉素皮下注射后,吸收和消除都比口服组缓慢,提示将赤霉素制成皮卞注射混悬剂作为长效制剂使用可行。     

硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性

硫酸头孢喹肟为第4代头孢类抗生素,抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强,对革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌均显示良好的抗菌活性,尤其对β-内酰胺酶高度稳定,目前国外已将其广泛用于牛、猪和马的临床治疗[1].     

环糊精包合氟苯尼考在猪体内的药代动力学研究

为评价采用新包被工艺生产的氟苯尼考（受试制剂F）与国外同类产品（R1）、国内同类产品（R2）在猪体内的生物等效性并探索其药代动力学特性,本试验采用随机三制剂、三周期自身交叉试验设计,选取6头健康的阉割小公猪（体重15 kg±2 kg）,分别灌胃给药3种制剂,给药剂量为20 mg/（kg·BW）,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中氟苯尼考浓度,利用Kinetica 5.0软件分析药代动力学特性,SAS统计软件进行生物等效性评价。结果显示,受试制剂在猪体内的药时曲线符合带时滞的一级吸收一室开放模型,F、R1、R2的峰浓度（C_max）分别为16.0845、18.3287和21.1678 μg/mL,药物达峰时间（T_max）分别为5.0、1.9、1.5 h;药-时曲线下面积_（0-∞）（AUC_0-∞）分别为144.7327、118.2670和123.3715 μg/mL·h;受试制剂相比于两种参比制剂的相对生物利用度分别为122.51%（R1）和117.52%（R2）。结果表明,环糊精包被氟苯尼考有更好的缓释作用,具有更好的生物安全性,药效维持时间长,生物利用度有效提高。     

油制磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠混悬注射液HPLC含量测定方法的研究

建立了油制磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠(SMM-Na)混悬注射液含量测定的HPLC方法。样品中加入表面活性剂使其成为微乳溶液,然后稀释进样分析。色谱柱为phenomenex synergi Hydro-RP(250 mm×4.6 mm,4μm),柱温40℃,以甲醇-乙腈-1.5%冰乙酸水溶液(10∶20∶70)为流动相,流速为1 mL/min,检测波长271 nm。同一样品经永停滴定法和HPLC两种方法进行含量测定并进行t检验分析,结果显示t0.05,P0.05,呈显著差异。HPLC测定制剂的平均含量为98.99%,RSD为0.48%。磺胺间甲氧嘧啶在20～60μg/mL的浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线形关系。本方法更简单、快速、准确,可用于油制磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠混悬注射液的含量测定。     

阿莫西林可溶性粉在猪体内的药代动力学和绝对生物利用度研究

研究阿莫西林可溶性粉在猪体内的药代动力学特征,并评价其与市售注射用阿莫西林钠的生物等效性。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定血浆中阿莫西林浓度,通过Data Analysis System（DAS 3.0）计算药动学参数,采用非房室模型分析方法对药代动力学参数进行评价,猪经内服给药后,药物平均滞留时间MRT(0-t)为3.12±0.41h,平均达峰时间Tmax为1.63±0.35h,平均达峰浓度Cmax为4101.35±631.55μg/L,平均药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为13540.33±3445.51μg/L×h,消除速率常数λz为0.36±0.14/h,半衰期t1/2z为2.48±1.73h。猪经静脉注射给药后,平均滞留时间MRT(0-t)为1.54±0.35h,平均药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为8522.56±1430.51μg/L×h,消除速率常数λz为0.23±0.12/h,半衰期t1/2z为3.84±2.03h。结果表明：受试制剂阿莫西林可溶性粉经内服给药后,具有较快的吸收速度,吸收进血液后在体内的停留时间较短,代谢较快,平均达峰时间短,药物消除速度较快,平均绝对生物利用度为79.44%,为临床制定合理用药方案提供科学依据。     

Pharmacokinetics of a novel amoxicillin/colistin suspension after intramuscular administration in pigs

