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1.
SWOT analyses and SWOT strategy formulation for forest owner cooperations in Austria 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Peter Rauch 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(3):413-420
Forest owner cooperations (FOC) are bundling wood supply from small-scale forests and some also offer additional services,
such as wood harvesting or planting. FOCs are growing throughout Europe in terms of the managed timber volume. The increasing
timber demand of forest-based industries as well as the new, rapidly growing demand for energy plants could lead to an under-supply
in the following years in Europe. Because of high harvesting arrears in small-scale forests, FOCs are seen as an opportunity
to overcome this foreseen timber shortage. The paper maps out timber mobilisation strategies using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats) approach.
相似文献
Peter RauchEmail: |
2.
Development of wood procurement in Northwest Russia: round wood balance and unreported flows 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper analyses industrial round wood flows into, within, and out of Northwest regions of Russia. We examine sawlogs, pulpwood, and fuelwood used for industrial purposes obtained from logging, and chips obtained from the wood-processing industry. We attempt to clarify different recent trends in wood harvesting, industrial round wood export, and forest industries development that have an influence on unreported wood in Russia. Our method, which uses wood balance diagrams, provides an interpretation of data from different Russian sources in order to offer better transparency regarding wood flows from forests to mills. It also helps to explain the apparent imbalance between round wood supply and demand and it helps one to assess the possible share of unreported industrial round wood production in Northwest Russia. Based on annual forest-related statistical data available from the Ministry of Natural Resources, the State Committee of Statistics, and the Russian Federation’s Customs Department, unreported round wood flows can be estimated to be 23% of the total industrial round wood production, or approximately 9 million m3 u.b. per year. Unreported round wood flows are more common in export oriented regions that have poorly developed forest industries.
相似文献
Yuri GerasimovEmail: Phone: +358-102-113253Fax: +358-102-113251 |
3.
The Increasing Importance of Small-Scale Forestry: Evidence from Family Forest Ownership Patterns in the United States 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The state-level distribution of the size of family forest holdings in the contiguous United States was examined using data
collected by the USDA Forest Service in 1993 and 2003. Regressions models were used to analyze the factors influencing the
mean size and structural variation among states and between the two periods. Population density, percent of the population
at least 65 years of age, percent of the population residing in urban areas, per capita income, income inequality, and per
capita private forestland were found to be significantly correlated with the structure of landholding size. This paper suggests
that the number and proportion of small-scale family forest owners in the United States are both increasing due to the increasing
importance of non-timber amenities to forest landowners.
相似文献
Y. ZhangEmail: |
4.
The practical application of the orientation distribution function (ODF), being the three-dimensional representation of the
texture function, was presented. The investigations of the crystallograpically organized regions of wood were performed. The
experimental methods of the X-ray diffraction were discussed in detail. The incomplete pole figures were measured in order
to calculate the ODF. The dominant components of the crystallographical texture of wood were determined from the obtained
ODF. The obtained texture function was also used to derive the complete pole figures, additional non-measurable figures as
well as inverse pole figures. The figures were used to perform additional analysis of the crystallographical organization.
The traditional concept of the microfibril angle was enhanced by defining two transformation parameters, i.e. a crystallographical
axis and an angle of rotation.
相似文献
Wiesław OlekEmail: |
5.
How to foster good husbandry of private native forests 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Jerome K. Vanclay 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(2):205-218
It is generally agreed that effective conservation requires the cooperation of private landholders to complement reserve-based
efforts, but there is little agreement about how this can best be achieved. Various stakeholders lobby for tough regulations,
for greater landholder freedom, and for incentives for activities or outcomes. A review of these alternatives suggests an
emerging consensus that incentives are the most effective approach. Policy-makers should consider incentive-based approaches
such as stewardship support to foster conservation outcomes on private lands.
相似文献
Jerome K. VanclayEmail: |
6.
A study has been conducted to establish the influence of knot area ratio based grading rules on the bending properties of full size Hem-fir (Western Hemlock and Amabilis fir) timber used in Japanese post and beam building construction. Bending strength and modulus of elasticity test results and out turn information on the 105×105 mm2, 90×90 mm2, 45×105 mm2, 30×105 mm2, and 45×90 mm2 specimens are presented in this paper. The in-grade test results indicate that the knot area ratio based grading rules can be successfully applied to the Hem-fir timber.
相似文献
F. LamEmail: Phone: +1-604-8226256Fax: +1-604-8229104 |
7.
P. Muukkonen 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(2):157-166
Since biomass is one of the key variables in ecosystem studies, widespread effort has aimed to facilitating its estimation.
Numerous stand-specific volume and biomass equations are available, but these cannot be used for scaling up biomass to the
regional level where several age-classes and structural types of stands coexist. Therefore simplified generalized volume and
biomass equations are needed. In the present study, generalized biomass and volume regression equations were developed for
the main tree species in Europe. These equations were based on data compiled from several published studies and are syntheses
of the published equations. The results show that these generalized equations explain 64–99% of the variation in values predicted
by the original published equations, with higher values for stem than for crown components.
相似文献
P. MuukkonenEmail: |
8.
Environmental concern accelerated development of new wood preservatives having low mammalian toxicity in addition to high protective effectiveness. PHN 130 and PHN 130 G have been developed recently by KOHMIX Ltd. in Japan as environmentally safe, fire-proof boron containing compounds. Beyond their proved fire-proof properties, stability of loaded chemical in wood at humid service conditions and decay resistance are required to be known for effective and broad use of these compounds in wood preservation. Results indicated that PHN imparted complete decay resistance to wood against brown- and white-rot fungi Tyromyces palustris and Coriolus versicolor, respectively. Protection efficacy of PHN also continued despite severe weathering conditions provided that impregnation is done by an undiluted solution. PHN 130 G appeared more effective than PHN 130 in this respect. However, both compounds were leachable from treated wood regardless of retention level or physical restriction of water access into wood by compression.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected date of receipt of the article.
相似文献
Ergün BaysalEmail: Phone: +90-252-2238612Fax: +90-252-2238511 |
9.
Future harvesting pressure on European forests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G. J. Nabuurs A. Pussinen J. van Brusselen M. J. Schelhaas 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(3):391-400
We provide quantitative insight in the spatial distribution of the future supply of wood as a raw material from European forests
(27 countries) until 2060. This supply is tested for two scenarios: ‘projection of historical management’ and ‘new management
trends’ and compared against a benchmark scenario. The new management trends scenario incorporates influences of issues as
nature-oriented management, carbon credits and increased demand for bio-energy. The results of these projections provide insight
in the state of the European forests and indicate that under the ‘new management trends’ supply can still increase to 729 million m3 by 2060 in Europe, whereby almost throughout Europe we allow harvest to be higher than increment for some time. Without linking
countries dynamically through international trade, we identify regions where harvesting pressure is highest. Under the new
management trends scenario, the harvested volume is reduced with 82 million m3/year (compared to ‘projection of historical management’) because of stricter management constraints. However, the management
regimes as parameterised here allow harvesting pressure to remain highest in Central Europe and some Scandinavian countries,
notably Finland and Norway.
相似文献
G. J. NabuursEmail: |
10.
Social and ecological issues for private native forestry in north-eastern New South Wales,Australia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Forests in north-eastern New South Wales have often been the focus of controversy. The tension between production and preservation
continues and hampers current negotiations for a code of practice for private native forestry. The structure of many private
forests reflects past mismanagement, and silvicultural intervention would benefit both conservation and production objectives,
but such intervention is rarely financially viable. This paper sets out the economic and ecological basis for private native
forestry. Both the timber industry and nature-based tourism are major contributors to the local economy, and both rely in
part on private native forests. Draft regulations currently under negotiation do not offer incentives for improved private
forest management.
相似文献
V. Alex JayEmail: |
11.
This article studies the possibility of using auctions as a policy instrument in conservation programs. In particular, it
provides insight into the main concerns that need to be dealt with when implementing conservation auctions. To show the cost
saving potential of this policy instrument, we also calculate the social welfare improvement that can be obtained for an afforestation
project in Flanders. When developing conservation policies, it is thus worthwhile to consider auctions as an alternative policy
instrument.