He, J., Tang, S., Li, L., Zhang, C., Li, X., Xia, X., Xiao, X. Pharmacokinetics of a novel amoxicillin/colistin suspension after intramuscular administration in pigs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 34 , 42–50. An amoxicillin (AMO) or colistin (COS) oil suspension was developed and corresponding pharmacokinetics studies were conducted in pigs after i.m. injection. The combination product is a white‐ to cream‐colored oil suspension which is easy to be re‐dispersed. Settling volume ratio, syringeability and flowability of the product is well consistent with the technical standards set by the Ministry of Agriculture of People’s Republic of China. Two studies were conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of the combination product in swine. First, the pharmacokinetics of the combination product was compared with those of the same products merely removing either AMO or COS. No significant change in the major pharmacokinetic parameters (C_max, T_max, MRT, t_1/2λ, AUC and AUMC) was observed when either component was removed from the combination product, indicating that AMO and COS do not interfere with each other in their absorption and distribution in the tissue when used as a combination. Second, the pharmacokinetics of the combination product was compared with that of their respective single products. It was found that the apparent elimination half‐lives (t_1/2λ) of AMO and COS in combination product were 6.38 and 8.09 h, which were 2.40 and 2.38 times longer than the single products, respectively. Thus, the novel AMO/COS suspension extended significantly the half‐life of both drugs to maintain a longer drug residence time in pigs when compared to their single products.     

阿莫西林钠在猪体内的生物利用度及药动学研究

1 4头健康杂种猪 ,随机平均分为两组 ,按随机交叉试验设计 ,进行静注及内服阿莫西林钠 (1 0mg/kg)的药动学研究 ,以及肌注阿莫西林钠及阿莫西林钠长效制剂 (1 0mg/kg)的药动学比较。高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中阿莫西林的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理血浆药物浓度 时间数据。健康猪静注给药的药时数据适合二室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2α0 31± 0 1 6h;t1 /2 β2 2 9± 0 94h ;V1 0 2 2± 0 1 2L/kg ;Vd(area) 1 0 6± 0 45L/kg ;ClB0 33±0 0 7L·kg- 1 ·h- 1 ;AUC31 67± 7 0 9mg·L- 1 ·h。健康猪内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2ka0 74± 0 36h ;t1 /2 β5 96± 3 41h ;tmax1 52± 0 43h ;Cmax5 33± 2 0 7μg/mL ;AUC2 3 89± 9 40mg·L- 1 ·h ;F79 64 %± 38 47%。健康猪肌注阿莫西林钠和阿莫西林钠长效制剂的药时数据均适合一级吸收二室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2ka0 1 1± 0 0 5h和 0 0 9± 0 0 5h ;t1 /2 β3 2 8± 1 89h和 7 32± 3 55h ;tmax0 33± 0 1 4h和 0 36±0 1 6h ;Cmax1 6 51± 4 41 μg/mL和 1 8 98± 2 70 μg/mL ;AUC30 61± 8 2 7mg·L- 1 ·h和 49 44± 1 1 31mg·L- 1 ·h ;F96 65     

12批市售阿莫西林产品的监察思考

对市售12批阿莫西林产品进行监督检查,结果含量均不符合规定,并存在企业伪造GMP证、套用兽药产品批准文号、擅自使用未批准的商品名等违规现象。本文从兽药产品文号、主要成分含量、成分、标签和说明书等方面分析产生的原因,并提出了加强管理的意见。     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of amoxicillin in healthy and Salmonella Typhimurium-inoculated pigs