相似文献
Sandra RousseauEmail: |
12.
Edward Warren R. Geoff B. Smith Luis Alejandro Apiolaza John C. F. Walker 《New Forests》2009,37(3):241-250
The effects of stocking on wood stiffness (MoE) for three Eucalyptus species are quantified using a 6-year-old trial established in New South Wales, Australia. An acoustic time-of-flight tool
measured the velocity between two probes in the outerwood, from which the stiffness was estimated. Four stocking levels (714,
1,250, 1,667 and 3,333 sph) were examined. Stiffness varied significantly between all species, with E. cloeziana showing the highest stiffness (14.2–15.7 GPa), followed by E. pilularis (12.2–13.5 GPa) and E. dunnii (10.7–12.6 GPa). There was a stiffness increase (around 11%) between 714 and 1,250 stems/ha for all species but thereafter
differences between stockings were not always significant. Trees were also assessed for basic density, dbh, total height, crown area, green crown height and stem slenderness (height/dbh). Only stem slenderness had a significant association (0.41 ± 0.17) with stiffness. These findings suggest that, where stiffness
is a priority, forest managers could reduce establishment costs with low stockings (around 1,250 stems/ha).
相似文献
Luis Alejandro ApiolazaEmail: |
13.
The assessment of a forest resource in national inventories provides a firm basis for the calculation of biomass and carbon
(C) stocks of forests. Biomass expansion factors (BEFs) and conversion factors provide a robust and simple method of converting
from forest tree stem volume to total forest biomass. These factors should be constructed on the basis of nationally specific
data in order to take account of regional differences in growth rates, management practices, etc. The objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of biomass estimation by calculating a range of age-dependant BEFs
from representative data that more accurately describe the allometry of present forests. The results from this study show
that the allocation of biomass to compartments in forest stands and throughout a rotation varies considerably, and that the
use of BEFs for the calculation of C stocks in forests of sub-timber dimensions is highly impractical.
相似文献
Brian TobinEmail: |
14.
Time and Distance: Comparing Motivations Among Forest Landowners in New England, USA 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Parcelization and shifting landownership are critical forces reshaping forested ecosystems in the USA and elsewhere. These
forces create a mosaic of new and long-time landowners as well as differences in residency. Using survey data (n = 879) of
landowners in Massachusetts and Vermont, USA, we begin the process of sorting out time (i.e., length of landownership) and
distance (i.e., distance of primary residence from forest holding), and their relationships to motivations for continued landownership
and management. Both time and distance, and their interaction were significant in explaining three motivations for landownership:
enjoyment, production, and protection as well as the number of neighbors with which respondents were acquainted. Distance
is the statistically more important factor—negatively related to all dependent variables, but time and its interaction with
distance offer the more useful insights for intervention.
相似文献
David B. KittredgeEmail: |
15.
This study assessed the influence of various operational transplanting procedures on J-rooting compared to a no transplanting
approach of direct sowing into Hiko trays. Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and E. pilularis Smith seedlings were examined. All transplanting treatments increased severity and incidence of J-rooting for both species.
Gently loosening seedling plugs by hand prior to their removal from cells of 512 trays and gentle manual production of seedling
planting holes (dibbering) in potting media in Hiko cells, rather than mechanically loosening and mechanical dibbering, reduced
the incidence of J-rooting for both species. Disturbance of seedling plugs from mechanized loosening and increased compaction
from mechanical dibbering are believed to have a negative effect on root development. Direct sowing produced seedlings with
highest root quality when measured at 27 weeks.
相似文献
Dane S. ThomasEmail: |
16.
Barriers and Opportunities for the Development of Small-scale Forest Enterprises in Europe 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
The article introduces the background and summarises main research findings of the research articles in this special issue.