OBJECTIVE: To determine pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of amoxicillin in healthy and Salmonella Typhimurium-inoculated pigs. ANIMALS: 12 healthy pigs and 12 S Typhimurium-inoculated pigs. PROCEDURE: Concentration of amoxicillin in tissue was measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after IM administration. Pharmacokinetic values of amoxicillin in plasma were assessed by use of a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption. RESULTS: Inoculation caused diarrhea and increased rectal temperature and WBC count. Absorption half-life was shorter in inoculated pigs (0.26 hours) than in healthy pigs (0.71 hours), and inoculated pigs had longer elimination half-life. Distribution ratios in healthy pigs ranged from 0.31 to 0.56 and in inoculated pigs ranged from 0.14 to 0.48. Ratios for distribution to intestinal mucosa ranged from 0.34 to 1.16 in healthy pigs and from 0.22 to 0.36 in inoculated pigs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation altered absorption of amoxicillin from the injection site and prolonged elimination half-life. However, distribution of amoxicillin to intestinal tract tissue was only affected to a minor degree.     

阿莫西林硫酸粘菌素复方注射用混悬剂的研制

阿莫西林(AMO)为半合成的广谱青霉素类药物,兽医临床上常用于因金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌等革兰阳性菌和大肠杆菌、巴氏杆菌等革兰阴性菌引起的感染.硫酸粘菌素(colistin,COS)为多肽类抗生素,广泛用于治疗由大肠杆菌、沙门菌、铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性菌引起的感染.     

Pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin in horses

The pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin were investigated after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a single dose of 15 mg kg-1 body-weight to five horses. A rapid distribution phase was noted after intravenous administration (t1/2 alpha about 20 minutes). The t1/2 beta values obtained after the intravenous and the intramuscular administration were significantly different (P less than 0.05). The bioavailability obtained was about 67 per cent. Plasma protein binding, evaluated in vitro, showed that the percentage of bound fraction was 37 to 38 per cent. It was concluded that sodium amoxicillin administration at 15 mg kg-1 four times a day should be effective in the treatment of several systemic infections in the horse.     

安普霉素及其联合用药对金黄色葡萄球菌体外PAE的研究

本试验采用稀释法去除抗生素。用菌落计数测定细菌生长曲线的方法,分别测定了安普霉素及其与阿莫西林或氨苄西林联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗生素后效应（PAE）.当药物以2×MIC、4×MIC和8xMIC浓度作用于金黄色葡萄球菌时,安普霉素的体外PAE分别为1．78h、2．49h、3．63h;安普霉素与阿莫西林联用的体外PAE分别为4．13h、6．91h、9．82h;安普霉素与氨苄西林联用的体外PAE分别为3．81h、5．67h、8．45h。结果表明。安普霉素在体外对金黄色葡萄球菌有较长的PAE。且随药物浓度的升高其PAE也相应地延长．呈明显的剂量依赖性;安普霉素与阿莫西林、氨苄西林联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外PAE呈现相加或协同作用。     

Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of meloxicam oil suspension in pigs after intramuscular administration

This study aimed to develop one novel meloxicam (MEL) oil suspension for sustained-release and compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of it with MEL conventional formulation in pigs after a single intramuscular administration. Six healthy pigs were used for the study by a crossover design in two periods with a withdrawal interval of 14 days. Plasma concentrations of MEL were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods. The difference was statistically significant (p < .05) between MEL oil suspension and MEL conventional formulation in pharmacokinetic parameters of mean residence time (6.16 ± 4.04) hr versus (2.66 ± 0.55) hr, peak plasma concentration (C_max) (0.82 ± 0.12) µg/ml versus (1.12 ± 0.22) µg/ml, time needed to reach C_max (T_max) (2.33 ± 0.82) hr versus (0.59 ± 0.18) hr, and terminal elimination half-life (t_1/2λz) (3.74 ± 2.66) hr versus (1.55 ± 0.37) hr. The mean area under the concentration–time curve (AUC_0–∝) of MEL oil suspension and MEL conventional formulation was 5.35 and 3.43 hr µg/ml, respectively, with a relative bioavailability of 155.98%. Results of the present study demonstrated that the MEL oil suspension could prolong the effective time of drugs in blood, thereby reducing the frequency of administration on a course of treatment. Therefore, the novel MEL oil suspension seems to be of great value in veterinary clinical application.