The focus is on the key issues relevant for forest-based entrepreneurship development in small-scale forestry in relation
to both wood and non-wood forest products and services (NWFP&S). The article draws special attention to changing forest ownership,
changing owners’ motives and values, and the evolving role of forest owners’ associations in Europe. The paper draws attention
to the finding that many small-scale forest owners do not treat their forest as an income-generating asset. The ownership
of the forests may be more important as symbolic capital than as a source of income. This is quite opposite to the traditional
wood production model that for instance most of the Forest Owners Association’s still follow. In relation to NWFP&S, the taxonomy
and indicators for NWFP&S are discussed and some conclusions from studies on forest recreation innovation and NWFP&S marketing
are presented. The NWFP&S sector is traditionally product-oriented, which is strategically peculiar because the long distances
from rural production areas to the customers would suggest highest orientation on marketing. Also surprising is the low level
of segmentation in the sector.
相似文献
B. SleeEmail: |
17.
A farm-level financial feasibility was performed to examine the use of shelterbelts as a swine odor mitigation technology.
Shelterbelts are purposefully planted rows of trees and shrubs around the main sources of swine odor—swine buildings, manure
storage systems, and crop fields that receive land applied manure. By using a series of model pork finishing farms and a number
of differing shelterbelt design scenarios, the shelterbelt establishment and long-term (20 years) maintenance costs were calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis. Total costs for examined pork finishing farms, depending upon the shelterbelt design
scenario, and whether or not government cost-share programming was used, ranged from $0.01 to $0.65 per pig produced. Study
results emphasized the importance of cost-share programs, particularly Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP). In
most cases, both with and without cost-share programming, the total costs were well below reported pork producer expenditures
for odor management.
相似文献
John C. TyndallEmail: |
18.
Acoustics provide opportunities for non-destructive evaluation of the mechanical properties of wood, especially stiffness.
In this work, Fakopp 2D a time of flight (TOF) tool and WoodSpec a resonance-based system were used. In a scoping study on
young Pinus radiata trees (aged 8–11) no systematic differences were found between the Fakopp acoustic velocity on opposite sides of young trees.
These Fakopp values were then averaged and correlated with that from the equivalent log using WoodSpec. Finally stem and log
values were correlated with acoustic velocity in outerwood and in corewood lumber. External measurements on the log (standing
tree) correlated well with those for lumber cut adjacent to the bark and modestly for the corewood (R
2 of 0.89 and 0.74, respectively). In a separate study, the acoustic velocities were measured on standing trees in three adjacent
stands aged 8, 16 and 26 and the data were used to construct a “Russian Doll” model to demonstrate the enormous range in wood
stiffness within and between trees. The stiffest 20% of the population was estimated to be 146, 87 and 76% stiffer than the
poorest 20% in the corewood (age 8), intermediate (age 16) and outerwood zone (age 26) respectively.
相似文献
M. GrabianowskiEmail: |
19.
The behaviour of air-dried and fully saturated parallel strand lumber (PSL) was determined under both static and impact loading. It was found that the moisture content had a significant effect on peak stress and deformation, stress rate, time to failure, and fracture energy. In addition, the results from this study were combined with those from previous studies in order to obtain a more general relationship between strength and stress rate for air-dried PSL.
相似文献
Sidney MindessEmail: Phone: +1-604-8224471Fax: +1-604-8226901 |
20.
The paper presents a typology of small-scale forest owners in Baden-Württemberg based on multiple criteria and derived using
multivariate cluster analysis of long-term accountancy network data. Four distinct types of landholders are identified based
on a combination of structural, financial and biophysical data. These groups fit well with the present knowledge on small-scale
forest owners in Baden-Württemberg. In addition, the members of each group display clear differences in attitudes towards
forestry, giving further support for the validity of the grouping. A comparison is made of this typology and typologies derived
using the single criteria of forestry region, forest size class, cutting volume, proportion of coniferous trees, forest income
and main source of income. This comparison demonstrates the advantages of using cluster analysis to identify types of small-scale
forest owners in south-west Germany. No matter whether structural, natural or financial data are assessed, the multiple criteria
typology produced by cluster analysis provides the highest percentage of statistically significant distinctions between the
medians of the groups identified. A typology based on the single criterion of ‘regions’ provides the second best fit and has
the advantage of being simple to develop. A more detailed comparison between these two typologies, whereby the differences
between groups were analysed based on the links between individual groups in respect to individual variables, also indicated
that the multiple criteria typology was superior.
相似文献
Andy SelterEmail: |